The content of the sea ban policy in Kanggan period should be authoritative and specific. ..

1. Restrict people's free trade at sea

Due to the sharp contradiction between the class, the people and the nation in the late feudal society of China, in order to maintain the rule, the Qing court took strict preventive measures against the Han people, which was clearly reflected in the navigation policy. In 720, the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi, it was stipulated: "When a merchant ship going abroad was first built, it should be reported to the customs supervision and the local palace. The local officials must visit the well-off families and take away all the Australian leaders and neighboring Wu before allowing the quota." At the end of the day, local officials personally inspected it, and there was no restriction on the beam head and no more rudder water, so they were not allowed to rent the boat to bandits, brand it and publish it, and then send photos. According to the age and native place of the person who will board the ship, analyze and fill in. When the shipowner opens to the outside world, the customs supervision will verify the original hull scale and adopt rudder and water intercommunication. Officials and businessmen must transport wealth, and rudder water must ask their home sources before they can board the ship. After verification by the supervisor, fill in the ship's foot, the name and number of the merchant, the reason for taking the goods to a certain place and the departure date on the ship's photo. In the ninth year of Yongzheng (173 1 year), in order to ensure that "bandits have no fakes", it was also stipulated: "From now on, businesses and fishing boats will identify their boatmen according to the age of the helmsman in the tickets, and add notes, and all will be checked by name when importing and exporting. If there is any discrepancy, they will be investigated. " The reason why the Qing court strictly abided by the precepts was that it was afraid that the people of China would gather overseas to oppose the Qing Dynasty. So in the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi (1720), when the sage learned that "there are thousands of shipbuilders going out to sea every year. Ten times, only five or six times returned to China, and the rest were sold overseas and returned to China with money. It was ordered that "Nanyang Luzon, Garababa (now Java) and other places are not allowed to trade". In fact, in the overseas trade activities with capitalist color at that time, it was common for maritime businessmen to stay in Nanyang to do business, so there was no need to be nervous. However, the Qing court, which originated from the Jurchen nationality, regarded overseas Chinese businessmen as dissidents. Take the six years of Qianlong (174 1) as an example. The Dutch slaughtered overseas Chinese businessmen and overseas Chinese in Madavia (now Jakarta) on Java Island. The matter spread to China, and there was a heated discussion between the ruling and opposition parties. But Emperor Qianlong actually supported the fallacy that the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi celebrated the revival. The Qing dynasty's preventive policy against maritime merchants was in sharp contrast with the attention and assistance policies of European countries to merchants at the same time. For example/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Dutch killed some British businessmen in Inbona, Nanyang, and the British government immediately declared war on the Netherlands to avenge the businessmen and forced the Netherlands to pay 85,000 pounds to cede an island. However, in the face of incidents of the same nature, the Qing government deliberately showed "leniency" to the butcher, and even did not show the minimum "punishment". Under this policy of trying to restrict Chinese businessmen from going to sea, it is better not to go to sea. The bad luck of China's maritime trade is inevitable.

2. Restrict the export of commodities

In the Qing Dynasty, China's inexpensive goods were highly competitive in the world market. Needless to say, those well-known traditional goods were "insignificant things" in the mainland, and they were transported to the mainland just like precious shells. They are made by coastal residents, and their exquisite skills and needlework are promoted by foreign ships. Every year, millions of goods enter China from various islands. " Therefore, as long as the government strongly supports maritime trade, it can not only control the Nanyang market. Unfortunately, however, the Qing dynasty adopted the opposite policy. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), the Qing court ordered the coastal areas to prohibit the export of silk and silk products on the grounds of "rising silk prices in Jiangsu and Zhejiang" and "the disadvantage of not selling silk abroad selflessly", stipulating that "offenders will be sent to the frontier for exile; Weight 100 kg or less, give 100 sticks for three years. 10 kg, January door number, personnel 100. Followers and boatmen who know nothing will be downgraded by one level each. All the goods on board went into the palace. Its supervision of civil and military officials is discussed separately by taking Mi's supervision abroad as an example. " In the same year, it was stipulated that "silks and satins are always made of silk tendons, so they should be inspected and banned". Five years after the implementation of this stupid and harsh embargo policy, "Bute silk is still expensive, and the sericulture harvest is slightly thinner, and its price is higher than before", so the merchant ships that were forced to "open the ban" but were still allowed to go to sea were only allowed to export a certain amount of native silk and second or third silk, and "the silk and satin yarn of the first silkworm, such as lake silk and silk horse, were still strictly prohibited".

In the twenty-second year of Jiaqing (18 17), the Qing court took tea, which was very popular overseas, as one of the prohibited goods, and ordered the governors of Anhui, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces to show their remonstrance. As usual, all the merchants who sold Guangdong tea were ordered to cross the river from inland rivers, and foreign trafficking was prohibited forever to make up for it. If there is no strength to ban it, it will still be smuggled out of the ocean. Don't look for leaks in Haikou. In addition to the strict participation of the gatekeeper, the governor will be punished. "

In addition, such as grain, iron, nitrate, gold and silver are also prohibited from being exported. In particular, grain was strictly controlled by the Qing court, and even the crew were not allowed to bring more grain. According to the population and the round-trip sailing time, each ship can only take one liter of rice every day.

During the formation of the world market from17th century to19th century, western economists realized that "as long as the goods imported into the kingdom do not exceed the output, … obviously, the kingdom will not lose anything". The export of a large number of commodities can not only stimulate the development of domestic productivity and help improve production efficiency and tools, but also directly exchange a large number of metal currencies through maritime trade to increase the circulation means of domestic commodities and continuously expand reproduction. This was originally a beautiful thing that was of great benefit to the development of the national economy and people's livelihood. But for the Qing Dynasty, which regarded the capitalist mode of production as a scourge, it was absolutely undesirable. This is why it has repeatedly banned all kinds of goods from going to sea.

3. Restrictions on ships going to sea

Until the end of 15, China ocean-going ships were still among the best in the world aviation industry. However, since the16th century, under the artificial suppression of feudal autocratic regime, the ships going out to sea in China have embarked on a relatively backward road in technology and quality. In the 12th year of Shunzhi (1655), the Qing court banned the construction of double-eaved ships. In the twenty-third year of Kangxi (1684), when the ban was lifted, it was also stipulated that "all illegal ships with more than 500 masts at sea, regardless of officers and men, will be sent to the border guards to fill the army." Guan's civil and military officials, local leaders and conspirators have only been three years; If you know that you can't be the first, the official will be dismissed, and the soldiers and civilians will be one hundred. "In the forty-second year of Kangxi (1703), although it was allowed to build a double olive boat, it was also restricted that the beam head should not exceed one foot and the helmsman should not exceed twenty-eight. "/kloc-people with 0/0 feet, 67 feet and beam head should not be over 24 years old." If "he oversteps the limit, brings more people, pretends to be fake and sells passengers, he will be punished as a fishing boat." In addition, in the thirty-third year of Kangxi (1694), it was also stipulated that "mainland businessmen building ships in foreign countries shall be given a heavier punishment". These rules and regulations led to the historic reversal of the wooden sailing manufacturing industry in China. At the same time, with the full support of the domestic government and the promotion of advanced technology, the western shipbuilding industry has developed rapidly. For example, Spain owned 1000 European standard merchant ships as early as the beginning of the 6th century. Before the middle of the 7th century, Holland, known as the "sea coachman", jumped to the top of the world in shipbuilding. After that, the British Empire, which rose rapidly, rampaged through the oceans of the world with countless fleets, determined to expand. On the hull structure, Europe's "plywood ship" has sprung up everywhere. This kind of ship "uses two layers of wooden boards", "the thick diameter ruler is separated from the crossbar, and both sides must be clamped with iron plates, and the whole board is made of copper and lead plates", which is much stronger than the China wooden ship that was banned from development by the government at that time. At the same time, in terms of sail equipment, Europe also integrated the advantages of traditional cross sail and Arabian spinnaker, created the "Clarville" sail with strong wind collection and driving force, which can be used downwards everywhere, and later produced the famous large ocean-going fast sailing boat with flying arrows and multi-eaves. It is particularly worth pointing out that/kloc-After the British industrial revolution in the middle of the 8th century, with the appearance of ships with steel as hull and steam engine as power, the world navigation industry turned an epoch-making new page. In this sharp contrast between the East and the West, although before the Opium War, China's small and medium-sized traditional sailboats still had considerable strength in terms of gross tonnage and gross tonnage, and compared with the Ming Dynasty, this "strength" or "development" has become "yesterday's flower" from the perspective of the whole world shipping industry. 19 In the eyes of westerners in the 1950s, the structure and equipment of Chinese sailboats were no longer amazing masterpieces of centuries ago, but only "extremely backward" outdated goods. Shipbuilding has always been the basis of navigation, and the various bans imposed by the Qing government on shipbuilding are tantamount to developing the navigation industry.