What are the similarities and differences between the temple name "posthumous title" of the ancient emperor of China and the title "Horus" of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh?

The word "Pharaoh" is actually translated from the Greek and Hebrew names for the rulers of the Nile valley and comes from the Egyptian word "palace". So "Pharaoh" originally meant a palace or court. By the end of the twelfth dynasty in Egypt, the word "Pharaoh" was only used to refer to palaces. The earliest use of "Pharaoh" to express the Egyptian monarch was a letter from the 18th dynasty in Anatong, which mentioned "Pharaoh, may he live a long and healthy life, be rich and be king". Later, in the 19 dynasty, the word "Pharaoh" could also be used to represent nobles, not just kings. It was not until the 22nd dynasty that the word Pharaoh began to be used with the specific title of Pharaoh, and "Pharaoh" became the present meaning, that is, the king of Egypt.

When the Pharaoh did not use the word "Pharaoh", the ancient Egyptians generally used the words "king", "His Highness" and "monarch" to represent the rulers of the country, but these words were all free translations of ancient Egypt, not transliteration. Because of the uniqueness of the word "Pharaoh", later generations used to call all ancient Egyptian kings by it.

The title of Pharaoh is divided into five parts, namely Horus, two goddesses, Jin Horus, enthronement name and surname. Among them, Horus first appeared in court etiquette hieroglyphs around 3000 BC. The ancient Egyptians believed that there were two worlds at the same time. This world is the world of short-lived people, and the world after death is the world dominated by the eternal God. Pharaoh is the bridge between the two worlds and rules on behalf of God. The names of different gods appeared in different periods of Pharaoh's throne, and the rise and fall of these gods on the throne showed the evolution of state power. Through the study of Egyptian titles, we can outline the main line of the political history of ancient Egypt.

[Keywords:] the title of king; The name of God; Surname; ascend the throne

【 China Library Classification Number 】 K411【 Document Identification Number 】 A [Document Number]1001-6201(2003) 05-00/KLOC.

First, the understanding and translation of Egyptian Pharaoh's name

The pharaohs in ancient Egypt had many names, besides the titles they held after they ascended the throne, they also had their own names and traditional titles. According to Gardiner's account, the names of pharaohs after their accession to the throne can be divided into five parts: the name of Horus, the name of goddess, the name of King Horus, the name of accession to the throne and the name of birth. Take the title of Thesotris in the 12 dynasty as an example: HRANH MSWT, NBTY ANH MSWT, HRNBW ANH MSWT, N-SW-BITHPR-KA-RA, Sarah S-N-WSRT, DIANH DJDT WAS MI RADJT. "Horus, the source of life; Two goddesses, the source of life; Kim Horus, the source of life; King Hepkari of Upper and Lower Egypt (meaning: the birth of the spirit of pulling the gods) [1] (p72-76); Sai soste Reese, son of Rashin (meaning: a person who belongs to the goddess Veslet), may he live as long and rich as Rashin forever. " Horus, the eagle-headed god, the Lord of the sky and the symbol of sacred kingship, first appeared in court etiquette hieroglyphics around 3000 BC. The sacred status of ancient Egyptian kingship was first confirmed by Horus, and the Pharaoh on the throne became the living Horus [2](P87-97). The two goddesses are the two gods in the period when the first dynasty is about to be established, representing upper Egypt and lower Egypt respectively. Through this name, the Pharaoh showed his special connection with the two goddesses, and it was also a symbol of the unity of Egypt [1](P72-76). The concept of Jin Horus can be traced back to the 11th dynasty. The Greek translation of this expression in the inscription of Rosetta Stone is "higher than its opponent", which symbolizes the victory of Horus over Seth. There are similar symbols in the titles of the fourth Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu and the sixth Egyptian Pharaoh Maier Ryan, but the difference is that there are two eagle gods standing on the word "gold", which represents the reconciliation between the two gods (Horus and Seth). Its exact meaning needs further study and determination [1](P72-76). The name of the king follows the expression "King of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt" and is almost always combined with Rashin. La Shen first appeared in the name of the king of the fourth dynasty, Hafula. The first name and surname of the king are enclosed in the circle of the king's name by [1](P72-76). The imperial name was guided by "son of Rashin" and was the surname of Pharaoh before he succeeded to the throne.

There are still some differences on how to understand and translate the title of Egyptian Pharaoh. Although various understandings have opened up different paths for us to understand all the cultural contents contained in the titles of ancient Egypt to some extent, the views of John Bennett and Eric Iversen are more convincing. John Bennett put forward a point in a short open letter entitled "The Meaning of King's Name and the Rising Name", that is, all king's names are described and given to Pharaoh, not to any god, in which adjectives or phrases partially describe and give names to their owners, and the name of god is a modifier of king's name, which should be translated with the phrase "like …… God". For example, Ramses II's enthronement name wsr-maat-Ra should be translated as "a person as strong as La Shen in Mart" and "a person chosen by La Shen".

It can also be translated as "Matt is powerful".

The world outlook of the ancient Egyptians is similar to that of many ancient peoples in the world, and they believe that there are two worlds at the same time, namely, this world and the afterlife. The difference is that the ancient Egyptians thought that the two worlds were not completely separated, but two stages of mutual reincarnation, just like day and night. This world is a man's world, dominated by God through Pharaoh. The world after death is the world directly dominated by God. The tomb is a bridge between these two worlds, and Pharaoh rules this world as the representative of God. The ancient Egyptians regarded their ruler as an individual existence, an official position, the front was secular and the back was sacred. Pharaoh's Egyptian is Pr-as, which means "big house". Very good. He explained the combination of the two. When Pharaoh ascended the throne, he turned himself into a god through ceremony. After the death of Osiris, he played the role of Horus's successor again and became the God of Horus, while his dead father became the God of Osiris. This kind of repetition is not a general imitation, but a solemn and magical sacred ceremony to reproduce the history of God, with the aim of sanctifying this inheritance and turning Pharaoh into the incarnation of God.

Second, in the name of the king, God

According to the names of kings listed in the fourth volume of Lexikon Der Aegyptologie Band IV, there are about 30 names of gods in the specific names of kings under the framework of five titles. There are only two dynasties: Sokol and Seth. Socard, the eagle god of Memphis cemetery, appeared on the watch of Neferka sokar, the Pharaoh of the second dynasty. This name may be the name of his king, which means "the happy man of Socard", which shows the important position of Memphis tombs in the social and political life during Nevsokad's reign. The name of this god only appeared once in the king's name of the Egyptian Pharaoh, and never appeared again. Seth first appeared under the name of Horus, Pharaoh of the second dynasty, Wa Genese. Seth, a discordant god torn from his mother's nut belly in upper Egypt, was worshipped by the upper classes in the northeast delta of Egypt and Ombos-Naqada in upper Egypt. In the 19 dynasty, two pharaohs called themselves Seth in their birth names, which was directly related to the Delta ancestors of the ruling family in the 19 dynasty. Seth reappeared with the birth name of Seth Nacht, the first Pharaoh in the 20th dynasty, and the birth name of Pharaoh Ramesses VIII, sth-hr-hpsh.

Judging from the name of the king, Seth's worship is mainly in the new kingdom. Although Seth did not appear among the kings of the 18th dynasty, Thutmose III once claimed that he was Seth's favorite. The appearance of the God of Horus in the specific king's name began with the Pharaoh Bichelis of the fourth dynasty. In his birth name, he called himself "the heart of Horus". Generally, the God Horus appears in the names of enthronement and birth, but only two situations appear in the names of the two goddesses. One is the Pharaoh AmenemhetIII of the 12 dynasty, and the two goddesses are called "people who have the inheritance rights of upper and lower Egypt and people who have the inheritance rights of God Horus"; Second, the two goddesses of Shawshank, the first Pharaoh in the 22nd dynasty, were "people who appeared in power like Horus". Pharaoh of Horus appeared in their enthronement names and birth names, and some claimed to be the God of Horus, such as Pharaoh Horry of the 12 dynasty and Hall II of the same dynasty. Some claim to be "those who hold the heart of Horus", such as Menkanhuo, the Pharaoh of the fifth dynasty; Others claim to be "a kind nation with the son of Horus", such as the Pharaoh Pepi of the sixth dynasty and the eleventh Pharaoh Nai Filka Huo of the seventh and eighth dynasties; There are also people who call themselves "the loved ones of Horus", such as the seventh/eighth dynasty Pharaoh Melen Hall and so on.

La God appears in almost all the names of seats, which shows the lofty position of Helio burris, the god of creation, in the Egyptian kingship. In the name of the king, there are generally the following kinds of pulling gods: nfr-ka-Ra, which means "a kind person who pulls gods." The pharaohs who used this name as their king's name included PepyII in the sixth dynasty, NeferkareII in the seventh/eighth dynasty, Tereru and Pepi-seneb； in the same dynasty. In the first intermediate period, the Pharaoh of the ninth dynasty was NeferkareII's second intermediate period, the Pharaoh of the sixteenth dynasty was NeberauII in the Central Kingdom, and the Pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty was Ramses. In the third intermediate period, the Pharaoh of the 24th dynasty was Bokchoris, while in the 25th dynasty, Sabac.

Shm-ka-Ra or shm-Ra means "people with spiritual strength" and "people with spiritual strength" appear in the names of the following pharaohs: Amenemhet-Senebef (13th dynasty), Amenehmet V (13th dynasty Amenehmet V), Szebek Hotep (13th dynasty SebekhotepII), Szebek Hotep III (SebekhotepII of the 13th dynasty), Lahotep (Rahotep of the 16th dynasty), Szebek Aimmsa I (Sebekemsafei of the 17th dynasty), Zhaihuti (No.

Aa-hpr(w)-Ra, which means "a great man with a life of pulling God". The name of this king has been used since the 18 dynasty of the new kingdom. The pharaohs who used this name are: Thutmose II (No.18 dynasty), Amon Nobis (No.18 dynasty), Thutmose IV (No.18 dynasty), Su Pu Sennis I (No.2 1 dynasty in Pussunesi) and Osohol (Osocho).

Wsr-maat-Ra means "a man as strong as Rashin of Matt". This royal name has been used since the 19 dynasty. The following pharaohs used this king's name: Ramses II (Ramses II 19 Dynasty), Ramesses IV (20th Dynasty), Ramses V (20th Dynasty), Ramses VII (20th Dynasty), Ramesses VIII (20th Dynasty) and Amone Moby (20th Dynasty of Amonemopee). Palmai (22nd dynasty of Palmai), Shashanke IV (23rd dynasty), Osorcon III (23rd dynasty), Taclo III (23rd dynasty of Taclotti), Amunguji (23rd dynasty of Amunguji), Yvette II (23rd dynasty of Jupp) and Pi Jie (25th dynasty of Pierre/Pinchi). In addition, Wsr-ka-Ra, "a man as determined as the soul of pulling the gods", appears more in the name of pulling the throne. Celka (6th dynasty of Userkare), Pipi I (6th dynasty), Nemtel-Amessa (6th dynasty of Emsaf) and Nemti-Amessa II (6th dynasty) were the pharaohs of the ancient kingdom. Put Lolerk Ruzobek, Pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom (Nevrruzobek 12 dynasty).

Smn-ka-Ra, "the person who ennobles the soul of God". The second middle Pharaoh, Milla Mecha (the 12 dynasty) and the new kingdom Pharaoh Semenkar (the 18 dynasty) all used this name as the name of the king. Sanh-n-Ra, "the man who took God to give him life". The pharaohs under this king's name include the second middle pharaohs Sewadjtu (the 13 dynasty) and MentuhotpVII (the 16 dynasty).

Mri-ka(w)-Ra, the "darling of God", was used by Seebeck Hotepu VI (13th dynasty of Hotepuwe in Zeebek) and Mercare (12th dynasty of Mercare) in the middle and late period. The king of Pharaoh Arnljot in the 16 dynasty and the king of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in the 18 dynasty were named nb-hprw-Ra, "the king who naturally likes to pull the gods", and the new kingdom's Amenorfis III and Ramsey named them nb-maat-Ra, "the truth of pulling the gods". The pharaohs named hdj-hpr-Ra are "people with the light of life", including Semendez of the 2nd1dynasty, Sha Shanke of the 22nd dynasty and Pharaoh Tacloth II of the same dynasty. Others are different, such as "the son of God" and "the man who is beautiful", and there are many names of the king of God.

Besides pulling God, the gods that often appear in Pharaoh's names are Amon, Zeebek and Atum. Amon first appeared in the surname Imn-m-hat of the Pharaoh Amon Nekheti in the 12 dynasty, which means "like Amon, at the forefront". In addition, these gods also run through the names of some pharaohs in 15, 18, 19, 20, 2 1, 22, 23, 25 and 27 dynasties. Sobek mainly appeared in the names of some pharaohs in the middle and late period, with one exception, that is, the pharaoh Put Lolerk Sobec of the first 12 dynasty, which means "a kind person like Sobek". Amon began to appear in the name of the king from the Pharaoh Thutmose I of the 18 dynasty, and appeared in the names of his two goddesses, meaning "people who worship Amon". The name of this god appears in the name of the king, mainly in the new kingdom.

Third, surnames and enthronement names.

Everyone has a name, including Pharaoh and the prince who will be Pharaoh. But there are no surnames in the five titles of pharaohs in ancient Egypt, so we don't know their surnames. But Pharaoh was born with a name, which is his own name. In the early days of the kingdom, Pharaoh's name was generally not mentioned in the literature, but this practice has begun to appear. In the title of menes, the first Pharaoh of the first dynasty, besides Horus's name, it was his own name. This practice soon became a habit, and many pharaohs later had their own names in their titles. Starting from the first Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, Si Nuo Flou, the Pharaoh's own name was formally introduced into the title of king, appearing in the circle of king's name, followed by the title of enthronement. Among the five titles, Pharaoh's own name is the only title that Pharaoh or prince had before he ascended the throne. Pharaoh's own name appeared in the title of king, guided by "son of Rashin", and then Pharaoh's own name appeared in the circle of king's name. Although the pharaohs' own names were not their surnames, but were given names when they were born, many Egyptian pharaohs had the same king's name. Therefore, we can take Pharaoh's own name as their surname. Most pharaohs of the 11th dynasty were named In-n-T.f and Mnchw-HTP；; Most pharaohs of the 12th dynasty were called Imn-m-hat and S-N S-N-Wsrt；; There were many pharaohs named Sbk-htp in the 13th dynasty. In the 18 dynasty, almost all pharaohs had two names: Imn-htp and djhwty-ms.

Pharaoh began to appear in the fifth dynasty when he ascended the throne. It first appeared in the title of Put Lolerk Yi Rui Carrey, the third Pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, and continued until the end of the Pharaoh's era. The name of the bed is guided by the "upper and lower kings of Egypt" in the title of Pharaoh, followed by the name of the bed in the upper circle. The circle of the king's name is an oval circle, which is pulled out with a rope to tie a knot, representing a concept of "round protection" Some tombs of pharaohs of the 18 dynasty in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings were built in the shape of a circle of king's names, which made their mummies as protected as their names. Almost all Pharaoh's seat names have the name of La Shen, and only a few Pharaoh's seat names have the name of Horus or Pan Shen as a constituent. In the 1 1 dynasty, the most widely known king's name was no longer Horus's name, but the name of the king and Pharaoh's own name. This change shows that Pharaoh is no longer the representative of the God of Horus, but emphasizes the king of the two places and the relationship with Rashin.

If we look at the capital changes of ancient Egypt, we will see a very interesting route: before the ancient kingdom, the political center of Egypt was in Abedos, the ancient kingdom moved to Memphis, the first medium-term was in Herakropolis, the middle kingdom moved to Thebes, and the second medium-term was founded by Hickos and the capital moved to Varis. After that, the Hixos were expelled from Egypt by Thebes national forces, and the capital returned to Thebes again. 18 dynasty moved its capital to Amarna, followed by Memphis and Pi-Ramses in 19 and 20 dynasties, followed by the confrontation between the north and the south in the third period, and Egypt declined more and more. As we know, from a religious point of view, Memphis worships Puta, Thebes worships Amunla, and the main god worshipped by Amana, the capital of Anatun, is Atong. We can smell a trace of worship from the name of Pharaoh. "Amon" and "Rashin" are often seen in the names of pharaohs in the 12 dynasty, because the worship center of Amon Rashin is in Thebes. After the mid-term chaos, the new king bid farewell to the "Amon God" and the capital returned to Thebes. The surnames of ancient Egyptians are a very important clue for us to trace back to their hometown.

[References]

[ 1]SirAlanGardiner。 Granma, Egypt [M] London, 1957

[2] George Hart, London, 1986

Introduction to Pharaoh-the title of king Because the Pharaoh of ancient Egypt was the incarnation of God, Pharaoh not only had the highest administrative power, but also was the highest priest and the object of worship. For different identities, Pharaoh usually chooses different titles (that is, the title of king) to show his lofty status. In the history of ancient Egypt, Pharaoh generally had five titles, namely, the name of Horus, the name of two goddesses, the name of Jin Horus, the name of sitting on the bed and his real name. This series of titles began in the middle of the fifth dynasty in Egypt at the latest.

Take Tuthmus III of the 18th dynasty in Egypt as an example. His five titles are: the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

Horus's name: Horus Kemwaset from Thebes;

The names of the two goddesses: the sons of the two goddesses, who control the kingship like gods in the sky (Wahnesytmireepemt);

Jin Horus's name: the powerful Jin Horus, the sacred object (SEKHEMPHTYDYSEJERCHAW);

The name of the throne: the son of sedge and bee, the incarnation of Lashen (Menkpere);

Original name: Thutmose and Thutmose Naifeier Heperu, beautiful sons of Rashin.

The above titles are generally related to the religious beliefs of ancient Egypt, among which Horus is the patron saint of the French eagle head, and the Pharaoh's throne is orthodox only with the help of Horus; The two goddesses represent upper Egypt and lower Egypt respectively, indicating that the Pharaoh's rule includes the whole of Egypt and symbolizes the unity of Egypt; Kim Horus expressed the reconciliation of Horus to Seth, but the specific meaning is still unclear; The name of the throne is the title introduced by Pharaoh when he ascended the throne; Formerly known as the name used by Pharaoh before he ascended the throne, that is, the royal family name.

The specific meanings of the five titles are as follows:

Horus's name

"The name of Horus" comes from Horus, an ancient and vital eagle god in ancient Egyptian religion. Horus is the incarnation of gods and kingship at the same time. Having the name of Horus shows that the king of Egypt is the representative of Horus on the earth and the legitimate owner of the Egyptian throne. Pharaoh's Horus name is usually written in a box, and there is a God of Horus (the image of an eagle, also known as "Horus" in the Egyptian holy book) above the box, so the title of the king is named "the name of Horus".

In the early dynasty, "Horus" was part of the name of Pharaoh Horus. For example, Horus Aha, the first Egyptian dynasty, means "the god of fighting in Horus". Horus's name was not given when Pharaoh was born, but when he ascended the throne. In the early dynasty and the early ancient kingdom, Horus's name was the official title of the king, but its importance gradually decreased, and it was replaced by the name of the throne and the original name in the late ancient kingdom. But until the end of the Pharaoh's era in ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh still had the name of Horus.

In addition to their names, the ancient emperors of China generally had temple names and posthumous title after their death. The so-called "temple name" is the only name given to the emperor by his descendants when they sacrificed to him in the ancestral temple. Ancient emperors used the same name before and after their death. Later, people found it inconvenient to call the dead first emperor and king directly, and it was not appropriate to call them by their first names when offering sacrifices. Therefore, in the Shang Dynasty, when offering sacrifices, every king was called by his birthday, and his name was no longer used to show respect. Such as Taikang in Xia Dynasty, Shao Kang and Kong Jia in Shang Dynasty, Zujia, Di Yi and so on.

Posthumous title originated in the Zhou Dynasty. It is said that the Duke of Zhou made an obituary, and after the death of every emperor, he was given a nickname according to his behavior before his death. For example, Zhou Wuwang was called "Wu" after his death, because his martial arts were destroying the Shang Dynasty. Later generations called him Zhou Wuwang, not Ji Fa. This kind of obituary circulated for more than two thousand years, and it didn't disappear with the Qing Dynasty until 19 1 1911 Revolution broke out.

Posthumous title are some fixed words with specific meanings. Sometimes it is a good thing to commend the emperor's achievements; Some are evil. For example, according to the posthumous award method, "power is strong and virtue is sharp". Therefore, the "martial arts" posthumously awarded by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are beautiful, and the "yang" of the emperor is evil.

The methods of posthumous grant mainly include:

"After tianwei Wen Yue; Weiqiang Rhett wuyue;

Sheng Shanwen Zhou Yuxuan; Vincent Zhou Da Yue Zhao;

Yi Yuemin said Yuan; Xi Gangzhi Ji Yuping;

Wear earth clothes far away; Gentle and happy;

Xi Yixing just said the situation at the scene; Gentle and kind;

An Min achieved political success; According to the four directions, it is clear;

Smart and wise; Sid is righteous and says Mu;

Chaos without damaging the spirit; Go to the ceremony, go to the public;

Killing innocent people is fierce; The public short fold calls for sorrow and so on.

Generally speaking, the emperor won many praises because of his supreme position, which shows that posthumous title can't fully reflect the real events. The memorial service of a courtier was announced by the court. For example, Zhuge Liang and posthumous title are "loyal to the martial arts", while Ouyang Xiu and posthumous title are "loyal to literature". Posthumous title, courtiers, mostly.

However, the funeral ceremony was once interrupted in the Qin Dynasty. This is because, after China was unified by the King of Qin in 22 1 BC, he thought it was not advisable to add posthumous title as "the son discussed the father and the minister discussed the king". So he ordered the abolition of the obituary law and called himself the "first emperor." Later generations passed down from generation to generation, namely, Emperor II and III. Later, in the Han Dynasty, the temple name and posthumous title were restored. For example, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, his name is Liu Che, the temple name is Sejong, and posthumous title is Xiaowu, whose full name is Emperor Sejong's Xiaowu.

How to distinguish "temple number" from posthumous title? Generally speaking, whoever calls a certain ancestor or a certain clan is the temple number, and whoever calls an emperor is posthumous title. However, in different historical stages, the customary names are somewhat different. Before the Tang Dynasty, it was generally called "posthumous title", such as Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, Wei Wudi and Yang Di. After the Tang Dynasty, temples were generally called by names, such as Emperor Taizong and Song Taizu. However, during this period, some people also called posthumous title. For example, Li Longji's temple name in Tang Xuanzong is Xuanzong, posthumous title is the Ming emperor, and the key word is Ming, so Tang Xuanzong is also called Tang Huang Ming. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the titles of emperors changed, and most of them were called by year numbers. Such as "Jiajing" and "Chongzhen", in the Qing Dynasty, emperors were also commensurate with their titles, such as "Kangxi" and "Guangxu".

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were personal grievances. Private soldiers were not given by the imperial court, but evaluated by Confucian scholars. For example, Tao Yuanming's affair is into mirror.

In ancient literature, most of the former emperors were called temple number, posthumous title or year number without names. When the temple number and posthumous title are called together, the temple number comes first and posthumous title comes last, which together constitute the full name of the deceased emperor. For example, the full name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is Emperor Taizong Xiaowu, and the full name of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty is Gao Wenzu. In the customary address, emperors who died before the Tang Dynasty are referred to as posthumous title for short, instead of temple names, such as Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty and Yang Di. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the emergence of honorifics and posthumous title, they were renamed temple names because they were too long to be called, such as Emperor Taizong, Song Taizu and Yuan Shizu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because each emperor had only one title (except Ming Yingzong), the Ming and Qing emperors used to call it a title. Emperors can also call themselves titles when they are alive, so it is not right to say that Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong were called "Emperor Kangxi" and "Emperor Qianlong" when they were alive. However, it would be a joke to call them "saints" (the temple number of Kangxi) and "Emperor Gaozong" (the temple number of Qianlong), because the emperor's posthumous title and temple number only existed after his death. Now courtiers call their kings "King Wen, Emperor Wu" in some film and television dramas, and even dramatists call themselves "I am from Northern Zhou Dynasty, I am from Southern Qi" and "I am from Xiaozhuang".

In fact, there is a fixed form, but the Egyptian Pharaoh gave it when he was crowned, while China gave it posthumously.