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Signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki"

Main content

●China withdrew its troops from the Korean Peninsula and recognized North Korea's "independence"; China is no longer the suzerain state of North Korea;

●China ceded Taiwan Island and all affiliated islands, the Penghu Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula[1] to Japan;

●China will compensate Japan for military expenses of 200 million taels (twenty million taels);

●China will open the Shashi Market , Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou are commercial ports;

●Allow the Japanese to set up consulates and factories and import various machines in China's treaty ports;

●Most-favored-nation treatment for each other;

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●China is not allowed to arrest personnel serving the Japanese army;

●Chinese residents in Penghu, Taiwan, who sell their property and move out of the border within two years, and those who fail to move out within the time limit will be deemed Japanese subjects;

●Within two months after the ratification of the treaty, the two countries will send personnel to Taiwan to handle the handover procedures.

^1 Since the Treaty of Shimonoseki stipulated that the Liaodong Peninsula should be ceded to Japan, which jeopardized Tsarist Russia’s rights and interests in the Northeast, Russia, France and Germany interfered six days after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, claiming that Intervention for the Three Kingdoms. Japan was forced to agree to return the Liaodong Peninsula, but the Qing government had to pay 30 million taels of "Liao redemption fee" as compensation.

Related history

After the Meiji Restoration, Japan "expanded territory" outwards, and the goals of its land-based westward expansion were North Korea and mainland China. In 1876, Japan forced North Korea to sign the first unequal treaty, the Treaty of Ganghwa, and Japan's aggressive forces entered North Korea. The Qing Dynasty had a suzerain-vassal relationship with North Korea, and Japan tried its best to destroy this relationship, causing sharp contradictions and multiple conflicts with China in North Korea. In March 1885, China and Japan signed the "Tianjin Conference Treaty", establishing the equal status of the two countries in Korea. Since then, Japan has systematically and vigorously carried out military expansion and war preparation activities against China.

In the spring of 1894, the Donghak Party peasant uprising broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government asked China to send troops to help suppress it. The Japanese government stated that it had "no other intention" to send troops to China. But when the Qing army entered North Korea, Japanese troops entered North Korea in the name of protecting the embassy and overseas Chinese. On July 25, they raided the Chinese Beiyang Fleet and provoked the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War. After the war started, the two navies fought in the Yellow Sea Battle. The land combat army fought from North Korea to Fengtian (today's Liaoning) and occupied a large area of ??territory. At the beginning of 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu reign), they invaded Weihai, Shandong Province. The Qing government had no intention of resisting the war and repeatedly sued for peace. Finally, it sent Li Hongzhang, the governor-general of Zhili, as the first-class plenipotentiary minister to Shimonoseki, Japan, to negotiate peace with the Japanese plenipotentiary representative, Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi, and Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu.

The two sides met at Chunfan Building on March 20. Li Hongzhang demanded an armistice before negotiating peace. The Japanese side put forward four stringent conditions, including the occupation of Tianjin and other places, forcing Li Hongzhang to withdraw his request for an armistice. After the meeting on the 24th, Li Hongzhang was suddenly stabbed by a Japanese rogue on his way back to the embassy. Japan was worried about creating an excuse for third countries to interfere, so it voluntarily announced its commitment to a truce. On the 30th, the two sides signed a truce treaty, with a truce period of 21 days. The scope of the truce was limited to Fengtian, Zhili, and Shandong. At this time, the Japanese army had occupied Penghu, posing a threat to Taiwan. The armistice excluded this area and maintained Japan's military pressure here. On April 1, Japan proposed very harsh peace terms. Li Hongzhang begged for lower conditions. On the 10th, Japan proposed the final amendment and asked China to make it clear whether it accepted it or not, and no further discussion was allowed. Under Japanese coercion, the Qing government had no choice but to accept. On April 17, Li Hongzhang signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was humiliating and humiliating the country.

The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" (also known as the "Treaty of Chunfan Tower") has 11 clauses, and is accompanied by "another treaty" and a "special treaty". The main contents are: 1. China recognized the independence of North Korea and abolished the vassal-vassal relationship between China and North Korea. 2. China ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan. 3. Compensate Japan's military expenditure with 200 million taels of silver. 4. Open Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports.

5. Japan could open factories in Chinese treaty ports.

The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" is the most vicious and unequal treaty imposed on China by foreign invaders since the "Beijing Treaty" between China, Britain, China and France in 1860. It brought huge benefits to Japan and also Adapted to the desire of imperialist countries to export capital to China. After the treaty was signed, due to the interference of Russia, Germany, and France, Japan returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China, and China paid Japan a "reward" of thirty million taels of silver.

Full text of the treaty

His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Empire and His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Japanese Empire conclude a peace treaty so that the two countries and their subjects can regain peace and enjoy happiness, and To prevent future chaos.

His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Dynasty's Imperial Envoy, First Class Plenipotentiary Minister, Crown Prince Tai Fu, Bachelor of Wenhua Palace, Beiyang Trade Minister, Governor of Zhili, First Class Count Suyi, Li Hongzhang, Second Class Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Qing Empire, Dai Qian Li Jingfang, Minister of Foreign Affairs;

His Majesty, the Great Emperor of Japan, is honored to be the Minister of Plenipotentiary Administration of the Empire of Japan, Prime Minister and Prime Minister, First Class Count Hirobumi Ito, and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the Second Order. The first rank is equal to the rank of Mutsu Munemitsu; he is the minister with full power.

Compared with each other the decrees entrusted to Chongqing, they recognized that they were all appropriate and sound. They jointly agreed on various clauses, which are listed on the left:

Paragraph 1: China recognizes that the state of Korea is indeed complete. There is no lack of independence and autonomy, so any system of independence and autonomy that suffers from losses, such as the donation ceremony that the country established to China, will be abolished in the future.

Paragraph 2: China will manage the local area and transfer all the fortresses, weapons factories and all public properties there to Japan forever:

1. The southern part of Fengtian Province within the delimited boundary: trace the river from the mouth of the Yalu River to the mouth of the Anping River, and then draw from the mouth of the river to Fenghuang City, Haicheng and Yingkou, and draw the area south of the break line. All the cities and towns previously opened are included in the demarcation line. After the line reaches the Liao River at Yingkou, it flows downstream to Binkou, with the center of the river as the dividing line.

The east coast of Liaodong Bay and the northern coast of the Yellow Sea are islands belonging to Fengtian Province and are also within the transferred territory.

2. The entire island of Taiwan and all affiliated islands.

3. The Penghu Islands are islands in the United Kingdom starting from 19 degrees to 120 degrees east longitude of Greenwich, and starting from 23 degrees to 24 degrees north latitude.

After the exchange of the boundaries set forth in the preceding paragraph of Paragraph 3 and on the map attached to this Treaty, the two countries shall each select two or more officials to serve as joint boundary delimitation committees to discuss the matter. Survey the land and determine the boundaries. If there are any obstacles or inconveniences to the boundaries set forth in this treaty due to terrain or management issues, the committee members shall make appropriate changes after careful consideration.

Each committee member shall handle the boundary affairs as soon as possible, with a view to completing the matter within one year after being appointed. However, in the event that the delimitation is revised by the committee members and others, the delimitation shall be correct as stipulated in this Treaty until the two governments have confirmed it.

Paragraph 4: China will hand over approximately 20 million taels of Kuping silver to Japan as compensation for military expenses; this amount will be paid in eight installments. The first five million taels shall be paid within six months after the exchange is approved by this treaty, and the second five thousand thousand taels shall be paid within twelve months after the exchange is approved by this treaty. The remaining balance shall be paid equally in six annual installments. The method is as follows: the first installment shall be paid equally within two years, the second installment shall be paid within three years, the third installment shall be paid within four years, and the fourth installment shall be paid within four years. It shall be paid off within five years, the fifth time shall be paid off within six years, and the sixth time shall be paid off within seven years. The years shall be calculated after the exchange is approved in this contract. After the first compensation is paid, the unpaid balance shall be subject to an annual interest rate of 5% per hundred. However, it is up to China to decide whether to pay the full amount or a fraction of the compensation payable in advance at any time. If the entire amount can be repaid within three years from the date the swap is approved by the treaty, the interest paid will be deducted from the principal amount payable for two and a half years, or less than two and a half years, and the balance will remain interest-free.

Article 5: After the exchange is approved in this treaty, within two years, Japan will grant permission. If the people of the transferred area in China are willing to move outside the transferred area, they can sell off all their properties and retreat outside the boundary. However, those who have not migrated after the expiration of the time limit shall be regarded as Japanese subjects.

As for the province of Taiwan, the two countries should immediately send officials to Taiwan after the exchange is approved by this treaty, and the handover should be clear within two months after the exchange is approved by this treaty.

Section 6: All treaties between China and Japan are automatically abolished due to this discord. After China agreed to ratify the exchange of this treaty, it would quickly send its plenipotentiary ministers to join hands with the plenipotentiary ministers sent by Japan to conclude a trade and shipping treaty and land trade regulations. The new treaty between the two countries should be based on the existing treaty between China and Thailand. Furthermore, starting from B when the exchange is approved in this treaty, and before the new treaty is implemented, all Japanese government officials, subjects, commercial crafts, sailing vessels, land trade, etc. will be treated favorably with the Chinese, and will be treated with courtesy and protection. No different. China will make concessions and reserves under the agreement, which will be implemented six months after the date of signing and sealing by the plenipotentiary ministers of the two countries:

First, in addition to the fact that China has opened commercial ports, It is necessary to build various openings below and establish them as trading ports so that Japanese subjects can travel to and from overseas and engage in commerce, crafts, and manufacturing. All additional ports shall be handled in accordance with the regulations for opening commercial seaports or opening towns and cities in the mainland, and all the preferential treatment and benefits shall be enjoyed:

1. Fusha City, Jingzhou, Hubei Province.

2. Chongqing Prefecture, Sichuan Province.

3. Suzhou Prefecture, Jiangsu Province.

4. Hangzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province.

The Japanese government may dispatch consular officers to station at various entrances in front.

Second, Japanese ships can sail into the lower openings, pick up passengers, and ship goods:

1. Trace the Yangtze River from Yichang, Hubei Province to Chongqing Prefecture, Sichuan Province.

2. From Shanghai, drive along the Wuyan River and the canal to Suzhou and Hangzhou.

Since China and Japan have not yet agreed on the shipping regulations, all openings for navigation must be in accordance with the current regulations for foreign ships entering the waterways in mainland China.

Third, if Japanese subjects purchase goods for processing in the mainland of China, if they make their own goods, or if they want to temporarily store the goods in the warehouse when the importer's goods are sent to the mainland, there is no need to lose tax money and have everything levied. In addition to all fees, you can temporarily rent a warehouse for inventory.

Fourth, Japanese subjects can engage in various manufacturing processes at will in China's treaty port cities, and can ship and import various machines at will, paying only the prescribed import taxes.

Japanese subjects manufacture all goods in China, and the rest of the inland transportation taxes, inland taxes, banknotes, miscellaneous goods, and the benefits of leaving a funeral home in the mainland of China shall be treated as goods shipped into the country by Japanese subjects. --Individual handling, right down to the exclusion of preferential treatment, is no different.

If there is any need for the above protection in the future, charters and regulations should be added, which will be included in the shipping and trade treaty referred to in this paragraph.

Paragraph 7: Japanese troops currently stationed in China shall be withdrawn within three months after the exchange is approved by this Treaty, but they must be handled in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph.

Article 8: In order to ensure that China conscientiously implements the terms of the treaty, China allows the Japanese army to temporarily occupy Weihaiwei, Shandong Province. After China has paid off the first and second indemnities stipulated in this treaty, and the exchange of treaties on trade and navigation has been approved, the Chinese government and the Japanese government have determined a comprehensive and appropriate method to pay the treaty port duties as the remaining balance with interest. mortgage. Japan can withdraw its troops. If the Chinese government does not immediately determine the mortgage measures, Japan should not be allowed to withdraw its troops until the final indemnity is paid. However, before the exchange of trade and shipping charters was approved, Japan would not withdraw its troops even though the compensation was paid.

Article 9: After the exchange is approved in this treaty, the two countries shall return all the captives at that time. The Chinese treaty shall return the prisoners taken by Japan and shall not mistreat them or subject them to severe crimes.

China will release any Japanese subjects it believes are involved in military espionage or arrest. It is also agreed that during this battle, all Chinese subjects involved in the Japanese army will be given leniency, and those who are injured will not be arrested.

Article 10: The war shall cease from the date of approval of the exchange.

After the approval of His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Empire and His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Japanese Empire, the 11th Article of the Agreement is scheduled to be held on April 14, the 21st year of Guangxu, that is, the 5th day of the 28th year of Meiji. On the eighth day of the lunar month, exchanges were made in Yantai.

To this end, the plenipotentiary ministers of the two countries signed and sealed it to show their commitment.

The Imperial Envoy of the Qing Dynasty, the first-class plenipotentiary minister, the Crown Prince Taifu Wenhuadian, the Bachelor of Commerce, the Minister of Commerce of Beiyang, the Governor-General of Zhili, the first-class Earl of Suyi, Li Hongzhang

The Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Qing Dynasty, the second-rank Dingdaiqian Minister of Foreign Affairs Li Jingfang

Minister of Plenipotentiary Administration of the Empire of Japan Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu

March 23, the twenty-first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu

April seventeen, the twenty-eighth year of the Meiji period

As set forth below Pass, write two points

Another agreement

The first paragraph complies with the eighth paragraph of the peace treaty. The Japanese troops temporarily stationed at Weihaiwei should not exceed one brigade. All temporary garrison expenses shall be paid by China at the expiration of each anniversary starting from the date of approval of the swap under this Treaty, and a quarter of the amount shall be paid in the amount of 500,000 taels of silver in the treasury.

The second paragraph is the area where Japanese troops are stationed in Weihaiwei Ying Liugong Island and the coast of Weihai Weikou Bay, within five miles of Japan's national territory, approximately within forty miles of China. .

Demarcate the boundary at a distance of five miles according to Japan's domestic law. No matter where it is, Chinese troops should not approach or station in order to avoid provocation.

Paragraph 3: The governance of local areas where Japanese troops are stationed shall still be managed by Chinese officials. However, if the commander of the Japanese army must implement matters such as the maintenance, tranquility, military discipline, distribution, and management of the army, once the order is issued, the Chinese officials shall also be responsible for observing it.

Any crime related to military affairs in places where Japanese troops are stationed will be judged and handled by Japanese military affairs officers.

The provisions of this separate agreement have the same effect as those contained in the peace agreement. To this end, the plenipotentiary ministers of the two countries signed and sealed it to show their commitment.

March 23, the 21st year of Guangxu

April 17, the 28th year of the Meiji period

Done at Xiazhiguan and copied two

Historical impact

The Treaty of Shimonoseki had a major impact on Chinese and foreign history:

(1) From China’s perspective, ① cession of territories, indemnity, sovereignty The collapse facilitated the large-scale export of capital by the great powers to China and set off a frenzy of partition. It marked that the great powers' invasion of China entered a new stage and greatly deepened China's semi-colonialization. China's international status has declined sharply. ②The Chinese people's movement to save the nation from peril has surged. The bourgeoisie has launched a reform movement and a democratic revolutionary movement. The Chinese people's spontaneous struggle to resist aggression has surged, such as the Boxer Rebellion.

(2) For Japan, receiving huge reparations and strategic locations such as Taiwan not only promoted the further development of its own capitalism, but also facilitated Japan’s further aggression in the Far East.

(3) The situation in the Far East has intensified the competition among the imperialist powers in the Far East. The intervention of the three countries in returning to Liaoning clearly reflects the collusion and fighting between the powers on the issue of invasion of China.