The geography exam in the first semester of Grade One is coming. Please explain it in detail.

Don't forget to give points! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Minutes 1. A is the dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere, at longitude 160W and latitude (30s), with the Eastern Hemisphere in the west and the Western Hemisphere in the east. 30 is the dividing line between middle and high latitudes. B At the South Pole or the North Pole, there is only one direction at the pole. C is at the intersection of the equator and 20E or 160W, and the intersection of the dividing line between the east and west hemispheres is at 20E and 30N.

2. Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Equator. Tropic of Capricorn

3. North temperate zone, tropical zone and south temperate zone. South Frigid Zone

4. North America (Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean) Antarctica (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean)

5. Asia and America

6. It is separated from other continents by the ocean.

7. Seven continents and four oceans

Asia: With an area of 44 million square kilometers, accounting for 29.4% of the world's total land area, it is the largest continent in the world. * * * There are 40 countries and regions. The population is 3.229 billion, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population, ranking first in the world.

Africa: With an area of about 30 million square kilometers, accounting for 20.2% of the world's total land area, it is the second largest continent in the world. * * * There are 56 countries and regions. The population is 662 million, accounting for 12.3% of the world's total population, ranking third in the world.

North America: covering an area of about 24 million square kilometers, accounting for 16.2% of the world's total land area, it is the third continent in the world. * * * There are 37 countries and regions. The population is 432 million, accounting for 8. 1% of the world's total population, ranking fourth in the world.

South America: It covers an area of about 6,543,800 square kilometers, accounting for 654.38+02% of the world's total land area, making it the fourth continent in the world. * * * There are 13 countries and regions. The population is 302 million, accounting for 5.6% of the total population in the world, ranking fifth in the world.

Antarctica: With an area of 6.5438+0.4 million square kilometers, accounting for 9.4% of the total land area of the world, it is the fifth continent in the world. There are only some researchers and whaling teams from other continents in Antarctica, and there are no settled residents.

Europe: The area is about 6.5438+million square kilometers, accounting for 6.8% of the total land area of the world, only bigger than Oceania, and it is the sixth continent in the world. * * * There are 37 countries and regions. With a population of 723 million, accounting for 13.4% of the world's total population, it ranks second in the world and is the continent with the highest population density.

Oceania: With an area of about 9 million square kilometers, accounting for about 6% of the total land area of the world, it is the smallest continent in the world. * * * There are 24 countries and regions. With a population of 27 million, accounting for about 0.5% of the world's total population, it is the least populated continent in the world except Antarctica.

Asia is the abbreviation of sub-Asia, located in the northeast of the old hemisphere. It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north. With an area of 44 million square kilometers, accounting for 29.4% of the total land area of the world, it is the largest continent in the world.

Large surface undulations and high mountains are common features of Asian topography. Mountains, plateaus and hills account for about 75% of the total area, and plains account for about 25%. The mountains in Asia are the Himalayas and the Karakorum Mountains. With an average elevation of more than 6,000 meters, the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world, including 14 peaks over 8,000 meters, including Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world. The Dead Sea is the lowest depression in the world.

The islands in Asia are mainly concentrated in the southeast sea. There are about tens of thousands of islands, with a total area of 3.2 million square kilometers, including 6 big islands, with an area of more than 6.5438 million square kilometers.

Asia is the continent with the largest concentration of major rivers in the world, with 58 rivers exceeding 1000 km in length, including 5 rivers exceeding 4,000 km.

Asia, which spans the cold zone, warm zone and hot zone, is the continent with the biggest climate difference in the world.

There are many kinds of mineral resources in Asia with large reserves. There are mainly coal, iron, petroleum, tin, antimony, tungsten and copper, the most famous of which are petroleum in West Asia and tin in Southeast Asia. Agricultural products occupy an important position in the world. Rice and natural rubber account for more than 90% of the world's total output, and cotton, coconut, pepper, kapok, teak, jute and tea are also among the best.

Asia is the birthplace of ancient civilizations in China and Babylon, and also the birthplace of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, the three major religions in the world. Asian people have made great contributions to world culture.

Introduction to Zhou

Africa, the full name of Africa, is located in the southeast of the old hemisphere, and the equator crosses the continent. Some areas and islands in the northwest extend to the western hemisphere. face

It covers an area of about 30.2 million square kilometers. It accounts for about 20% of the world's total land area and is the second largest continent after Asia.

There are 53 independent countries in Africa.

The status of Western Sahara is uncertain. Reunion island is a French "overseas province". St Helena is a "direct colony" of Britain.

The coastline of Africa is straight (compared with Europe, the area of Africa is three times that of Europe, and the coastline is not as long as Europe), peninsulas and bays.

Very few. The terrain is relatively flat, and it is a plateau continent. The Ethiopian plateau is called the "roof of Africa", with an altitude of over 1000 meters. Mount Kilimanjaro (the highest peak in Africa)

The mountain is the highest peak in Africa, and the sea cucumber is 5895 meters high. Africa has the largest desert in the world, the Sahara Desert. The Sahara desert is located in the north of Africa and consolidated laterally.

It covers an area of 9.2 million square kilometers, accounting for 1/3 of the total area of Africa. There are also namib desert and Kalahadi Desert in the southwest. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is

The longest rift valley in the world starts from the Schiller estuary in the east and crosses the Red Sea in the north to the North of the Dead Sea, with a total length of about 6,400 kilometers. Rivers, canyons, rapids and

Waterfalls are rich in hydraulic resources, but they are not conducive to navigation. Major rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger and Senegal flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

River, Volta River, etc. ; The Zambezi, limpopo river and Juba rivers flow into the Indian Ocean. Most of the lakes in Africa are concentrated in the East African Plateau, and so are the big ones.

It is a part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa: Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Kivu, Lake Edward, Lake Zobert, Lake Victoria, Lake Turkana and so on.

Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. Lake Tanganyika is the second deepest lake in the world. Besides, it is located in Ethiopia.

Lake Tana on the sub-plateau is1830m above sea level, which is the highest lake in Africa. Lake Chad is the largest lake in the inland basin.

Africa has high temperature, little rain and dry climate. Therefore, Africa has the title of "tropical continent". But some areas, such as some Mediterranean coastal areas,

The plateau climate is cool, and even the seasons are like spring.

Africa is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, uranium and phosphate.

With considerable reserves, gold and diamonds have a long-standing reputation. There are more than 40,000 species of plants in Africa, many of which are rare or endemic. Forests in Africa

The area accounts for 2 1% of the total area, and mahogany, ebony, rosewood, koba, ebony, camphor, alder, walnut, sumac and Quercus variabilis are expensive.

All kinds of heavy wood are available, with abundant reserves. Africa has vast grasslands, accounting for 27% of the total area, and has great potential for animal husbandry. Africa is also rich in fishery resources.

Rich points.

Africa is economically backward, which is the continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world. Among the least developed countries in the world announced by the United Nations, African countries account for the vast majority.

Majority. Agriculture is the pillar of African economy, and most countries are agricultural countries. Agricultural cash crops such as coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, cotton and flowers.

Among the raw materials, oil palm, cashew nuts and sisal occupy a considerable proportion. The industrial base is weak and the management and technology are backward. Transportation is also in a backward state.

State.

Africa is old and young. It is ancient because Africa is one of the birthplaces of human beings, and African people have created splendid ancient characters.

Ming. Two million years ago, Australopithecus in South Africa and East Africa began to use stone tools. Many areas were established before the era of good governance.

Slave country. The Nile River Basin, Niger River Basin and other major river basins have all formed their own splendid ancient civilizations. In the post-era, the vast majority

Tribal countries have been established in all regions. Alas, in modern times, African countries were conquered by European colonists and lost their independence.

Bit, this state lasted for more than a world. Therefore, when people open the map of the 1950s, they will find that there were almost no independent countries in Africa at that time.

Go home. Most countries became independent after 1960, less than 40 years after their founding. In this sense, Africa is a big young country.

Lu.

The national independence movement that arose on the African continent in the 1960s is one of the greatest political events in the world. Eventually washed away the western colonial system.

Governance is of great historical significance to human progress.

With a population of 748 million, Africa is the second most populous continent in the world.

Ethnic problems in Africa are very complicated. Most ethnic groups are in a tribal state. Africa has the largest number of tribes in the world. Some data say no

The number of tribes on the mainland can reach 3000, and the most conservative figure is 250. The reason why the number of people varies so much is that some tribes are divided.

Not too big, it can be divided into many tribes, and it can be regarded as one tribe. Each tribe has its own characteristics, including customs.

Generally speaking, each tribe has its own traditional "territory" and can get along well, at least in peace. But there are also a few

The conflict between regions and tribes has deep roots, and they are at loggerheads. Conflicts and struggles continue, sometimes escalating into tribal wars, with tens of thousands of casualties on both sides.

Sometimes, casualties exceed one million.

Africa has a complex terrain and a long history, which provides countless natural and human landscapes for mankind.

Africa has a vast territory and has not been fully developed, which provides a large area of land for animal reproduction. Many areas have been opened as animal reserves.

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Introduction to north America

North America is the abbreviation of North Asia, America and California. It is located in the northern part of the western hemisphere, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Panama Canal in the south and South America in the south.

North America has a total area of 24.228 million square kilometers (excluding nearby islands), accounting for 16.2% of the total land area, making it the third continent in the world. The population is 462 million, accounting for 8% of the world's total population.

The basic feature of continental topography is the north-south trend of mountains, parallel to the coast and distributed on the east and west sides. In the west is the northern section of the Cordillera Mountains, which extends from Alaska to Mexico. It includes three parallel mountains: the Rocky Mountains in the east; Alaska range, Canadian coastal mountains, Sierra Nevada in the United States, etc. Among them, Mount McKinley in alaska range is the highest, with an altitude of 6 194 meters, which is the highest peak in North America; From the mountains along the American coast in the west to the sea in the north, the coastal islands in the west of Canada are formed. To the east is the Appalachian Mountains. In this way, the topography of North America has obviously formed three regions: the western mountainous area and plateau area, the eastern mountainous area and plateau area and the central plain area.

Most rivers in North America are outflow rivers, with the Rocky Mountains as the watershed: rivers in the east flow into the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and rivers in the west flow into the Pacific Ocean. Mississippi River is the longest river in North America, followed by Mackenzie River, yukon river River, St Lawrence River and Rio Grande. The river is full of waterfalls. Niagara Falls is the largest waterfall in North America.

North America is a continent with many lakes. The famous five lakes-Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario-are called "North American Mediterranean" and are the largest freshwater lakes in the world.

North America spans tropical zone, temperate zone and cold zone, and its climate is complex and diverse, but the vast area in the central part of the mainland is in the north temperate zone, which is suitable for crop growth and human survival.

North America is rich in natural resources. There are many arable lands, vast grasslands, rich and diverse mineral resources and high forest coverage. The reserves of hydraulic resources account for 8.9% of the world's total reserves, and fishing grounds account for 20% of the world's total fishing grounds.

North America is one of the economically developed regions in the world. The United States and Canada have strong industrial base, large production capacity and advanced technology. Mexico's economy is also developed. North America is also the most developed continent in the world.

Introduction to South America

South America is the abbreviation of South Asia and America. It is located in the western part of the western hemisphere, facing the Atlantic Ocean in the east, with the land separated from North America by the Panama Canal and the South facing the Antarctic across the sea. The total area of South America is 654.38+0797 million square kilometers (including nearby islands), accounting for 654.38+02% of the total land area of the world. The population is 325 million, accounting for about 5 of the world's total population. 6%。

The coastline of South America is 28,700 kilometers long. The coast is relatively flat, with fewer islands and bays.

The topography of the South American continent can be divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the long and narrow Andes in the west, the undulating plateau in the east and the vast and flat plain lowlands in the middle. The Andes is 9000 kilometers long, which is the longest mountain range in the world. The sea cucumber in Aconcagua Mountain is 6960 meters high, which is the highest peak in South America. There are Brazil Plateau, Guyana Plateau and Patagonia Plateau in the east, of which Brazil Plateau covers an area of 5 million square kilometers and is the largest plateau in the world. The central part is Orinoco River Plain, Amazon Plain and La Plata Plain, which is the largest alluvial plain in the world.

Most parts of South America belong to tropical rain forest and tropical plateau climate, which is warm and humid.

South America's water system is bounded by the Andes: most rivers in the west are short-current rapids, which flow into the Pacific Ocean alone; Most rivers in the east have a long history, numerous tributaries, abundant water and vast river basins. Among them, the Amazon River has more than 20 tributaries exceeding 1000 km, making it the largest river in the world with the widest basin area. There are many waterfalls in the river, including Angel Waterfall with the largest drop in the world and Iguazu Waterfall with the largest drop in the world. There are not many lakes in South America. The biggest lakes are Lake Titicaca and Lake Maracaibo.

South America is rich in natural resources. The reserves of oil, iron and copper are among the highest in the world. The forest area here accounts for 23% of the total forest area in the world, and the grassland area accounts for 14% of the total grassland area in the world. Fishery resources and hydraulic resources are also abundant.

South America is a part of Latin America. South America was originally inhabited by Indians. Indians created splendid ancient civilizations and established many kingdoms in South America. /kloc-south American countries became independent in 0/9.

South America after independence has gone through a difficult and tortuous road. It was not until after World War II that the economy of South America developed rapidly. Among them, Brazil and Argentina have the fastest development. In the decades after the war, the two countries established a relatively complete national economic system. However, the development of countries is very uneven. Brazil and Argentina account for two-thirds of South America's GDP. But overall, the economic situation in South America is relatively good among all continents.

Europe is the abbreviation of Europe, located in the northwest of the old hemisphere. Mainland: East to the Ural Mountains in the Arctic (66 degrees east longitude 10 minute, 67 degrees 46 minutes north latitude), south to Cape Maroqi (5 degrees 36 minutes west longitude, 36 degrees north latitude), west to Cape Rocca (9 degrees 3 west longitude/kloc-0 minute, 38 minutes north latitude), and north to Cape Noqin (27 degrees 42 minutes east longitude). It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, two oceans in the west, Africa across the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Asian continent in the east.

The boundary between Lal Mountains, ural river, Caucasus Mountains, Bosporus Strait, Da Daniil Strait and Asia. Area/kloc-0.04 million square kilometers (including affiliated islands), accounting for about 6.9% of the world's total land area, only larger than Oceania, making it the sixth continent in the world.

There are thirty-two families in Europe now. There are Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy and San Urino on the Balkan Peninsula in southern Europe, and Spain, Andorra and Portugal on the Iberian Peninsula. Western Europe includes Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Monaco; Central Europe includes Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. Northern Europe includes Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland; Eastern Europe has the Soviet Union.

resident

705 million people (197O, including the entire population of the Soviet Union), accounting for about 19.4% of the world's total population. The vast majority of European residents are white (Europa). Ethnic groups in Europe can usually be divided into:

Indo-European language family: a nation belonging to Albanian language family, mainly distributed in Albania; Belonging to the Germanic language family, mainly distributed in western Central Europe, Northern Europe and Britain; Ethnic groups belonging to the Latin family (Roman family), mainly distributed in Romania, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy; Ethnic groups belonging to Slavic languages are mainly distributed in the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.

Uralic language family: The nationalities belonging to this language family are mainly distributed in Hungary, Finland and the Soviet Union. 3. Caucasian language family: All ethnic groups belonging to this language family are mainly distributed in the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union.

natural environment

There are many peninsulas and islands in Europe, which makes its overall outline fragmented. Surrounded by inland seas, bays and straits that go deep into the mainland, any other coastal continent is tortuous. The plain has the widest area, accounting for about 60% of the whole continent. The average height of the whole continent is 300 meters above sea level, which is the lowest. Geographical habits are divided into southern Europe, western Europe, central Europe, northern Europe and eastern Europe.

natural resource

Coal and iron resources are abundant. Coal is mainly distributed in Dunbar period, Upper Silesia, Ruhr area, Saar area, Lorraine Plateau and central England, all of which are world-famous coal mining areas. Iron ore is mainly distributed in northern Sweden, Lorraine Plateau and Urals. Iron ore is mainly distributed in Albania and the Soviet Union. Oil is mainly distributed in the Urals and the western foothills of Romania. Natural gas is mainly distributed in the Volga River basin and near the Carpathian Mountains. Albania is a world-famous producer of natural asphalt. In addition, mercury, bauxite, manganese, magnesite, potassium salt, lignite, graphite and other minerals are also very rich. The shallow sea area in the northwest is a famous fishing ground.

economic conditions

Europe is economically developed. The industrial production level is relatively high, and the total output value ranks first in all continents in the world. The degree of agricultural mechanization is relatively low. Food is not self-sufficient, and most countries rely on imports for food. Capitalism in Europe is highly developed, and the merger and concentration of capital has reached an unprecedented height. The industrial production of Germany, Britain and France is in the forefront of industrial production in the capitalist world, but most of the raw materials on which industry depends are supplied by other continents.

Oceania is located in the southwest and south of the Pacific Ocean, north and south of the equator, with a total area of about 8.97 million square kilometers and a population of 29 million. It is the smallest continent with the least population in the world (except Antarctica, it has no permanent residents).

Except for a few areas over 2000 meters above sea level, most of the whole continent is above sea level.

It's under 600 meters. Most of the islands belong to coral reef type, with small area and low terrain. Some islands are volcanic types formed by the accumulation of volcanic eruption materials. Australia, New Zealand, Papua and New Guinea are continental.

Oceania has the largest coral reef group in the world-the Great Barrier Reef. It is located in the coral sea off the northeast coast of Australia, which stretches for more than 2,000 kilometers intermittently and has more than 3,000 islands and reefs, covering an area of 2 1 1,000 square kilometers.

There are few rivers in Oceania, with short rivers and little water.

Australia has a maritime climate in most areas except continental climate.

Oceania is rich in natural resources: there are many kinds of mineral deposits and large reserves, and some mineral deposits, such as nickel and bauxite, rank among the top in the world; The forest coverage rate is 9%, producing precious wood such as eucalyptus, ebony and mahogany; The grassland area is vast, and the supply of livestock products is considerable; Rich in fishery resources, it is an important producing area of sardines and tuna.

There are significant differences in economic development. Australia and New Zealand are economically developed, while other countries are economically backward. Crops include wheat, coconut, sugarcane and natural rubber. Sheep is the main animal husbandry, and the number of sheep accounts for 20% of the total number of sheep in the world. Wool production accounts for 40% of the world's total wool production. Most industries are concentrated in Australia and New Zealand, mainly including mining, steel, non-ferrous metal refining, machinery manufacturing, chemistry, building materials, textiles and so on.

8. Mainland and Island

9. Suez Canal, Red Sea

10, the order of the seven continents is: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica and Oceania.

The order of the four oceans from big to small is: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Pacific Ocean, 1 1

12 Tropic of Cancer