Introduction to Song Ci: Is the real Song Ci a master of solving crimes in history?

Song ci (1 186- 1249)? The word Huifu was born in Tongyouli, Jianyang County, Southern Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, his great-great grandfather Shi Qing came to Jianyang from Jiande County, Zhejiang Province and lived in Jianyang. Father Song Gong was a famous prison magistrate in Song Dynasty, and his family was well-off. Song ci was smart since childhood, influenced by his father since childhood, and good at observation and reasoning. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he studied under the scholar of Jianyang County and brother Wu Zhi of Zhu, and under the classmates of Wu Zhi, Yi Bangjia and other celebrities. Song Ci was educated by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism as a teenager, and thought that "reason" was the representative of the order and law of all things in the universe. "Reason" is the foundation of the whole world, which existed before the end of heaven and earth; It is a typical idealistic view that the sky still exists when it collapses. Even Song Ci attached importance to practice since childhood, striving for true knowledge. He wrote at the beginning of the book Injustice Collection, "Prison matters are more important than opening up, opening up is more important than first love, and first love is more important than investigation." In other words, beheading is the most serious punishment, and beheading of criminals is based on the case, and judging the seriousness of the case mainly depends on inspection. Through investigation, we can see whether the prisoner is wronged, which determines a person's life and death.

These basic ideological connotations of Song Ci run counter to its Neo-Confucianism education and belong to materialism. Song ci, which has received systematic neo-Confucianism education since childhood, has been nurtured for a long time and is bound to have strong neo-Confucianism idealism. Ironically, at work, he doesn't have see no evil's Confucian etiquette at all. He violated the ethical concepts and specific practices at that time and completely broke the forbidden area of corpse inspection. He warned the inspectors that no one should cover the secret place and must "carefully check" all the holes to see if any deadly foreign objects such as needles and knives were inserted into them. In particular, it is pointed out that "anyone who tries women cannot avoid it" and should be carried to "a bright and stable place" If the deceased is a rich girl, it is necessary to carry the body to the road for inspection, "so that everyone can see it and avoid suspicion." Neo-Confucianism, that is, Taoism, is too "evil" to examine corpses like this. However, it is very necessary to find out the case and prevent relevant personnel from using this ethical concept to cover up the truth of the case. Song resolutely obeyed the reality and swept away the Taoist spirit. Song Ci also formulated a set of post-mortem clauses, such as requiring prosecutors to come to the scene in person to examine and analyze the cause of death in time, and not to stay away because of the decomposition of the body. Influenced by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, Confucian disciples did not follow the traditional golden mean and showed amazing dialectical thinking. What caused two diametrically opposite thoughts to appear in one person, leaving us with an unsolved historical mystery in Song Ci?

In the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1205), he entered imperial academy, the capital of Beijing, and was deeply appreciated by Dr. imperial academy, so he became a teacher. During this period, Zhen taught a lot of knowledge about Song Ci. In the 10th year of Jiading (12 17), Song Ci was the second Jinshi, and was awarded the county commandant of Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). But because his father was ill, he didn't go to work. Baoqing (1226) served as the main book of Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province. At that time, Song Ci had already entered the threshold of 40 years old before it really entered the official career.

Since the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty government, it has been facing the threat of the Jin Dynasty and Mongolia, which are eyeing the rich south of the Yangtze River. With the failure of the Northern Expedition organized by the Prime Minister Han Shuazhou and the signing of the Jiading Peace Conference, the Southern Song government increased the silver and silk tribute to Jin, which was undoubtedly worse for the Southern Song government and the national peace was weakening day by day. However, Ganzhou, where Song Ci works, is a barren land. Coupled with the exploitation of the imperial court, the people lived in dire straits, and the farmers who were forced to do so launched many uprisings. Song Ci was awarded the title of "Scheeren" by the court for his meritorious service in quelling the riots of starving people caused by thieves in the three caves. An Fu made Zheng Xingzhi admire his ability to bring order out of chaos and counter-rule, and extended it to the shogunate to join the army, which was sponsored by many places. At the expiration of his term of office, Jiangxi proposed Ye Zai to hire Song Ci as Mu Liao. Four years less (123 1). On the recommendation of Chen Kun, the arresting ambassador of Fujian Road, Song Ci was appointed as the magistrate of Changting County.

Song ci is honest, considerate of people's feelings, fearless of power and decisive. At the beginning of his tenure in Changting County, he learned that the local salt was shipped from Fuzhou via Minjiang River, which lasted for one year. The intermediate link has been seriously exploited, and the price of salt is too high for the people to bear. So after investigation and consultation, it was changed from Chaozhou along Hanjiang River and Tingjiang River to Changting, and it only took three months to go back and forth, which greatly saved the freight. The government sells salt at a low price, and the people sing praises.

In the third year of Duanping (1236), Wei Liaoweng, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, hired Song Ci as his chief of staff. In the first year of Li Zongjiaxi's reign (1237), Li Zongjiaxi was a native of Shao (now Fujian), and it was only the anniversary, so the people thought more. The following year, when there was a famine in western Zhejiang, Song Ci entered the country with an imperial edict, sighing, "I was forced to live in a big house, started to go to the countryside to avoid taxes, and finally collected it and invited profits. I should work hard for it. " So the "economic law" was implemented, and he suggested that local residents be divided into five categories according to the rich and the poor. Half of the food stored by the richest of the five households is donated and the other half is sold at official prices; Wealthier people only sell their grain stocks without donating them; Medium does not sell or donate; According to the number of poor people, the government gives half of the relief and buys half by itself; Comprehensive relief for the poor and tax relief. The court adopted Song Ci's suggestion and issued decrees, but the rich people dared not disobey their orders, thus making the people and the poor spend the famine years. This was highly praised by Li Zong, who shared his worries for Chinese and foreign ministers and awarded him the title of "Dr. Korea". After the death of Song Ci, Emperor Li Zong wrote "Ci Hui Zi Fu, Song Cemetery" at the entrance of the Imperial Book of Song Ci to show his respect for the outstanding life of Song Ci.

During his more than 20 years as an official, he made great efforts in the spirit of prudent scholarship of Neo-Confucianism and was well received by the people. He holds the belief that "nothing is more important than human life", always "puts human life first" when deciding the sentence, and takes a serious attitude of "tried and tested, dare not slow down" in prison cases. If officials are found to be deceitful and clever, they must refute them; If doubts are not solved, they will think over and over again and never do it. In-depth investigation, clear trial, Congo finalized the case, rehabilitated, prohibited violence, not afraid of power, and accumulated rich procuratorial experience. Although there is not much information about what Song Ciren did, there are still sporadic records of his commitment to autopsy.

In the third year of Jiaxi (1239), 53-year-old Song Ci was appointed as Guangdong Prefect (the official in charge of criminal prison proceedings). Before that, the officials there did nothing, leaving a large number of prison cases. As soon as he arrived, he began to deal with a large number of unsolved cases, investigate the scene and verify the materials. Shi said that he "signed a treaty, set a timetable, studied in August, and decided to open more than 200 yuan." Song Ci handled the case seriously, enforced the law like a mountain, and was not afraid of powerful people. After eight months of inspection, he executed a number of prisoners, rehabilitated a number of unjust cases, solved a large number of mysterious cases and accumulated cases, and ruthlessly punished some grass-roots law enforcement prison officials who took bribes and perverted the law. His deeds of "revenge and banning violence" won a good reputation among the people, and the masses praised him as an "honest official." Since then, his reputation has been greatly shaken. At that time, people called him "putting human life first", "hearing clearly determines Congo" and "his reputation is comparable to that of Xin (abandoning illness) and Wang Ergong".

Jiaxi was transferred to Didian Prison in Jiangxi Province in the fourth year (1240), where he became the master of the people of Jiangxi Province, cracked down on illegal salt dealers, and made the roads smooth, the order stable and the people convinced. In the first year of Chunyou (124 1), Song Ci knew Changzhou military. Five years later (1245), Chunyou was transferred to Changzhou, where he proposed to rebuild the piling record and began to edit the grievance record. After serving his sentence, he was transferred to a prison in Guangxi, patrolling various ministries, taking revenge and banning violence. Although he was remote and drowned, he would visit him himself. In the seventh year of Chunyou (1247), he was appointed as the ambassador of Zhimi Pavilion and Hunan Province. In the ninth year of Chunyou, he learned that Guangzhou and Guangdong have been running peace messengers.

Song ci was an honest official, lived a simple life and had no other hobbies all his life. He only likes to collect different titles and likes golden stone carvings. In his later years, he was more modest and prudent and cherished talents. Although he is a junior, he will be promoted and recommended if he has a skill. He is old and ill, and he is careful in all his official duties. Although Song Ci started his official career at the age of 40, he served as a provincial judicial officer in the Southern Song Dynasty for four times during his career of more than 20 years. Long-term professional work has enabled him to accumulate rich forensic examinations. Serious and prudent practice made him realize that "the loss of prison situation is mostly due to the difference from beginning to end;" The mistakes in verification are all due to shallow experience. Therefore, we collected and collated several books handed down from modern times, such as The Book of Internal Records, A Guide to the Philosophy of Higher Learning, and combined with our own practical experience, when 1247 was appointed as the army supervisor in Hunan, we completed the compilation of "Karma Collection" and published it in Hunan County Records for the whole province. As soon as this book came out, it became a must-read book for prison officials at that time and later generations, almost regarded as the golden rule, and its authority even exceeded the relevant laws promulgated by the feudal court.

In the eighth year of Chunyou (1248), Song Ci was appointed as a bachelor of Mo Bao Pavilion, and was ordered to patrol the Fourth Road and take charge of the criminal prison. The hearing is clear and the decision is decisive. The following year, he was promoted to bachelor of Huan Zhangge, magistrate of Guangzhou and minister of Guangdong. One day, he suddenly felt dizzy and still attended the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius. From then on, I can't afford it. On the seventh day of March of the same year, he died at the official residence in Guangzhou at the age of 64. On July 15th of the following year, he was buried in Changmao Village, the ancestral home of the Song family in Jianyang County, Chongluoli (now Chongluoxiang).

The life of Song Ci is not recorded in the History of Song Dynasty, but comes from the epitaph written by Liu Kezhuang, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Liu Kezhuang forged a deep friendship with the Song Ci when he was in his hometown of Jianyang. Thirty years later, Liu Kezhuang was heartbroken when he heard the news of the death of Song Ci, and wrote the Epitaph of Song Jinglve for him. In the epitaph, he was praised as "an official in four ways, all in charge of funerals, clearly hearing the lawsuit, setting the Congo, caring for kindness, being a minister and even a poor and lonely people. If there is a Song sentence before, it will be salty."

Song Ci is a pioneer of forensic medicine in China. He worked hard to solve the case, synthesized, examined and refined the works on corpse examination handed down at that time, and combined his own experience to write the "Remedy Collection". This is the first monograph on forensic medicine in the history of the world, and Song Ci is recognized as the originator of forensic medicine.

Injustice Collection is the representative work of ex-vivo autopsy experience of Song Ci. He believes that "the loss of prison situation is mostly due to the difference between beginning and verification." Therefore, many phenomena after death have been observed and summarized. Many of these conclusions are in line with the principles of modern forensic medicine. The author points out that the confession cannot be accepted, and thinks that "the complaint cannot be accepted, and it must be carefully examined and based on the facts", especially in difficult cases, "it must be visited by many parties to unify the participants, and it must not be believed by one or two people." He also put forward the principle that inspectors must go to the scene and fill out the corpse inspection in person.

The earliest edition of Injustice Collection is Yuan Engraving Injustice Collection in Song Dynasty. The book is divided into five volumes, 13, with 70,000 words, from "Regulations" to "Inspection Statement", mainly including the work norms of prosecutors; Symptoms and examination of corpse injury; Emergency rescue measures; All kinds of mechanical asphyxia; All kinds of blunt trauma; All kinds of sharp injuries; Traffic accident injury; Death by high temperature; Heatstroke; Illness, illness and death, etc. , involving internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and other fields. This is roughly the same as the scope of modern forensic medicine.

Song Ci shows us the wisdom and superb judicial knowledge of ancient China people in Wen Zheng Ji.

In Stephen Chow's classic "Nine Grades of Sesame Officials", there is a scene in which blood is shed to betray relatives. It is recorded in Injustice Collection that the blood drop method is used as a method to determine the parental right of immediate family members. That is to say, the blood of parents and children is mixed, and whether there is a blood relationship is determined by whether it can be combined. Or drop the child's blood on the skeleton. If it is biological, blood will enter the bones, otherwise it will not. The actual effect of this method is uncertain, because although children's blood types are influenced by their parents, they are not all the same. But this method contains the germination of serum test.

Exquisite and plain collection of injustice has turned decay into magic and evolved many incredible ancient criminal investigation methods. Under certain circumstances, whether a person falls into the water or dumps his body after death can be answered by his skull. Clean the skull, put it in a basin and pour it with hot water from the top. If there is sediment in the basin, it proves that you are struggling to breathe when you fall into the water. Sediment enters the five senses and enters the basin bottom under the scouring of hot water. If there is no sediment in the basin, it is often dumped after death, because the victim's breathing has stopped and his breath has stopped, so the sediment does not enter. Whether a person died by accident or homicide will break through the fog in the prosecutor's reeling, and "revenge for injustice" is a weapon in the hands of the prosecutor.

Some criminal cases and inspection methods are recorded in the Collection of Remembering Injustice. Although some of them were known, they were really very effective inspection methods at that time, which was amazing. The book records a story of drying a sickle. One man died and more than a dozen injuries were caused by sickles. The inspector found the property intact and all the clothes were there, and concluded that it was a vendetta. After investigation and visit, the prosecutor locked the suspect. He asked nearby residents to hand over all their sickles and put them on the ground respectively. There are always seventy or eighty sickles. It was midsummer, and flies gathered on one of the sickles, unable to stay. The inspector found the owner of the sickle. The inspector said that flies are bloodthirsty, and the blood gas still exists after this sickle kills people, which leads to flies gathering, while other sickles do not. It can be inferred that the owner of this sickle has killed people. In front of the evidence, the murderer bowed his head and confessed.

"Yi Yuan Ji" also recorded the method of steaming bones to examine injuries. Wash a pair of skeletons, string them with fine hemp rope and put them on the bamboo mat in order. Dig a cellar 5 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep, pile firewood in it, burn the walls of the cellar red, remove the charcoal fire, pour in 2 liters of good wine and 5 liters of sour vinegar, take advantage of the rising heat in the cellar, carry the bones into the cellar, cover them with straw mats, take them out about an hour later, put them in a bright place, and open a red umbrella against the sun for bone inspection. "If you look at the sun with traces of bones, red is obviously beaten before death. If there is no shadow of blood on the bone, the trace is the trace after death. " The cause of death of the deceased was shown under the umbrella of red oil. Modern science has proved that the red oil umbrella absorbed part of the sun's light and made the prosecutor at that time see what he wanted to see.

Injustice Collection is not only one of the best cultural heritages in China's legal history and medical history, but also one of the best cultural heritages in the world. 1247, when the western society was still in the darkness of the Middle Ages, China published the world's first monograph on forensic medicine, Injustice Collection. Is the collection of grievances better than Tunato, Italy? The doctor's report written by Fidel has been translated into Korean, Japanese, English, French, German and Russian as early as 350 years ago. It still has a considerable guiding role and practical value, and many countries are still studying it until now. Its far-reaching influence has left a glorious page in the history of Chinese and foreign medicine, forensic medicine and science and technology. It is permeated with the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts, and it is still shining and worth carrying forward.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, wars were frequent, and the deeds and life experiences of Song Ci gradually blurred. However, The Collection of Remembering Injustice always reminds people that there was once a conscientious criminal prosecutor in the Song Dynasty, and there was once a rational era that attached importance to evidence, and the humanistic Song Dynasty was respected by the world. Song ci has also become the China Sherlock Holmes in people's minds ~