How many dialects have China spoken in China?

Northern Dialect Northern Dialect is the basic dialect of modern Han nationality, represented by Beijing dialect, with strong internal consistency. It is the most widely distributed dialect in Chinese, and its users account for about 73% of the total population of Han nationality.

Northern dialects can be divided into four sub-dialects: (1) North China dialect and Northeast dialect, which are distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia. (2) Northwest dialect, distributed in Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces and parts of Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The language used by the Han nationality in Xinjiang also belongs to the northwest dialect. (3) Southwest dialect, distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces and most of Hubei (except Xianning in the southeast corner), northwestern Guangxi and northwestern Hunan. (4) Jianghuai dialect, distributed in Anhui Province, Jiangsu Province, north of the Yangtze River (except Xuzhou and Bengbu dialects belonging to North China and Northeast China), and along the south bank of the Yangtze River to the west of Zhenjiang and east of Jiujiang.

Hakka dialect is represented by Meixian dialect in Guangdong. Hakka people are distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces, mainly in eastern and northern Guangdong, western Fujian, southwestern Jiangxi and southeastern Guangxi. Hakka people migrated from the Central Plains to the south. Although they were scattered all over the country, Hakka dialect still had its own system, with little internal difference. Hakka people in Sichuan and Guangdong can talk to each other across Qian Shan. The user population accounts for about 3.6% of the total population of Han nationality.

Distribution of Hakka dialects

Hakka dialect is mainly used in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi and parts of Sichuan, Hunan and Hainan in Chinese mainland. The main areas are eastern and northern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi, southwestern Jiangxi and western Fujian. The border area of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi is the most concentrated area of Hakka, so it is also the most popular area of Hakka dialect. Hakka is spoken overseas, in parts of Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong. There are also many Hakka speakers in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and overseas Chinese. Hakka dialect is also huge, with a total population of more than 70 million people in the world.

Hakka dialects in Guangdong are almost all over the province, but mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. Among them, the counties and cities that are pure Hakka dialect or mainly Hakka dialect are Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Dapu, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Longchuan, Heping, Shixing, Li Anping, Xinfeng, Heyuan, Fengshun, Zijin, Nanxiong, Wengyuan, Liannan, Yingde, Huiyang, Qujiang, Boluo, Baoan, Huidong and Jiexi. In addition, some counties and cities in other parts of Guangdong, such as Raoping County, Jiexi, Haifeng, Lufeng, Longmen, Conghua, hua county, Xinhui, Huazhou, Sihui, Yangjiang, Heshan, Sanshui, Gaoyao, Kaiping, Xinyi, Zhuhai, Shenzhen Longgang and Dongguan, also have different degrees of Hakka dialect distribution. According to the latest survey data, the population of Hakka speakers in Zhanjiang, Maoming and Yangjiang in western Guangdong is about 6.5438+0.9 million, covering an area of about 6,400 square kilometers, specifically in Lianjiang, Huazhou, Xinyi, Gaozhou, Dianbai, Yangxi and Yangchun counties.

Hakka dialects in Fujian Province are mainly distributed in Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding, Liu Qing, Ninghua and Mingxi counties in western Fujian. In addition, Qujiang in Nanjing, Jiu Feng and Changle in Pinghe County, Xiuzhuan and Guanpi in Zhaoan County, and Wan 'an (formerly known as Xikou Town) in the northwest of Longyan are also Hakka dialects.

Hakka dialects in Jiangxi Province are mainly distributed in seventeen counties such as Xingguo, Ningdu, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Anyuan, Quannan, Longnan, Dingnan, Xinfeng (excluding Jiading Town and some rural areas in the suburbs), Dayu, Chongyi, Shangyou, Nankang, Ganxian and Du Yu, as well as Tonggu County in the northwest and most towns in xiushui county. In addition, some towns and villages in Pingxiang, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Gao 'an, Wuning and Hengfeng all speak Hakka.

Sichuan province is also a province where Hakkas live relatively concentrated. Hakka dialects are mainly distributed in Dongshan, Xindu, Jintang, Guanghan, Shifang, Pengxian, Shuangliu, Xinjin, Jianyang, Renshou, Zizhong, Weiyuan, Anyue, Fushun, Lu Xian, Hejiang, Yibin, Guang 'an, Yilong, Bazhong and Chongqing.

Hakka dialects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are distributed in 79 of the 90 cities and counties in the region, accounting for 87.78% of all cities and counties. As far as towns and villages are concerned, among the 1364 towns and villages in the whole region, 583 towns and villages have Hakka dialects, accounting for 42.74% of all towns and villages. Hakka dialect in Guangxi is mainly concentrated in Luchuan, Bobai, southern Pubei and eastern Hepu. Followed by Fangcheng, Qin Cheng and Lingshan; Taking your county as the center, along the railway from southeast to northwest of Yulin, Litang and Binyang; In addition, there are Laibin, Guiping, Pingnan, Xiangzhou, Liuzhou, Hezhou, Mengshan, Lipu and Yangshuo.

Hakka dialect in Hunan Province is mainly used in some villages in Youxian County, Chaling County, Lingxian County, Rucheng County, Guidong County and some villages in Liuyang County and Pingjiang County. Jiang Yong and Jiang Hua also have a few people who speak Hakka.

Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in towns south of Taoyuan, towns around Zhongli, Hsinchu, Zhudong and Miaoli, some towns in Pingtung County and Meinong Town in Kaohsiung County.

The overseas distribution of Hakka dialects can be divided into five regions: Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Oceania. Among them, there are 3.5 million people who speak Hakka in Asia, mainly in Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and other countries. There are 54,000 overseas Chinese in Africa, distributed in Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa and other countries 12. About 460,000 people in the United States speak Hakka, which is distributed in 2 1 countries and regions such as Peru and the United States. There are 1600 and 44000 overseas Chinese in Europe and Oceania respectively.

Xiang dialect, also known as Xiang dialect or Hunan dialect, is one of the seven major dialects in China, with a small geographical area. There are many different dialects in Hunan province, and Xiang dialect is the most influential one.

Hunan dialect is popular in Yueyang, Nanxian, Miluo, Xiangyin, Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Taojiang, Anhua, Ningxiang, Changsha, Wangcheng, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Lianyuan, Loudi, Xinhua, Lengshuijiang, Xupu, Chenxi, Shaoyang, Shaodong and Xinshao. In addition, counties such as Quanzhou, Guanyang, Ziyuan and Xing 'an in northern Guangxi also speak Hunan dialect. The estimated population is over 25 million.

Due to social, historical, geographical, political system reform and other factors, the south, north and west of ancient Xiang dialect have long been surrounded by Mandarin dialects, and the east is influenced by Hakka and Jiangxi dialects, which leads to the continuous change of phonetic system, and gradually forms a special situation in which the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect are obviously different but coexist. from

Geographically, the new and old Xiang dialects are only distributed in the north and south. Therefore, some people call it North Xiang dialect and South Xiang dialect, which are two dialects of Xiang dialect. The difference between the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect is mainly manifested in the phonetic system. The old Hunan dialect in the south is relatively conservative, and the ancient voiced initials are still mainly read; The new Xiang dialect in northern China is accepted by the official dialect.

Under the influence of dialects, there is a tendency to move closer to Putonghua. The prominent phonetic expression is from complex to simple, and the ancient voiced initials have been generally pronounced as unvoiced initials. China Northern New Xiang Dialect is mainly used in northern and central Hunan, such as Changsha, Zhuzhou and Yiyang. The old Xiang dialect in the south of China is widely used in central Hunan, southeastern Shui Yuan, Xiangshui and western Zishui Valley, such as Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Shaoyang and Wugang.

Wu dialect is customarily called Wu dialect, which is also called Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect or Jiangnan dialect. "Wu" is a continuation of ancient regional names.

Wu dialect is spoken in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, northeastern Jiangxi, northwestern Fujian and parts of southern Anhui. There are about 1 10 counties and cities with a population of about 70 million. Details are as follows:

There are 2/kloc-0 counties and cities in Jiangsu Province that belong to or are dominated by Wu dialect: Danyang, Jintan, Gaochun, Liyang, Yixing, Wujin, Changzhou, Jiangyin, Shazhou, Jingjiang, Nantong, Haimen, Qidong, Changshu, Wuxi, Wuxi, Suzhou, Wuxian, Wujiang, Taicang and Kunshan. Kongzhen, Xinqiao and Baima in the south of Lishui County also belong to Wu.

Language area. Shanghai and its 10 counties: Shanghai, Songjiang, Qingpu, Jinshan, Fengxian, Chongming, Nanhui, Chuansha, Baoshan and Jiading all speak Wu dialect. Except Chun 'an (including Old Sui 'an) and Jiande (including Old Shou Chang) in the west of Zhejiang Province, they are basically within the scope of Wuyu District, but Dongtou, Yuhuan, Pingyang, Cangnan and Thailand in the south of Zhejiang Province.

Shun, Qingyuan and other counties are the staggered distribution areas of Wu dialect and Min dialect. Xiabao and Gantan in the north of Jiande County and the towns and villages in the east, and Tangcun, Liye and Dadiankou in the south still belong to Wuyu District. Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrao and Shangrao in the northeast of Jiangxi Province are also Wu dialect areas. In addition, Pucheng County and its northern towns in the northwest corner of Fujian Province, Meizhu and Gangnan in the north of Langxi County in southern Anhui Province, Si Xia and Lucun in Guangde County also speak Wu dialect.

Cantonese is also called Cantonese, commonly known as Cantonese and Guangfu dialect, and the locals call it vernacular. It is a dialect with complicated language phenomena, more archaic words and less internal differences among the seven major dialects of Chinese.

Guangzhou dialect is popular in Guangdong and Guangxi, centering on Guangzhou dialect. The user population is around 40 million. The visit area is roughly as follows:

There are 47 counties and cities in Guangdong Province that are pure Cantonese dialect or mainly Cantonese dialect, accounting for more than 1/3 of the total area of the province, namely Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Maoming, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Nanhai, Panyu, Dongguan, Shunde, Longmen, Fogang, Zengcheng, Conghua, Huaxian, Qingyuan, Lianxian and Yangxian.

Ping, Xinhui, Enping, Doumen, Hong Kong and Macao. In addition, Huizhou, Shaoguan, Zhanjiang, Haifeng, Boluo, Huiyang, Huidong, Renhua, Lechang, Yingde, Baoan and Diandian.

Cantonese is also spoken in parts of counties and cities such as Bai, Suixi, Haikang, Xuwen and Lianjiang 16.

There are 23 counties and cities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region that speak Cantonese, namely Nanning, Hengxian, Guixian, Guiping, Pingnan, tengxian, Wuzhou, Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, Bobai, Luchuan, Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei, Lingshan, Beihai, Cangwu, Cenxi, Zhaoping, Mengshan, Hexian and Zhongshan. Besides, Cantonese is a dialect used by overseas Chinese and China people.

There are also many native speakers, mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Almost more than 90% of overseas Chinese and Chinese Americans come from Cantonese dialect areas.

According to its linguistic features and geographical distribution, Cantonese can be divided into four parts: ① Cantonese is mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta, central Guangdong, southwest Guangdong and parts of northern Guangdong Province, which is the most populous and widely used part of Cantonese, represented by Cantonese, and has great representation and influence in Cantonese. ② Four.

A, mainly distributed in Taishan, Kaiping, Enping, Xinhui, Doumen and other counties, represented by Taishan dialect. (3) Levin, mainly distributed in Zhanjiang and Maoming counties, and Yangjiang and Yangchun counties in Jiangmen, represented by Yangjiang dialect. (4) Southern Guangxi, mainly distributed in Nanning, Yongjiang, Yujiang and Hehe areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

County, Guixian, Guiping, Pingnan, tengxian and Wuzhou in Yulin, Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, Bobai and Luchuan, Qinzhou and Hepu in Qinzhou.

The counties in Wuzhou, such as Pubei County, Lingshan and Beihai City, Cangwu County, Cenxi County, Zhaoping County, mengshan county, Hexian County and Zhongshan County, are generally represented by Nanning dialect. Its pronunciation is consistent, but there are some differences. According to their internal similarities and differences, southern Guangxi can be divided into four dialects: Guangfu dialect, Yongxun dialect, Goulou dialect and Qinlian dialect.

Min dialect, also known as Min dialect, commonly known as "Fulao dialect", is one of the seven major dialects in Chinese, with the most complicated language phenomenon and the biggest internal differences.

The popular areas of Min dialect are mainly in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, southern Zhejiang and parts of Jiangxi, Guangxi and Jiangsu. The user population is around 40 million. The specific location is as follows: 54 counties and cities in Fujian Province: Fuzhou, Minhou, Changle, Fuqing, Pingtan, Lianjiang, Luoyuan, Minqing, Yongtai, Gutian, Pingnan, Ningde and Xiaxia.

Pu, Zhouning, Shouning, Fuan, Zherong, Fuding, Putian, Xianyou, Xiamen, Jinmen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan 'an, Hui 'an, Tongan, Yongchun, Anxi, Dehua, Zhangzhou, Longhai, Changtai, Hua 'an, Nanjing, Pinghe, Zhangpu, Xiao Yun, Dongshan, Zhao 'an and Longyan. The above areas account for about 3/4 of the province's area.

12 counties and cities in eastern Guangdong: Shantou, Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, South Australia, Jieyang, Jiexi, Puning, Huilai, Chaoyang, Lufeng, Haifeng, Huidong, Fengshun, Tai Po and some other counties; Hainan Island has 14 counties and cities: Haikou, Qiongshan, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui, Sanya, Yaxian, Qiongzhong, Tunchang, Ding 'an and Cheng.

Mai, Changjiang and Dongfang (except ethnic minority areas); Five counties and cities in Leizhou Peninsula: Zhanjiang, Suixi, Lianjiang, Haikang and Xuwen. In addition, some districts and townships in Zhongshan, Yangjiang and Dianbai, which are mainly Cantonese, also speak Min dialect. The above area accounts for about 1/3 of the whole province.

In 2 1 counties and cities in Taiwan Province Province, except for Gaoshan nationality areas with a population of about 2%, Zhongli, Zhudong, Miaoli and Hsinchu areas between Taipei and Changhua, Pingtung and Kaohsiung counties and cities in the south, and parts of Hualien and Taitung in the east, the Han residents in other places speak Hakka dialect, accounting for about 3/4 of the total population of the province.

Let's go Most areas in Taishun, Cangnan, Dongtou and Yuhuan counties in southern Zhejiang, a few areas in western Pingyang county, and some areas in Putuo and Shengsi counties in Zhoushan Islands also speak Min dialect.

A total of 120 counties and cities use Min dialect. In addition, Fujian dialect is also spoken in a few places in Yushan, Qianshan, Shangrao and Guangfeng counties in the northeast corner of Jiangxi Province, Guiping and Beiliu counties in the south-central part of Guangxi Province, and Yixing and Liyang counties in Jiangsu Province. Among the overseas Chinese living in Nanyang Islands and Indo-China Peninsula, millions of people have used Min dialect as their "mother tongue" for generations. In Chinese communities in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and China, Min dialect is also one of the main social communication languages.

According to its linguistic features, Fujian dialect can be roughly divided into five dialects: Minnan dialect, Mindong dialect, Minbei dialect, Minzhong dialect and Puxian dialect. Minnan dialect is one of the most populous and extensive dialects in Fujian. Including 24 counties and cities in Fujian Province centered on Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. Fujian dialect, which is popular outside Fujian province, basically belongs to Minnan dialect. Minnan dialect is represented by Xiamen dialect, while Chaozhou dialect and Wenchang dialect also have great influence in eastern Guangdong and Hainan Island respectively.

Fujian Oriental dialect is popular in the eastern part of Fujian Province, including the lower reaches of the Minjiang River with Fuzhou as the center and the mountainous areas with Fu 'an as the center. *** 18 counties and cities are represented by Fuzhou dialect.

Northern Fujian dialect is popular in Jian 'ou, Jianyang, Nanping (township), Chong 'an, Songxi, Zhenghe and Pucheng (south) in northern Fujian, with Jian 'ou dialect as the representative.

Minzhong dialect is popular in Yong 'an, Sanming and Shaxian areas in central Fujian, represented by Yong 'an dialect. Puxian dialect is popular in Putian and Xianyou along the eastern coast of Fujian, with Putian dialect as the representative.

Gan dialect, also known as Gan dialect, is a dialect with the smallest area and population among the seven major dialect areas in Chinese. Gan dialect is not "Jiangxi dialect". In addition to Gan dialect, there are Hakka dialect, Wu dialect and Jianghuai mandarin in Jiangxi province, and there are also Gan dialects in the surrounding provinces of Jiangxi. Because Gan dialect and Hakka dialect have many common features, some linguists think that they can be merged into a large dialect area called Hakka dialect.

Jiangxi dialect is popular in central and northern Jiangxi province, eastern Hunan and northwestern Fujian. Dialects popular in some counties and cities in southeastern Hubei and southwestern Anhui are similar to Gan dialect in characteristics, and some scholars believe that they can also be classified as Gan dialect.

More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect. Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think Hakka is popular), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Lianhua, Anfu, Ninggang, Suichuan, Wan 'an, Shangrao and Jiujiang: Poyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning, Xiushui and Guangping in Ganzhou. In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing and Anren. Some people think that Yueyang and Yongxing also belong to the Gan dialect area. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning and Taining; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi in southeastern Hubei: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; According to the preliminary understanding, the dialects of Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing, southwest Anhui Province are similar to Gan dialect, but their attribution is uncertain at present, and they may also be classified as Gan dialect. The user population is around 30 million.