How did the ancients make jade articles?

The production of ancient jade is based on the tools and materials used to make jade during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, as well as the traces left on the surface of ancient jade to infer the jade-making technology from the late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty, and briefly talk about the tools and techniques for making jade. The twelve jade-making techniques mentioned above are sand ramming, jade cutting, weighing, punching, grinding, hall cutting, flower arranging, drilling, flower piercing, drilling, wood arranging and skin arranging. Hammer, also called water stool, is made of minerals with higher hardness than jade. Coarse particles are used for cutting and molding, fine particles are used for ornamentation and carving, and tools need to be used with jade sand.

The most common tools can be used for cutting, hollowing out, drilling and polishing, and thread tools are mainly used for cutting. Sheet metal tools are mainly used for cutting sheets. Pipe tools are used for punching holes, reducing high relief patterns on the ground and drilling and grinding jade contours. The tool is a solid cone-shaped tool, which is often used for punching holes. The holes are trumpet-shaped with big top and small bottom.

Punch the hoof-shaped device into the hole with a chisel, break the edge of the device, and take out the central jade material. Drill a hole in the jade tube, take out the central jade material, cut the weight into a circle, and drill and core the weight into a circle by cutting and grinding the formed tube.

Hongshan Culture, where the drilling traces of Hongshan culture jade were located 8000 years ago, has made great progress in jade making. At this time, there is no thin yinxian in the jade, and there should be no rotating bracket. Although there are hammer drills and pipe drills, judging from the Hongshan culture jade, it should not be made by the spindle rotary tuo machine. Many people think that the time when rubbings appeared on Hongshan culture jade articles was Liangzhu culture period, but there is no conclusion yet, because the thin yinxian lines on Liangzhu culture jade articles are more like knives and jade sand. But in Shang dynasty, the craft can be confirmed to be made by a two-person Tuoba, and bronze Tuoba has been used. Borehole wall marking. This kind of double-kneeling tractor must have one person pulling the wheel, one person under the tractor, jade in one hand and jade sand in the other. This kind of kneeling double appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the water stool powered by pedals appeared. Since then, jade carving has entered the era of single-person single-tuo mechanism jade.

People used the teeth of wild animals to carve jade articles repeatedly, including many lines of Liangzhu culture carved with the legendary Kunwu knife. It was not until bronze brackets appeared in Shang Dynasty that the decorative patterns of jade articles could be made more and more exquisite. It was not until the Han dynasty that the iron lift was popularized, and it has continued until now. The difference is that the iron lifting needle is getting thinner and thinner, and the style and function are becoming more and more perfect.