What are the customs in Hulunbeier?

Hulunbeier is rich in tourism resources, and has been recognized by the National Tourism Administration as one of the six key tourism development zones in China, one of the top 20 scenic spots in China, and a national key grassland tourism development zone. Hulunbeier is a "green pure land" most suitable for human survival and a "natural villa" given by nature to the world. Most of the natural ecological environment here, such as forests, grasslands and lakes, still maintains its original and ancient appearance. There are four distinct seasons and different scenery here. In spring, the grass is growing, a new green; In summer, lush trees and wild flowers dot the earth; Autumn, fruitful, Qian Shan dyed; In winter, it is wrapped in silver, which is a northland scenery; It is praised by the world as a beautiful garden in the world.

Hulunbeier has 80,000 square kilometers of natural grassland and 6.5438+0.2 million square kilometers of natural forest. Hulunbeier is located in the ecological barrier zone, with more than 3,000 rivers, more than 500 lakes, more than 3,000 plants and more than 400 wild animals. Daxinganling runs through it from north to south, becoming a natural north-south dividing line. The world-famous Hulunbeier grassland in vast expanse has the reputation of "green pure land" and "northern jasper". Hulunbeier grassland, big forests, big waters, big ice and snow, big ports, big folk customs, big air conditioners and big oxygen bars all constitute Hulunbeier's big tourism.

In spring and May, the azaleas in Xing 'an Mountains are in full bloom, and the unmelted snow reflects the azaleas, which is a rare sight on the earth. Hulunbeier has a pleasant summer climate with an average temperature of 16℃-2 1℃. This is the best place to spend the summer. The intoxicating green attracts you. Standing on the grassland and looking at the rolling clouds in the blue sky, your mind will be as broad as the grassland. Oroqen bonfire party, grassland Nadam, Ewenki Sabin Festival, Aobao Festival and other ethnic festivals are colorful. What makes people shine in autumn is the autumn color of the forest, listening to the pines in the forest, admiring the slender birch trees, and watching the sunrise and sunset in Sifang Mountain and Dalbinluo. The beauty of nature is unforgettable; Approaching Hulunbeier in winter, the world of ice sculptures and jade carvings, and the holy meeting of the ice and snow festival, you can fully appreciate the lofty sentiments of Song Qing in the snow, as well as the snowy charm and customs composed of ice peaks, snow ridges and ice sculptures.

At present, there are 30 star-rated hotels and restaurants, 27 international and domestic travel agencies and more than 50 tourist attractions in the city. There are six flights to and from Beijing and five flights to and from Hohhot every week, and more flights are added every day during the tourist season. There are direct trains to Beijing, Harbin, Shenyang, Qiqihar, Baotou and Dalian every day, and sightseeing bus can go directly to all the scenic spots in the city, from Manzhouli to Russia.

Key scenic spots (spots): Xishan National Forest Park, Beishan Japanese Invaders' Fortress Site, Jinzhanghan Mongolian Tribe, Ewenki Museum, Bayan Hu Shuo Tourist Scenic Area, Xiqi Educated Youth Cultural Exhibition, Hu Ba Museum, Dongqi Ganjul Temple, Nomenham War Site, Ergon Russian Family Tourists, Mordaoga National Forest Park, Aoluguya Hunting Point, Gaxian Cave, Daur Style Garden, etc.

Other major tourist attractions: Hulunbeier Grassland Manzhouli Sino-Russian Trade Zone Manzhouli Guomen Hulun Lake Hongjila Mongolian Daying Phoenix Mountain Villa Yimin River Jinzhanghan Mongolian Tribe Shiwei Mongolian Birthplace Ergon River Hulunbeier Grassland Xie Xiandong Baiyin Hu Shuo Grassland Mortuary Le and Bayan Hu Shuo Grassland Buryat Mongolian Modaga Forest Park Zhalantun Suspension Bridge Park. Heishantou Ancient City Oluguayan Reindeer Hometown Na Wei River Restoration Area Wulan Paohui Estuary Lingquan Ren Mei Huxiong Gumu Yijiuling Pinus sylvestris Forest Dayan Wuquan Mountain Oluguayan Ewenki Canglang Bailu Island Resort Khan Guajiuqu Song Feng Lamasin Longyan Visit Wuerqihan Primitive Forest Xishan Nature Reserve Yan Song Youjing Baihu Xishan Ecological Wetland. World-famous Ma Jieka Fortress Site Heishantou Sino-Russian Boundary River Batu Bay China Daur National Park Oroqen Museum Luming Literature Villa Chaihe Scenic Area Busuli Military Fortress Zhalantun Xiushui Villa Zhalantun Chaihe Moon Lake Zhalantun Jiulongquan Xiongxiazi Cave Bahrain Lama Mountain Zhalantun Golden Great Wall Side Ditch.

Optimal travel time

The northern part of Hulunbeier League is a forest area, and the best tourist season is May 5-20 and the middle and late September. In May, the trees are shaded and the mountains are covered with azaleas. In September, autumn colors are dyed all over Daxing 'anling, which is a good time for photography. The south is dominated by grasslands, and the best tourist season is July-September. 165438+1October to mid-February is the best season for ice and snow tours.

The fire prevention period is from March 15 to June 15 every year. During this period, you have to apply for fire prevention certificates in most parts of Hulunbeier League, which is also the most depressed period in most parts of Hulunbeier League. Only in early May, the rhododendrons in Daxinganling forest region can be seen in all parts of Shan Ye.

go shopping

Hulunbeier's national handicrafts are famous for their rough feel and wide use.

The silver ornaments produced by Hulunbeier Inner Mongolia Foreign Trade Crafts Factory, the shepherd's Mongolian robe produced by Hailaer National (Woolen) Clothing Factory, and the Mongolian knives produced by Hailaer National Products Factory-mainly Mongolian knives and Wang Ye waist knives, and the series of artworks developed by Hailaer Longyi Carving Factory, such as woodcarving murals, woodcarving wall hanging, root carving, tumor carving, wood paste carving, board painting, mosaic painting, inlaid calligraphy, bark painting, etc., have natural styles. Shopping in Hailar District is quite convenient, and there are many professional markets in the urban area.

Friendship building is located in the center of the triangle, with large scale and elegant environment. Is a large-scale enterprise mainly selling middle and high-grade department stores.

Local product fried rice with black fungus and fly to Urita licorice.

Characteristic activity

In addition to Nadam and Aobao all over Inner Mongolia, the unique festivals of Hulunbeier League include:

Muyi Festival

"Emu" means "harvest" in Mongolian. As the name implies, Emu Festival is also a harvest festival, which falls on May 22nd every year. At this time, the sheep, cattle, horses and camels on the grassland have just received spring lambs, which is a lively harvest scene. The herdsmen cut a gap in the left ear of the ewe with a knife and put it back into a big ball. The barren ram was castrated into Capricorn. Brand a 2-year-old pony.

Mikuru Festival

Mikulu Festival is a harvest festival for Ewenki herdsmen in Mozigele Valley of Hulunbeier grassland. It is held every year in late May, and its content and form are roughly the same as the Imam Festival. The only difference is that a banquet is held after work to celebrate the harvest.

Selbin Festival

Sabin is an Ewenki language, which means "happiness and peace". It is a traditional festival of Ewenki nationality, characterized by totem, and gradually disappeared after the Ewenki nationality believed in Shamanism in16th century. 1June, 99418th, after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the first Sabin Festival was held in Aobaoshan, Bayan Hu Shuo, which mainly included Ewenki folk song and dance performances. After that, June 18 became the Sabin Festival of Ewenki people.

Bonfire festival

June 18 is the traditional festival of Oroqen nationality-Torch Festival. Oroqen people worship Vulcan for a long time. They believe that fire has the function of exorcising evil spirits and removing pollution, and there are a series of strict taboos on fire, such as: don't splash water, splash dirt and spit on the fire at will, and don't stab into the fire with sharp things such as knives and sticks to avoid offending and hurting Vulcan.

Most of the Han people in Hulunbeier come from Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. Rural areas have formed homologous villages such as Lingdong, Shandong Tun, Zhuanghe Tun and Zhibei Village. The living customs of these places, such as language, catering, living pattern, interpersonal communication, weddings, funerals and festivals, etc. , basically maintained the customs and habits of the place of origin. Lingxi, on the other hand, has a vast territory and vast resources, a sparsely populated area and a cold climate. It has close ties with ethnic minorities and overseas Chinese in Russia and frequent exchanges. The advantages and customs of brotherly peoples have been absorbed by the Han people one by one, so life and customs have changed greatly.

First of all, the basic necessities of life

(1) diet

Most people still keep their original habits, and the staple food is porridge, noodles and steamed bread. But drinking milk tea and eating beef and mutton are very common in Lingxi, just like the local Mongolian, Daur, Ewenki and Russian compatriots. The difference is that Han people eat more vegetables. Since the 1980s, rice has become a staple food in both Lingdong and Lingxi.

(2) Clothing

1945 Before and in the early 1950s, the clothes of the Han people were mainly cotton cloth and cotton, and the colors were mostly black, blue, gray and white. In summer, single clothes and trousers, cotton trousers and Mongolian robes in winter, grazing in the wild or producing white stubble sheep fur jackets and felt bumps. After that, life became richer and richer, especially after 1978. Dress depends on climate change. Most people have single clothes, double clothes, thin clothes and thick clothes. Young women like to wear colorful clothes in winter, all kinds of long skirts and dresses, bright scarves and all kinds of new wool scarves; Men's and women's suits, long and short fur coats, jackets, jeans, down jackets and other new styles are common. Clothing is no longer dominated by "cotton", but is made of plush, woolen cloth, fur, fiber, wool and blended fabrics with good texture. Men wear top hats, forward hats and knitted plush hats, while women have more new hats. In recent years, they pay more attention to the high-grade and style of hats. Women wear gold earrings, necklaces, rings, bracelets and other jewelry, and it is not uncommon for men to wear gold rings.

(3) Housing

I lived in shacks, adobe houses or houses with civil structures in my early years. After 1949, the living conditions have improved year by year, and houses are generally civil and brick structures. After the mid-1980 s, the number of houses with civil structures decreased, most of which were brick structures, and some lived in buildings; Most farmers in the suburbs live in red brick tile houses (some are covered with iron sheets). Residents in Lingxi townships, towns and Sumu are all settled, living in houses with mud between slate reeds, and a few live in brick houses. Houses are open to the north, and there is a 20 ~ 30 square meter windproof room at the doorway, which is called "wind tower" or "door bucket". The door is cold in winter and the kitchen in summer. Most agricultural areas burn firewood, straw and firewood, and a few burn coal; The fuel in pastoral areas is mainly cattle and sheep dung, with a small amount of coal. Generally, a yard is composed of wicker fences or birch poles, which is a single house. Grazing or producing in the wild, living in yurts or tin houses.

(4) Transportation

1945 Before and in the early 1950s, the Han nationality, like other fraternal nationalities, used horses and animal-drawn carts as the main means of transportation. In the sixties and seventies of last century, most families bought bicycles and walked long distances by train or bus. After 1978, many families bought motorcycles, small tractors and cars, which are both production machinery and transportation, and are used for production and life.

Second, economic life.

In Lingdong, the early "going to the East" and the later drifting were basically cultivated land. Until the 1970s, its production mode was mainly heavy manual operation. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, due to the implementation of the household contract responsibility system and the adjustment of production relations, farmers' enthusiasm for production was high, agricultural production was bumper year after year, and farmers' lives were obviously improved. A large number of small tractors (a small number of large and medium-sized tractors) and mechanized agricultural machinery were purchased, which realized the mechanization of some agricultural production projects. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Han people were the main practitioners in agriculture, forestry, industry, transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce, coal mines and social services, as well as government agencies and institutions. Family sideline, such as Lingdong Lingxi, planting gardens, growing fruits and vegetables, raising cattle, pigs, chickens, geese and ducks. Before the 1980s, it was mainly for personal use. After 1980s, a considerable number of them were sold to towns or markets to improve their lives.

Third, weddings and funerals.

(1) Marriage

After 1949, great changes have taken place in marriage customs, mainly from the old arranged marriage of parents' orders and matchmakers' words to the free love marriage and legal marriage; In the past, the wedding etiquette, which was far from the poor and the rich, became the same etiquette with only the difference between urban and rural areas. Generally, it will go through three stages: acquaintance, love and marriage. Acquaintance is produced by working together. Naturally, when you reach the stage of love, you fall in love with each other through the introduction of a third party. Love is long and short, and you can get married if you feel in love. In rural areas, the form of "engagement" is generally retained, that is, the formal formation of a love relationship is announced. Etiquette is mainly for parents of both men and women to entertain each other, but only for men, and bride price and remuneration are given to the woman and introducer. A man and a woman got married legally after registering in the government-designated department. Marriage still follows the habit of women going to men's homes, and men going to women's homes is called "recruiting elderly son-in-law". The wedding day is usually arranged by the man, entertaining guests and accepting gifts, with a complex set of etiquette. Wedding cars used to be mostly animal-drawn cars. Since 1980s, automobiles have been used in cities and towns, tractors have been used in rural areas, and automobiles and motorcycles have also been used. The third day of marriage is the bride's "return day". The groom will accompany the bride home, and the bride's parents will entertain her new husband and guests. In recent years, some western customs have been added to town weddings. Some innovators abandon the old habit of luxury marriage and adopt the way of group marriage or travel marriage.

(2) Funeral

People died, some went to the funeral that day, and some stayed there for 3 ~ 5 days. During the mourning period, relatives and friends mourn and accept sacrifices, such as wreaths, handfuls and cash. The younger generation of the deceased wore mourning clothes (now mostly white cloth belts or headscarves) and burned paper. The Han nationality has always carried out burial, and cremation has been carried out in cities and towns since the 1970s. At the funeral of the dead in the town, a farewell ceremony or memorial service attended by relatives and friends is usually held to introduce the life of the dead. In recent years, rural areas are also imitating funeral ceremonies in towns. According to the old practice, wooden coffins are used for funerals, and there are a set of funeral, burial, wake, condolence and memorial ceremonies; The cemetery used to be a self-selected cemetery, but now it is designated by the local township and Sumu government.

Fourth, festivals and years.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), apart from legal holidays such as New Year's Day, Spring Festival and Five-year Plan? "International Labor Day", "Ten? Outside the National Day, Han people generally celebrate Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The situation in Northeast China and other parts of China is roughly the same.

After the 1980s, the phenomenon of working for three years a year generally appeared in towns, rural areas, pastoral areas and forest areas, with far-reaching influence, wide range of activities and high degree of consciousness. One is "Tomb-Sweeping Day". On this day, every family, even all members of a family, will go to the grave of the deceased to "sweep the grave". The ashes are in the crematorium, and the children of their families also go to "sweep the grave". All day long, traffic is heavy, all day long is a holiday, there are no holidays. The second is the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, commonly known as "Ghost Festival". Every household should also go to the grave and fill the grave in the crematorium. At the riverside, river lights will be lit at night, and paper money will be burned at the crossroads to commemorate the dead. Third, on the first day of the tenth lunar month, the dead are given cotton-padded clothes, and ghosts, such as ghost clothes, ghost money, ghost horses and ghost cows, and modern ghosts, such as ghost TV sets, radios, tape recorders and watches, are burned at intersections at night, which is called expressing grief for the dead.

Verb (short for verb) family

For a long time, most Han families in Hulunbeier are husband and wife's children. Usually, the elders are parents, who are in charge of all housework.

During the Republic of China, the Han family in Hulunbeier basically followed the big family form of the Qing Dynasty, and most of them were a combination of several brothers and their families, or a large family of ten or even dozens of people, and they were proud of the large number.

After the founding of New China, the number of multi-generation families gradually decreased, and the family structure tended to be miniaturized. It is rare for three generations and four generations to live under one roof. Since 1980, the family structure has undergone new changes. Family members are gradually dominated by two generations, with fewer members. Mainly after the children get married, families are generally established separately, and the extended family of generations has disintegrated. There are also many changes in the appellation of parents. In the past, most Han people who came to Hulunbeier from all over the world called their parents "dad" and "mom", and some called their fathers "big", which was later changed to "dad" and "mom". Especially in Lingxi, it's called that.

Sixth, folk art

In the towns, agricultural areas and forest areas where the Han nationality in Hulunbeier is concentrated, mass entertainment activities are more active during the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and rural leisure season. The main forms are yangko, duet, solo, ice sculpture, ice lantern, lantern show and so on. In recent years, fireworks shows have also appeared in this city.

yangge

The forms of Yangko performance include dragon lantern dance, waist drum dance, walking on stilts, running donkeys, rowing dry boats, carrying flower baskets, big-headed dolls, playing with lions, and costume modeling of traditional Chinese opera characters. Some yangko songs are interspersed with live news dramas. Performers wear heavy makeup, exaggerated images, colorful costumes and dazzling. Both men and women wear satin underwear with colored silk around their waists. The gongs and drums teams are mostly men, wearing colorful silk clothes and white sheep belly towels. Some yangko songs include martial arts, costume performances and aerobics performances. Yangge has become an important part of people's Spring Festival cultural activities in towns, rural areas and forest areas.

Ice sculptures, colored lights

Since the 1980s, during the New Year's Day, the Spring Festival and the Lantern Festival, there have been art exhibitions in the towns and forest areas of Hulunbeier, and sculptures have been made with natural ice from rivers. Every winter, ice sculptures of various shapes emerge one after another, and works of figures, animals, buildings, landscapes and other forms are lifelike. In several cities in Hulunbeier, ice sculpture competitions of different scales are held every winter.

Folk drama "duet"

"Errenzhuan", also known as "ricochet", is a traditional folk art performance form of Han nationality, in which two people, a man and a woman, sing and dance, and then develop into a "solo performance". 1924, 1925 "Errenzhuan" flows into Zhalantun and Arongqi areas. The main performance forms are "stand out", "pull off" and "duet". The main repertoires include Errenzhuan, The West Chamber, Answering a Cup, Pig on the Ground, Mountain Top, Sister Wang Sifu, Dream of the Red Moon, etc. This kind of performance has the advantages of small number of people, simple props, easy walking, easy to understand lyrics, many folk spoken languages, high tone, loud voice and lively form, and is deeply loved by the broad masses of farmers.

Folk dances of Chinese and Russian descendants

Among the descendants of China and Russia in Ergun, Hulunbeier, genhe city and Hailar, traditional Russian folk dances are maintained. There are single, double and group performances by Shibriha, Bada Hanrana, Gabachok, Muxie, Oginochika and Zgangnieka. Dance music includes Shibriha, Nalinqinka, Lesai, Gabakose, Diexies and so on. The dance steps are changeable, there are many stomps, and a single dancer has high leg skills. Every dance is accompanied by fixed dance music, usually accompanied by accordion, and some group dances are accompanied by singers.

Every holiday or leisure time, men, women and children get together, singing and dancing crazily, with high spirits and warm atmosphere.

Seven, absorb foreign words

The Han nationality in Hulunbeier, because they have lived in the same street with ethnic compatriots and foreigners for a long time, not only learn from each other's strengths in production and life, but also infiltrate and integrate with each other in language, borrowing more languages. For example:

"Simidan", Russian, "Ulumo", Mongolian, is the condensate on milk, and Chinese is called "milk skin", which is odorless, sweet and delicious, and everyone likes it. In autumn and winter, every household stores some spare ones, which the Han people call "Simidan" or "Ulumo".

"Garaha", also known as "Gaha", is the kneecap of the hind legs of pigs, sheep, roe deer and antelope, commonly known as "back bone" and scientifically known as "patella". It is a plaything for women and children of all ethnic groups in Hulunbeier. People call it "Galaha", which is like a bomb.

"Fenlizi" means police in Russian, and now it generally refers to prison. If a criminal is arrested and sentenced, it is said that he is "squatting in the fence."

"Munger", Mongolian, is a kind of wild vegetable, which looks and tastes like leek, but its leaves are wider and lighter than leek leaves, and there is no Chinese name.

"Ha", which means wide cloak in Mongolian, is a sheepskin product. Now commonly known as "Pidaha".

It is worth mentioning that from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, Han cadres were encouraged to learn Mongolian, while minority cadres learned Chinese. Therefore, many Han cadres speak fluent Mongolian when they go to pastoral areas, and some Chinese is mixed with a small amount of Mongolian, which will gradually decrease in the future.