On the silk road

1, mainly porcelain and silk, medicinal materials, spices and tea (from Tang Dynasty). After the goods were brought here, they were bartered for glass and agate from Loulan, Da Yue, Wusun, Dawan, Russians and Turks. Today, China porcelain can be seen as decoration in the buildings of Constantinople.

2. The overland Silk Road starts from Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, passes through the Hexi Corridor, and then divides into two routes: one starts from Yangguan, passes through Shanshan, goes west along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, passes through shache, crosses the green ridge to the west, goes out to Dayue's family, comes to a rest, plows westward (jiān, now Alexandria, Egypt, annexed by the Roman Empire in 30 BC), or goes south by Dayue's family. The other one goes out of Yumenguan, passes through the former Cheshi country, goes west along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, goes out of Shule, crosses Qingji in the west, crosses Daguan Bay, and reaches Kangju and Chae Yeon (nomadic in the northwest of Kangju in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, the grassland in the North Caspian Sea, and belongs to Kangju in the Eastern Han Dynasty).

The Maritime Silk Road starts from Guangdong coastal ports, enters the South China Sea, along Indochina Peninsula and Malay Peninsula, crosses the Straits of Malacca, enters the present Indian Ocean, reaches Indochina Peninsula as far as possible, and reaches the present Persian Gulf.

I won't elaborate on the sea road. )

3. The number of a caravan is about 100. During numerous missions to the western regions and Europe, the whole army was wiped out. The main reason is that there is a big sandstorm in the north and the climate changes rapidly. People can easily get lost there, and there may be sandstorms. Mainly horse freight, the team leader should lead the team, find the right direction, speak many languages, communicate with other countries or other businessmen all the way, and coordinate the work within the team. He plays the role of special envoy with great responsibility. Where there is business, there is business, and where there is private, there is private. I have never heard of this name. Sorry, I forgot that officer. )

4. As I mentioned in the last paragraph, the main reason is that there is a big sandstorm in the north, and the climate changes rapidly. People are easy to get lost there, and there may be sandstorms. There is also water shortage. If there is no river in the inner road area, the water on the road is very precious. The farther west you go, the less water there is, and the harder it is to find water. Moreover, at the beginning of the visit, some countries didn't know much about China, so it was not uncommon for tourists to be detained and goods to be forcibly taken over. If there are official tasks, there are official tasks and private tasks, which are relatively few. Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had fought against the Huns, they were forbidden to go there privately. After Zhang Qian's visit, the situation has greatly improved. In fact, there is not much difference between the official caravan and the civil and commercial caravan. One is from the imperial court, but it's not the same on the official plate. Moreover, the official caravan actually does not have many soldiers, up to about 20 people. The guardian is at home, only to guard against attacks.

5. When the Silk Road is a major event, there are not many allusions. Apart from Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, there are not many stories left. Made it up. I didn't find it.

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions has its historical reasons. During the period of 168 ~ 142 BC, Xiongnu constantly threatened the northern border of the western Han dynasty. In BC 140, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he made an ambitious plan to drive the Xiongnu back to Mobei. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, trying to contact Da Yueshi to deal with the Huns. Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, which lasted for 20 years and covered Da Yue, Dawan, Kangju, Wusun and other countries. Although it failed to persuade the western countries to use troops against the Huns, it promoted the opening of the entire Silk Road.

6. The Silk Road began to rise in the Han Dynasty and reached an unprecedented period of prosperity in the Tang Dynasty. The political system of the Tang Dynasty was relatively open, and governors from all directions came to congratulate it. There were also many western regions in the capital of the Tang Dynasty. They came here to buy and sell, study and live, and even be officials. In the Tang Dynasty, talents were promoted. No matter which country, including Ryukyu (Japan) at that time, many people went to the Tang Dynasty to study and be officials. In North Korea, the Silk Road began to decline slowly, which was not unreasonable because the national strength of the Song Dynasty was weak. Although the Song Dynasty gained the throne under the mutiny of Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao, a look at the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty shows that it is smaller than that of the Tang Dynasty by more than half, and the Northern Song Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, while the Northern Song Dynasty was a Liao country, and Xixia and later Yuan Meng were all staring at the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty also fought against these countries for many years. In the war-torn era, few people go to the Western Regions with a large number of teams and a large number of trading items, because the biggest possibility is that the goods and people will be robbed before they reach the Hexi Corridor. So no one dares to go, and no one wants to trade in the western regions. After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, the Mongols never stopped invading south and north, but invaded west and north. In other words, there was no trade in the western regions during the war.

In the Ming Dynasty, the situation changed after Emperor Yongle ordered Zheng He to go to the West. In order to carry out maritime trade activities, Zheng He made six voyages to the Western Ocean and sailed to the Arabian Peninsula, reaching the Cape of Good Hope as far as possible. At this point, the door of the Maritime Silk Road was opened. It takes time and effort to reach the western regions by land, which is far less safe and faster than by sea. The "Silk Road" on land began to decline completely, but the "Maritime Silk Road" began to emerge. The Ming dynasty was also very uncertain about land travel. After all, the mountain is high and the road is far, and many things may happen on the road, so it is unrealistic to send troops to protect it. Later, the policy of closing the country to the outside world completely broke the possibility of going west. By the Ming dynasty, the coastal economy was quite developed, and fishermen might go to Laos and Vietnam when they went to sea privately. Of course, the scope of trading is still limited to porcelain, spices and other items, and there has not been much change.

I've been writing 1 for more than an hour. I don't know if you can use it yourself. I hope it helps you.