All detailed flow of flower business

with the establishment of market economy system, the production and sales of seedlings tend to be market-oriented, and it is often encountered in the work to buy seedlings from a long distance. In order to ensure the quality of purchased seedlings, the first problem we should consider is the packaging and transportation of seedlings. Because in the process of transportation, the seedlings are exposed to the sun and blown by the wind for a long time, which will cause too much water loss, quality decline and even death. Therefore, minimizing the loss and evaporation of water during transportation plays a great role in ensuring the survival rate of seedlings, which requires us to pay attention to the packaging and transportation of seedlings.

(1) Purpose and materials of packaging

According to relevant information, the annual seedlings of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis were used to dry their roots. The experimental results showed that the annual seedlings of Pinus tabulaeformis died in 6 minutes under the sunshine in late March in North China. The survival rate of one-year-old seedlings of Platycladus orientalis planted in the sun for 4 hours is only 3.1‰, and the growth of seedlings after sun exposure is also affected. The average seedling height of Platycladus orientalis seedlings in the control group is 39.9 cm, the average seedling height after sun exposure for 1 hour is 31.3 cm, the average seedling height after sun exposure for 2 hours is 268 cm, and the growth is abnormal after sun exposure for 4 hours. Moreover, the survival rate of spruce seedlings packed in packaging bags is still 1% after one week. It can be seen that when the seedlings are transported for a long time, they should be carefully packaged. Generally, the packaging materials used are: straw bags, pu bags, polyethylene bags, asphalt-coated waterproof sacks and paper bags, container boxes, etc.

(II) Packing method

Packing machine or manual packing can be used. For large seedlings, such as deciduous broad-leaved trees, most of them have bare roots. When packaging, first put the wetting substance on the packaging material, then put the seedlings root to root on it, and add some wetting substances such as (moss, wet straw, wet wheat straw, etc.) between the roots; Or dip the roots of seedlings in mud. Put the seedlings to a suitable weight in this way, roll the seedlings into bundles and tie them with ropes. Small naked seedlings can also be used in the same way. However, conifers and most evergreen broad-leaved tree species have a large amount of branches and leaves, which leads to a large amount of transpiration, and more roots are damaged when seedlings are raised. After seedlings are raised and at the initial stage of planting, seedlings are prone to lose water balance in their bodies and die. Therefore, the big seedlings of this kind of trees are required to bring soil balls when they are raised. In order to prevent the soil balls from breaking up and reduce the water loss of the roots, they should be packed with plastic films, pu bags, straw bags and straw ropes immediately after being dug up. Or use wooden cases, and sometimes use wooden cases for the packaging of precious tree species with special needs. When packaging, you must pay attention to attach a label on the outside, indicating the seedling age, seedling number, grade, nursery name and so on.

(3) transportation of seedlings

The urban traffic situation is complicated, and the seedlings are often super-high, super-long and super-wide. Necessary procedures should be done in advance; Escort personnel should cooperate well with drivers during transportation, try to ensure smooth driving, advocate rapid and timely seedling transportation, and should not stop to rest during short-distance seedling transportation, but should always be transported to the construction site. When transporting seedlings for a long distance, you should always sprinkle water on the roots of trees, and stop in a shady place halfway. If the brake rope is loose, the tarpaulin is not strict, and the treetops mop the floor, you should stop in time.

(4) Loading methods and requirements for bare-rooted seedlings

Loading should not be too high and too heavy, and pressing should not be too tight to avoid crushing branches and roots; The treetops are not allowed to mop the floor. If necessary, they should be hung up with ropes. The contact part between the rope and the tree body should be padded with pouches to prevent damage to dry skin. The trunk board of the truck should be paved with straw bags, pouches and other things, so as to avoid scratching the bark and damaging the roots. Bare-rooted trees should be stacked in sequence with the roots facing forward and the treetops facing backward. It is best to cover and bind the roots tightly with tarpaulin for long-distance seedling transportation, which can reduce the water loss of the roots.

(V) Loading methods and requirements for seedlings with soil balls

Seedlings below 2m (tree height) can be loaded vertically, while seedlings over 2m high should be placed obliquely, or the soil balls should be completely put forward, with the treetops backward, and the tree crown should be supported by a stand to prevent the tree crown from shaking when driving. The soil ball has a large specification, and the seedlings with a diameter of more than 6 cm can only be coded 1 layer; Small soil balls can be packed in two or three layers, and the soil balls should be packed tightly, and wooden blocks and bricks should be used to support them to prevent them from shaking. People are not allowed to stand on the soil ball or put heavy objects on it to avoid crushing the soil ball.

(6) modes of transportation

Domestic flower transportation usually includes air transportation, road transportation and railway transportation. The freight rate of air transportation is high, but the product quality is basically unaffected due to the short transportation time. However, the quality of domestic air transport service is not high at present, potted flowers are fresh products, and the staff habitually load and unload potted flowers like fresh cut flowers, without paying attention to the sign that they can't be inverted, which greatly increases the chance of damaged potted flowers, and the claim procedure is more troublesome, all of which greatly weakens the competitiveness of air transport. Highway transportation is the most popular way to transport potted flowers at present, and the freight is only 1/3 to 1/4 of that of air transportation, and the damage of loading and unloading can be minimized. However, the transportation time is generally long, and the long-term high temperature or low temperature conditions during transportation are easy to cause serious transportation damage to flowers and trees. Therefore, the transportation in winter must adopt a heat preservation vehicle or a heating vehicle. The price of insulation car is 1/3 higher than that of general semi-closed car, and the price of heating car is more than half higher than that of semi-closed car. In the south of the Yangtze River, it is generally enough to use a heat preservation car, while in the north of the Yangtze River, a heating car should be used as much as possible. The price of railway transportation is about 1/4 to 1/5 of that of air transportation, and the freight is cheap, but the demand for cargo volume is relatively large, and the loading and unloading damage is also large. Reducing basin diameter, controlling height and using light substrate are the most effective methods to reduce transportation weight and volume, thus saving transportation cost.

(7) Problems needing attention in storage and transportation

If it is short-distance transportation, the seedlings can be scattered in baskets, and a layer of wetting substance can be placed at the bottom of the baskets. When the baskets are full, the seedlings can be covered with a layer of wetting substance. In case the seedling roots don't lose water, if they are transported for a long distance, the bare Vivi roots must be dipped in mud, and the seedlings with soil balls should be sprayed with water on the branches and leaves. Then cover the seedlings with a wet tarpaulin. In the process of storage and transportation, the life activities and senescence of flowers have not stopped, resulting in some changes in the process of storage and transportation. During transportation, plants should be kept in a cold environment as much as possible, and the temperature should be kept stable, so that plants are always in a "cold chain" environment after harvesting. At the same time, attention should be paid to maintaining air circulation and ventilation. Larger potted plants are often transported by open trucks. At present, the latest transportation method is bare-root transportation. Because transportation media and containers are removed, the transportation cost is greatly reduced, and the transportation space and weight can be reduced by more than 5%. This transportation method is also used for plants produced by hydroponics to meet the hygienic requirements specified by some countries and prevent the spread of soil-borne pathogens. Ethylene produced in storage and transportation can also induce the shedding of buds and leaves, which will increase the deformity of flowers. The harm of ethylene depends on its concentration, exposure period and temperature. The drop of transportation temperature (above the freezing point) can reduce the shedding of leaves and flowers. Therefore, the harm of ethylene can be reduced by treating plants with ethylene activity inhibitors (STS or 1-MCP) before long-term transportation. For some plants, treatment with NAA can also reduce the shedding of various plant organs. Fully open flowers are more sensitive to ethylene than flowers in bud stage, so it is very important to transport potted plants in bud stage. Only when the products are near the optimal storage temperature, they can be put together, and their adverse interaction, such as ethylene release, odor and different requirements for relative humidity during storage, should be prevented. The most economical and optimal transportation method should be considered in transportation. For long-term transportation, the main problems encountered are: leaves and flowers fade and fall off, flower buds cannot open, geotropism bends, rapid development and spread of diseases, etc.

◎ Take the packaging and transportation of modern poinsettia potted flowers as an example to illustrate

The packaging of modern poinsettia includes product name, trademark, symbol, packing box for transportation and special bagging. The combination of product name, trademark and logo forms a brand, which is the logo of the manufacturer to the seller and the direct user and is synonymous with product quality. At the same time, good packaging can reduce damage during transportation, so that products can still maintain good quality after transportation. Good packaging can expand the sales scope, otherwise it can only be sold locally.

1. Packaging of Poinsettia

The packaging of Poinsettia includes packing boxes for transportation, special bags and cardboard. Standardization of products is the premise of brand packaging. Because the specifications of the packing box are unchanged, the height and crown size should be unified so as not to increase the transportation cost because of wasting space.

the cardboard of the packing box specifications should have enough hardness to resist bumping and compression. The net height of the packing box should be 4-6 cm with the height of the plant connected to the basin. The length and width of the inner box are measured by multiples of the basin diameter, but the size and weight that one person can easily carry are appropriate. Because the crown width of poinsettia is large and the bracts are easily damaged, it is suggested that the side opening of the packing box is better. The material of special bag for poinsettia should be soft wrapping paper or plastic. The diameter is 3 to 4 cm larger than the pot diameter, and the length should be 3 to 5 cm higher than the leaves and bracts of the plant. The design method of the clamping plate is to fix the flowerpot. There are feet on both sides of the clamping plate, and the height of the feet is preferably 3 to 4 cm away from the mouth of the flowerpot. The diameter of each pot hole in the clamping plate should be about .5 cm smaller than the diameter of the flowerpot at the height of the clamping plate.

2. Transportation mode

Generally, road transportation and railway transportation are selected.

3. Transportation requirements

The most suitable temperature is 12℃ to 18℃. If it exceeds 18℃, the phenomenon of leaf bracts drooping will be aggravated. If it is transported at 2℃ to 1℃ for a long time, it will cause cold damage, including the symptoms of leaf bracts wilting, defoliation, and blue bracts. Generally, the water should be drenched the day before loading. Bagging and packing when the soil is moderately wet.

Do not apply fertilizer before fertilizer transportation, in case of root burn and leaf bracts injury. Loading requires that the gap between the packing box and the carriage should be as small as possible. Where there is a big gap, try to plug it with foam or other materials. The packaging must be removed immediately after arrival, and the plants should be placed in a bright environment between 18℃ and 23℃. The longer poinsettia stays in the bag, the more time it takes to recover. If it takes too long, it cannot be recovered. Therefore, the transportation time should be as short as possible, preferably no more than 3 days.