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The value and significance of physiognomy
Physiognomy is a knowledge in China's Five Techniques, which mainly judges a person's personality and health status from his facial or physical characteristics, behavior and behavior, and thus infers his fate. The combination of physiognomy and western anatomy can be basically divided into three natures, namely, the nature of mind, the nature of bones and muscles, and the nature of nutrition, which can be discussed from the perspectives of skin color, facial features, height and thinness. After positioning the three characteristics, discuss them in detail according to the fleeting time and match the five senses. (If you are familiar with the three natures, you can add the "five elements" in China's phase method to classify them. ) phase is definitely not just discussed, it must be coordinated with the whole, otherwise it is a wrong judgment to take it out of context.
Since ancient times, whether emperors or generals or ordinary people, one of the most eager things is probably to understand people's hearts. Because many times, a person's personality is just a background program rather than a visible process, and people often can only rely on appearances to find clues of personality in other people's appearances. Even if you are dubious about the great immortals in A Thousand Sun Zhao, you may find that the reliable brother who lives next door seems to be a honest man. The serial killer mentioned in the newspaper yesterday was really born with a cruel and horrible face. It was really unfortunate that the aunt who saw her husband in her mother's unit hung up two husbands. Can these facts show that it is more reliable science to look at people's hearts from their faces? What is the meaning of human face?
Yan kong is risky, so be careful when looking at your face.
In our first reaction, those "clever calculations" that accurately infer personality through looks are likely to be "hindsight bias" judgments, which psychologists call hindsight bias. Before you have a good look at the reliable big brother next door, his faithful deeds have already spread among the neighbors; And when you look at the photos of Ma Jiajue carefully, you have read how this socially incompetent teenager killed the whole dormitory classmate; Before you heard that Foucault's aunt had suffered misfortune, you might think that she was kind-hearted and very amiable. From this point of view, there is not much difference between the nature of recognizing people by looking at their faces and the blood type of the constellation. When we know a person's personality, we often use the information we already know to evaluate and explain his appearance retroactively. Gary W. Lewandowski Jr, Allen and Julie Gee, American psychologists, once showed some male and female college students some photos of the opposite sex with personality descriptions, and then asked them to evaluate whether the people in the photos were attractive. As a result, those who read photos with "kind words" (such as honesty and helpfulness) are more likely to give higher evaluation to the appearance of their loved ones. Therefore, before praising others or yourself, please be sure to examine or recall whether the evaluator has done his homework consciously or unconsciously.
Seeing this, you may retort that Xiao Zhang in our office used to be a complete stranger, but I knew from the first meeting that she was a smart and capable person. Yes, people trust your judgment, but when you first met Xiao Zhang, it was not just her appearance that caught your eye. At the first moment, what you see is her dress, gestures, voice and smile ... and these are the details that can fully reflect people's personality based on empirical evidence. 1988 A psychological study shows that if you dress neatly and formally, you can convey a reliable feeling to others more accurately. In another experiment, two American psychologists asked Lori and Zheng Tai to look at some photos of models with different expressions, and then asked the children who they thought was more respected by others and could direct others to do things. They found that even children who have never been to school know that those who are serious and unsmiling are more bossy. Where's Lola? In 2009, studies by several American psychologists, such as Laura P. Naumann, showed that a photo that allows lovers to pose freely can convey richer and more accurate personal character information than a standardized full-length photo. From a photo posing at random, the evaluator who is completely unfamiliar with the lover can accurately judge all aspects of the lover's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, unreliable and crazy. So, if you decide to sacrifice truth, you'd better relax nature and live a life rich in clothes and body language!
The research of Naumann and others also shows that when people only observe the appearance of others, but can't see the details such as facial expressions at the same time, the judgment of the other person's personality is not very accurate and comprehensive. Researchers of appearance psychology, such as Leslie A. Bruvik, Judith A. Hall, Laura A. Murphy and Gillian Rhodes, also found that when people judge whether strangers are smart by looking at photos, their correct rate is not much better than pure guessing. Not only that, Ze Bruvik's research team also found that physiognomy based on "common sense" may be quite different from the facts. For example, although people often think that children with positive faces are pure and soft, the crime rate of teenagers with baby faces is higher than that of ordinary teenagers in the lower classes of society. The researchers explain this as follows: It is precisely because people have a good impression of Zheng Tai-faced teenagers that some Zheng Tai-faced teenagers (usually at the bottom of society) fight back to prove themselves as soon as their brains fail. Although the fewer such embarrassing children, the better, but their existence strongly shows that Yan control is risky, and we need to treat each other with caution.
The appearance is untrue and the society is biased.
However, although people's eyes are not always sharp, they are not all white. In the aforementioned study of 1988, psychologists divided many people who didn't know each other into groups and asked them to rate their own personalities and those of other members in the same group who were completely strangers to them according to their appearance. It is found that people's evaluation of the personality of unfamiliar team members has a certain relationship with the self-reported personality of the assessed. Nicholas O. Rule, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto, and Nalini Ambady, a professor at Stanford University, asked people to evaluate nearly 100 standard photos of legal professionals. Later, they found that graduates who looked like successful people when they were young would earn more money in the future. In other words, it is not useless to observe what others say and do. You may remember that the young man who looks mature recently recruited by the company is really mature in dealing with people; And the beautiful little boy next door is really a gentle and clever boy. What's going on here?
Here is the famous Rosenthal effect, also known as "self-fulfilling prophecy". In other words, people often unconsciously become what others expect. For example, that young man is more mature, probably because of his appearance, he was named the team leader by the teacher. The neighbor's little brother, as beautiful as a girl, was reluctant to let him run wild, so he reported the sketch early and let him draw quietly at home every day. After studying the files of many people from adolescence to 60 years old, Ze Burovic and others found that many young people with weak faces were not cowards when they were young, but they really became helpless in the future-as you can imagine, this is probably because the parties did not treat others as real adults because of their looks when they were young, so they had the qualities that a responsible adult should have without exercise, which eventually led to tragedy.
As far as specific facial features are concerned, although some studies have pointed out that people may be biased against the appearance characteristics of others, researchers have not found much direct empirical evidence to show the correlation between the specific appearance and personality of a certain part. So, to some extent, we can laugh at Mr. physiognomy's careful judgment. But at the same time, a large number of empirical data show that appearance has a very extensive influence on people's personality development on the whole level (not just looking at their eyes or nose, etc.). ). Beauty can be a powerful "halo", which blurs people's judgment of qualities unrelated to appearance in others. In other words, "Gao Shuai" and "bridled eyebrows" will not only be considered more attractive, but also "by the way" will be considered to have stronger working ability and better personality, which will make them smooth in love and ugly in the workplace. Therefore, when we face the mirror with a strong heart and don't be prejudiced against ourselves or others because of our appearance, we can still spend a little effort to properly decorate ourselves, train ourselves in figure and manners, and let ourselves exude a unique aura from the inside out.
Some fortune tellers are defeated in the literary world, or their careers are hopeless, but their original intention of pursuing wealth in the world has not changed. They chose physiognomy and took in-depth research as their profession. In addition to solving the problem of food and clothing, they also look for opportunities from time to time to obtain wealth that cannot be obtained on the scientific stage.
For ordinary guests, if they feel that their looks are "not satisfactory", they will politely say a few good words in exchange for a few copper coins. If you meet an "expensive" person, and then refer to the social situation at that time, assess the situation and make sure that this person will have a prosperous day, you will blindly fall in love and say "get rich and forget everything" in order to get some light in the future, according to (Nan Shi? Song Wudi Ji. When he was young, Wei Chui, a native of Jinling, was good at reading faces, so Heng Xiu asked him to tell the fortune of the late master to see if he could get a state official. Wei Sou said to his face that Song Wudi had been a frontier minister, and secretly told Song Wudi that "the monarch is precious". Song Wudi got the message and smiled and said, "If it succeeds, it should be Sima. When Song Wudi really became emperor, Wei Sou immediately came to the door to demand the fulfillment of the previous contract, saying, "If you become king, you should not forget Sima's education. Now you dare not hope to take the lead in the army. " Song Wudi saw him begging and had to keep his promise. Chaucer Wei, a rogue who has the cheek to bargain, is a wonderful portrayal of this kind of fortune teller.
Of course, after all, fortune tellers rarely happen to meet the real dragon emperor. Most fortune tellers either open stores or ring bells to attract priests, mainly for ordinary people to visit fortune-teller. This kind of person has a rough fate, and is the most and the worst member of the physiognomy class. Because living at the bottom of society, so "countless readers", this kind of fortune teller has gradually become a rogue who is unscrupulous, reneges on his words and finds fault, and uses the superstitious psychology of the world to ask for money by any means. Mr. Lu Xun once painted such a portrait of a fortune teller. He said fortune tellers and so on, "for customers, few are willing to conclude that they are poor." Even if there is, everyone's theory cannot be consistent. A says he is poor and B says he is rich, which makes the poor unable to determine his future fate. " Seeing fortune tellers in lace literature is just trying to figure out people's psychology of changing their fate, abandoning poverty and seeking wealth, and teaching ignorant people to give money with rhetoric. We might as well look at the faces of such physiognomists through a typical case.
Yang Baiwan, a rich man in Huangmei County in eastern Hubei, wanted to find a backer in the army in order to keep his wealth, so he sent both his sons to the army. Unfortunately, their "fate" is not good, and they have not mixed up any tricks for a long time. Yang Baiwan had no choice but to ask the local fortune teller Liu Ji to find a lucky young man to be his son and continue to send him to the army. Seliuji soon found a young man named Su, who praised himself as a man of noble destiny. What do you say about this Sai Liuji?
Sailiuji pointed to the zodiac and said, "Let's talk about Su's longevity wealth first-the longevity palace is above the base of the eyebrows. This palace is most suitable for wealth and splendor. If you add the return of the five mountains and three stops, you will always be different in this life, and your official position will be promoted. Among the five mountains, the middle one is the most respected, and the expensive one must be high and rich, and you can have both. Yueyue should be auspicious ... and Sue is like this. Of course, even if there are five towering mountains, there is no beauty without water. Therefore, the four blasphemies should be hidden and clean, which is the most important thing, while Su's four blasphemies are hidden and clean. Look at him, five stars, six obsidians, three talents and three stops are all positive figures, showing that he is a pair of expensive faces everywhere. There is a saying: Venus in the left ear needs white, and finally gets the official title: mercury in the mouth needs red, and your appearance is three; His forehead is wide and full, and the official Lu follows him early ... What is most special about him is the' Yue Wenfu' in his hand, ... "He said, turning over a few pages of" the secret of phase method "and pointing to the map on his palm, he continued; "This is 24 palm prints. This is' tape printing', and the main tape is printed as a Taishi. There is a saying: when the palm print is printed, it will be famous in the future. Mo Yan's wealth is not my wish, but he has his own name called Shangqing. This is the "military symbol pattern", which was in the past, and this is the pattern in Su Zhang's heart. As the saying goes, "Now the military emblem pattern is in your hand, you still have a long way to go when you are young. You should be in a position of power or position, and you will be famous in history"!
The physiognomist was very happy after listening to Liu Ji's words, so he planned to send Su to Wu as a soldier. However, three years later, Sue was still a deputy battalion commander, and she stamped her feet with anxiety. To make matters worse, not long after, Su Longcheng ran back on crutches-he was injured. Yang Baiwan stared straight with anger, and hurriedly called assume to find Sai Liuji. He was so anxious that he caught Seliuji's mind and shouted, "What the hell are you doing? Give me back my 500-dollar lock! "
Liu Ji has experienced many scenes in this game. Where to put Yang Baiwan in the eye. He forcibly pointed to Yang Baiwan's hand and said loudly, "What's your hurry? My face is absolutely reliable. The big deal is that the time limit for his success is too dead! Liu Bei of the Three Kingdoms, with his ears hanging over his shoulders and his hands knee-high, was a rich man in terms of phase method, but how timid he was before he met Zhuge Liang! Later, with the help of Zhuge Liang, he changed twice a day and finally became a monarch ... As the saying goes, it was an instant hit and always had a drink. Sue is doomed to fail, only because you let him vote for Wu by mistake! If it is in Zhang's name, will it be like this? You spent five hundred dollars, it doesn't mean that Sue's physiognomy is not good, and it's not that my physiognomy is not good, but that your life is not good ... "
Look, what an excellent debater! "Liu Ji" said a lot about the past and the present, but he completely excused himself. On the other hand, he said that Yang Baiwan, who spent five hundred Yuan Datou and was angry, had a bad fate. It is really unreasonable and arrogant. Sure enough, Yang Baiwan was shocked by him. "Liu Ji saw that his face changed, and he also changed his tone and said;" Of course, you don't need to pay him an official right away. Let me see him again. If his camera hasn't changed, it's not too late to act. "Things have come to this, of course, only xin him. He said in a very calm tone. Yes, please go and have a look again, so as not to throw the money into the water again! "
Sai Liuji can be said to be a typical representative of this glib fortune teller. In their view, as long as they can get the money, they can get rid of all face, image and personality. You can argue irrationally, expect nothing in return, scare people, break your word and make things public. Its means are diverse and scheming. Ironically, many people in Yang Baiwan know nothing about physiognomy and are superstitious. There is always business to talk about in this face. Yang Baiwan people spent money to buy a liar, but they have to thank their faces in all aspects. As easy as blowing off dust, some living expenses will be available; Pilgrims are also secretly pleased, but it is only a few dollars, but it has earned a good face. How can physiognomy not flourish in this world?
This kind of fortune teller won the favor of the ruling class, naturally flattered and lived an elegant and comfortable life. Ordinary officials and people are even more awed by them. How dare you offend them a little? Because his life and future are likely to hang on the master's lips, why not curry favor with him? However, with the kind words of the master, the natural officials and small officials who have no official are all in by going up one flight of stairs. Being the host is uncomfortable. In order to avoid misfortune in official career, ordinary officials often find a fortune teller as a political helper. This fortune teller is almost a big housekeeper. If he has a bad temper, he will be overbearing.
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