Characteristics of Hakka Language in Gannan

Like the Hakkas in western Fujian and eastern Guangdong, the Hakkas in southern Jiangxi also talk about "embarrassing things". η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η η 95

There are many similarities between Gannan Hakka vocabulary and Putonghua vocabulary, but they have their own unique characteristics in word form and meaning. First, there are more monosyllabic words than Mandarin, such as:

Quilt (quilt) skin (skin) knows (knows) the ground (grave) rice (rice)

Shirts (clothes), hail (hail), caves (hilltops), houses (houses) …

Ancient Chinese has evolved into modern Chinese, and a major change in vocabulary is that a large number of monosyllabic words are disyllabic, from monosyllabic words to disyllabic words. Accordingly, it can be said that the vocabulary of Hakka dialect is relatively old. Second, there are many words that are more meaningful than Mandarin, such as:

Eye: In Gannan Hakka dialect, except eye, the meaning of hole and hole is called eye. For example, holes in boards, clothes, paper and walls are all called "eyes"; Another example is Ear Eye, Nose Eye, Belly Eye and Shit Eye (anus). In addition, "eye" can also be used as a quantifier, such as "one eye well" and "one eye pond".

Shit: In Gannan Hakka dialect, "shit" not only refers to shit, but also refers to a lot of shit and dirt. Such as ear wax, nose wax, eye wax, egg wax (male semen), cigarette wax (tube ointment) and brain wax (brain pulp).

Begging: In Gannan Hakka dialect, "begging" means begging and begging, and it also means marrying (begging for a wife) and being (begging for a beating, annoying).

Falling: In Gannan Hakka dialect, falling refers not only to falling, but also to falling (falling) and losing (losing). In addition, falling in the family fortune is also called "falling" ("falling"), "losing face" is also called "falling" ("losing face") and so on. Thirdly, there are rich synonyms in Gannan Hakka dialect, which makes the language expression more accurate, vivid and diverse. For example:

Buy: Besides the meaning of "buy" in dialect, other expressions are used according to different buyers. For example:

Weigh salt (buy salt), cook rice (buy rice), scoop oil (buy oil) and pork (buy meat)

Cut cloth (buy cloth), order medicine (buy medicine), and pick up tofu (buy tofu) ...

Here, "weighing", "rolling", "scooping", "cutting" and "taking" all mean "buying" and can be regarded as synonyms.

Harvest: Apart from "harvest" in dialect, different crops have different expressions. For example:

Picking seeds (collecting tea seeds) Picking beans (collecting beans) Picking peanuts (collecting peanuts) Pulling out radishes (collecting radishes)

Cutting rape (harvesting rape), beating jute (harvesting jute) and digging water chestnut (harvesting water chestnut) ...

Here, although picking, picking, scraping, pulling, cutting, beating and digging are different harvesting actions, they all mean harvesting. Fourthly, there are many prefixes and suffixes in Gannan Hakka dialect, which makes people sound kind and full of local flavor.

(a) prefixes "a" and "Lao"

"A": used to address relatives, elders or elders, mainly distributed in Sannan, Xunwu, south of Anyuan and northwest of Shangyou and Chongyi counties. For example:

Grandfather (grandfather), grandmother (grandmother) and father (father)

Uncle (uncle), brother (younger brother) and sister (younger sister)

"Lao": Throughout the whole region, not only words that can be used to refer to people, but also things, many of which are different from Mandarin. For example:

Old uncle (uncle) brother (younger brother) sister (younger sister) husband (husband)

Wife (wife) Cousin (cousin) Lao Geng (same year) Lao Hua (same county)

(2) Suffixes "Tou", "Gong", "Ghost", "Po", "Ma" and "Lao"

"Head": often used after inanimate nouns or time words, but also used for animals and people. For example:

Shi Qiang zhuan wan tou Chao Guo Jian Zao

Yan (An) is in the daytime (morning) and daytime (afternoon) and evening (night).

Lazy bones (lazy people) are called flower heads (beggars), pig heads (boars) and chicken heads (cocks).

"Gong", "ghost", "woman" and "ghost": mostly used to indicate the sex of animals, occasionally used for people; The first two tables are positive and the last two tables are negative. "Gong" is used for poultry and "Gui" is mainly used for quadrupeds; "Po" and "Ma" are used for all animals. For example:

A rooster, a hen, a woman, a cow, a cow, a cat, a cat and a woman.

Duck, duck, grandma, pig, cow, grandma ...

Goose, male and female, dog, dog, female.

When referring to people, most of them are nicknames with contempt. For example:

A short woman (short man) is a stone woman (male nickname) with a purulent nose (a woman with a runny nose).

"Old": refers to some people engaged in special occupations. For example:

Blacksmith (blacksmith), stonemason (stonemason), barber (barber), boatman (boatman)

Sometimes, we often add "old" and "old woman" to the titles of some relatives to show intimacy, such as:

Father-in-law's uncle.

Mother-in-law (mother-in-law) old woman (sister-in-law) great aunt (aunt) 5. Many ancient Chinese words have been preserved. Some archaic words are no longer used in spoken Mandarin, but only appear in some written languages, but they are common words in Hakka dialect. For example:

Hakkas call black "Wu", which is an archaic word. "The Story of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Deng Ai Biography": "Dress in black and hold thunder in hand to lead the soldiers" (wearing a black coat and holding farm tools to cultivate, set an example for the soldiers).

Calling a face "face" is an old saying. Zhao Zesi, the Warring States Policy: "An old man will spit his face" (an old man will spit his face).

Calling rice "he" is an old saying. Zhang Shunmin wrote in his poem "Beating Wheat": "Wheat is in a hurry in autumn, and rice is planted" (when the wheat harvest is busy, it is necessary to transplant rice seedlings).

Calling a rope "rope" is an old saying. Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An: "Shut the wooden rope and be humiliated in Chu" (put on the torture cangue, tie it with a rope, whip it and be humiliated).

Eating is called "eating" and eating is an old saying. Book of Rites University: "Eat without knowing its taste" (eat without knowing its taste).

It is an old saying to call the morning "Chao". Li Bai's poem "Send Bai Di City Early" says: "Say goodbye to Bai Di in the morning and return to Jiangling in one day."

It is called "Day", the morning of a day is called "Yan (sound' An') Day", and the afternoon is called "the next day". Day is an old saying. Poetry, Wind and July: "The sun is in the grass, and the night is in the grass" (going out to cut the thatch during the day and rubbing the rope at night is long and long).

Running is called walking, running fast is called walking fast, and walking faster than a dog is the old saying of running. Everything is wrong: "The rabbit touched the plant, broke its neck and died" (the rabbit ran too fast, hit the trunk, broke its neck and died).

Call walking "walking", just like the old saying "walk slowly (sound" walking "), move forward to the city (sound" mulberry ") and act" walking ". Li Shangyin's "Yaochi" poem says: "Eight Horses and Three Rows in Wan Li" (Eight Horses and Three Rows in Ten Thousand Days). Sixth, special words with local characteristics There are some unique words in Gannan Hakka dialect, which can reflect local characteristics. As far as its distribution is concerned, some are all over the region, while others are only used in some areas. For example:

Snack (porridge) rice cooker "Pu" (pumpkin) tube (brush) spoon (spoon)

Electric oil (dry battery) Shoumu (coffin) list (prescription) tea (prescription)

Shut up (heatstroke), talk back (kissing), sing opera (acting), play wild words (nonsense

Pig Lizi (pig tongue) Pig Wang Zi (pig kidney) Dwarf woman car (car) Dog woman snake (gecko)

Hanging a building (balcony) to do good deeds (hold a wedding) to beg a bride (marry a daughter-in-law) is a good thing (get pregnant)

Do abortion (menstruation), heartburn (stomach trouble), electric fire (electric light), lace (coins)

Ships (small fireboats) thunder (thunder), dogs eat the moon (eclipse), and fish turn around (earthquake)

It's refreshing to move (no movement) Clear soup is very thin (soup porridge is very thin) and smelly (with a strong smell)

Stool and urinate (causing trouble)

Flexibility (toughness, endurance and durability)

……

These words are created by Hakka people in Gannan in practice, and also reflect the lifestyle and customs of Gannan people to some extent. Compared with Putonghua, Gannan Hakka dialect also has some remarkable features in syntax. Feature 1: Tense words such as "tight", "steady" and "equal" are placed after verbs;

"Tight" food is tight (eat) in Dudu, Ruijin, Longnan, Dayu and other places

"Stable" grain and rice in Judah, Chongyi, Ganxian and Huichang (same as above).

The second negative adverb "one" is equivalent to "no" in Mandarin. "Zeng" is equivalent to "never"; The Chinese film uses "Yi Yao", which is equivalent to "Don't" in Mandarin, and the ring film says "Noisy". For example:

Sister Gai is beautiful (this girl is not beautiful). This bowl of food is delicious (this bowl of food is not delicious).

He has read a book (I haven't). He has been to Beijing (he hasn't been to Beijing).

You want to do shit (you don't make trouble), you want to be reasonable (you don't pay attention to him), and the adverbs of degree "more" and "less" are always placed after verbs:

Eat more (eat more) and wear more shirts (clothes)

Hua (wa) two sentences are less (two sentences are less) with less clothes (less clothes). Four "Tian" is equivalent to "zai" in Mandarin and is used at the end of the sentence:

Eat a bowl of rice later (wait a while) Tim (eat another bowl of rice)

Play a game, add (play another game), watch a movie, add (watch another movie), feature 5 "Dao" is equivalent to "Dao" in Mandarin, and is used at the end of the sentence:

Fall down at the game (watch the game)

Buy a lot of things (so many things)

Be admitted to Peking University (Peking University)