What's the name of Sirius's companion star?

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Introduction of Sirius companion

The discovery of Sirius' companion

Sirius companion and Dogon

Introduction of Sirius

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction of Sirius's companion

Sirius's companion star β is the earliest white dwarf discovered by human beings. It is so small that it is almost invisible to the naked eye. But its density is extremely high, 30,000 times larger than water, and its mass is similar to that of the sun. This star was observed by astronomers with a telescope in 1862, and was identified as a "white dwarf" in 19 15, which attracted great attention from the astronomical community. However, at least 1200 years ago, many tribes in Mali, Africa began to worship this star.

It is said that a god named Noam taught many people about Sirius Beta. Many people kept pictures of the gods they believed in and descended from the sky in a big spaceship with flames and came to many tribes. So people suspect that "Nome" may be an alien who came to earth from Sirius Beta (or a star related to it).

When it comes to Sirius companion β, we have to tell its story, because many important discoveries often start with some small "deviations".

In the 8th century BC, astronomers in the Tang Dynasty in China compared their observations with ancient records and found that the positions of the stars had changed. More than a thousand years later, in the18th century, the same phenomenon appeared independently in Harley, England. It turns out that the so-called "star" is called wrong. The stars in the sky are moving and changing.

1834, an astronomer noticed that Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, was moving strangely, and its trajectory was wavy, unlike ordinary stars, which always moved at a constant speed along a straight line. The astronomer therefore asserted that Sirius is not a star, but a binary star system, and the other star is an "invisible" companion star. The undulating course of the waves is the result of Sirius wandering while moving. Later, some astronomers studied the motion of Sirius and predicted the position of Sirius according to the law of universal gravitation. Twenty-eight years later, this "invisible" Sirius companion was finally found in the telescope. Compared with Sirius, this "invisible" companion star is too dark. In the telescope, it seems that the illusion is caused by the defect of the telescope. However, when observing other celestial bodies, this "defect" is gone, and everyone believes that they have found Sirius's "invisible" companion.

The two stars that make up a binary star are both called children of the binary star. The brighter one is called the main star. The darker one is called a companion star. There is little difference in brightness between the main star and the companion star, and some are very different. There are many binaries, which are very close to each other. Even with the largest telescope in modern times, their two sub-stars are inseparable. But astronomers can find that they are made up of two stars by spectral methods. Such binary stars are called spectral binary stars. Therefore, the above binary stars can be separated by telescopes.

Some binary stars will appear similar to solar eclipse when they orbit each other, which will make the brightness of such binary stars change periodically. This binary star is called eclipsing binary star or eclipsing binary star. Eclipse binaries are generally spectral binaries. Other binary stars are not only close to each other, but also matter flows from one sub-star to another. This binary star is called near binary star. Some nearby binaries emit X-rays when matter flows, which are called X-ray binaries.

In the Milky Way, the number of binary stars is very large, which is estimated to be no less than a single star. Studying binary stars is not only of great significance to understand the diversity of star formation and evolution, but also an indispensable aspect to understand the formation and evolution of the Milky Way.

[Edit this paragraph] The discovery of Sirius' companion star

On the night when there are few stars in the moon, people can easily see a bright and dazzling star in the deep and high sky. Sirius.

People have known Sirius for a long time, but before1the first half of the 9th century, no one knew it was a binary star-it also had a strange companion star.

There is an astronomer named Bessel in Germany. 1834, he observed that Sirius's movement was somewhat different. Most stars move along the arc of a great circle, but the trajectory of Sirius's companion star is a wavy curve.

"God! I shouldn't be wrong! " Bessel is a little skeptical about his observation. "I have to confirm it again, but don't make jokes."

After further careful observation, Bessel finally confirmed that Sirius's movement was indeed a wave curve.

"Strange, what is this?" Bessel was puzzled and lost in thought. This phenomenon aroused Bessel's great interest and he made up his mind to find out the truth. According to the theory of celestial mechanics, under normal circumstances, the motion of stars is arc, and the curve from arc to wave must be the result of some external force.

Therefore, Bessel began to look for objects that produced this external force. He knew that the only thing that could force Sirius to change its orbit might be a planet-only a planet could.

Produce such a huge gravity. In addition, this other planet must be next to Sirius, so its trajectory will always be wavy.

However, although Bessel was absorbed in searching around Sirius, the next planet never appeared in his telescope. Someone advised: "That planet may not exist, otherwise how could it not be discovered?"

Bessel said confidently, "No, it must exist. Maybe Sirius just blocked it. As long as I keep observing, I will see it one day. "

However, to Bessel's disappointment, he never found this expected companion. But Bessel didn't change her mind. He concluded that companion stars must exist. In order to prove his point of view, Bessel found another way-detailed demonstration and calculation in theory.

Bessel's calculation results prove his idea again in theory. Before he died, he said with regret:

"Sirius partners must exist, but unfortunately I can't see them with my own eyes."

Bessel didn't know that he couldn't find Sirius's companion because the astronomical observation equipment was backward at that time-Sirius's companion was not as huge and conspicuous as Sirius, and it was a very small star that could only emit faint light.

After 16 years, astronomical observation equipment has become increasingly advanced, and even a large astronomical telescope with a diameter of 18 inch has appeared. The discovery of Sirius companion is just around the corner. 1862, when American astronomer Clark was observing the sky with an astronomical telescope, he suddenly remembered Bessel's assertion and quickly pointed the telescope at Sirius.

Oh, my God, next to the huge and dazzling Sirius, I saw a dark red asteroid moving.

"This is what Bessel said about Sirius!" Clark said excitedly.

After further observation and research, Clark was surprised to find that the companion star is very small, and its nuclear energy has been exhausted, which has shrunk to the point where it can't be smaller.

Sirius companion star belongs to the last stage of star evolution, which astronomers call "white dwarf". Sirius companion is a "white dwarf" first discovered by human beings.

[Edit this paragraph] Sirius companion and Dogon.

Niger River is one of the largest rivers in West Africa. When flowing through Mali, it turned a big bend. At the corner of the river, there is a black native named Dogon. They live by farming and nomadism, and most of them still live in caves. They have no words, just dictate their knowledge. They look no different from other indigenous people in West Africa.

In the 1920s, French anthropologists Glio and Diderot came to West Africa to investigate primitive social religions and lived among Dogon people for ten years. Their long-term contact has won them the trust of many Dogon people. From the most senior priests of the Dogon people, they learned an extremely amazing phenomenon: there is a wealth of knowledge about a distant star invisible to the naked eye in the religious teachings of the Dogon people that have been passed down orally for 400 years.

The Dogon people called Sirius's companion "Putoru". In their language, "Pu" refers to tiny seeds and "Toru" refers to stars. They also say it is the heaviest star and it is white. In other words, they have correctly explained the three basic characteristics of this star: small, heavy and white. In fact, Sirius's companion star is a white star.

Astronomers first guessed the existence of Sirius companion in 1844. With the help of various modern astronomical instruments such as high-power telescopes, people realize that it is a small and dense white dwarf in 1928. The first photo of this star was taken at 1970. The Dogon people living in caves in Africa obviously don't have such high-tech astronomical observation instruments.

Moreover, the Dogon people accurately drew the elliptical trajectory of Sirius's companion star around Sirius in the sand, which is very similar to the accurate drawing of astronomy. The Dogon people say that the orbital period of Sirius's companion star is 50 years (the actual correct figure is 50.04 0.9 years); It rotates around its own axis (which is also true). They also said that there is a third star in the Sirius system called Enmeiya, and there is a satellite orbiting Enmeiya. But so far, astronomers have not found Enmeiya.

The Dogon people believe that Sirius is the first star created by God and the axis of the whole universe. In addition, they have long known that planets revolve around the sun, Saturn has rings, and Jupiter has four main satellites. They have four calendars, based on the sun, the moon, Sirius and Venus.

According to the Dogon people, their knowledge of astronomy was taught to them by Sirius's intelligent creatures in ancient times. They call this creature "Nome". According to the legend of the Dogon people, "Nome" came to the earth from the northeast of the hometown of the Dogon people today. Their plane circled down, making a lot of noise and raising strong winds. After landing, it left a deep mark on the ground. "Nome"

Is the magical astronomy of the Dogon people taught by Sirius's intelligent creatures? Did the ancient Sirius spacecraft ever come to Earth? If not, where did so many tributes learn about Sirius?

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction of Sirius

Sirius (Sirius)

The visual magnitude of the brightest star in the night sky is-1.5, etc. It is a binary star in the constellation Canis. Liangzi is a blue and white binary star, and its brightness is 23 times that of the sun. Its volume is slightly larger than the sun, but its temperature is much higher than the sun. It is about 8.6 light-years away from the solar system, only twice as far as the nearest star except the sun. The ancient Egyptians realized that the star pool rose with the sun, that is, the Nile Delta began to flood every year before the sun rose. Moreover, they found that the time interval between Sirius's two rises was 365.25 days, not 365 days in Egypt. German astronomers reported in 1844 that Sirius is a binary star, because it moves along a wavy trajectory in the nearby space, thus inferring that it has a companion star with an orbital period of about 50 years. This companion star was first seen by American astronomers in 1862. Sirius and its companion star revolve around each other in orbits with large eccentricity, and the average distance is about 20 times that of the sun and the earth. Although the bright star shines brightly, it is not difficult to see the companion star with a large telescope. The companion star is similar in mass to the sun, but much denser than the sun. This is the first white dwarf discovered.

Sirius is Alpha Canis, the brightest star in the whole day. Sirius is a visual binary star consisting of A and B. Star A is the first bright star in the whole day and belongs to the main sequence blue dwarf. Star B, commonly known as Sirius companion, is a white dwarf star with a slightly larger mass than the sun and a smaller radius than the earth. Its substance is mainly in degenerate state, and its average density is about 3.8× 106/ cubic centimeter. The orbital period of satellites A and B is 50.090 0.056 years and the orbital eccentricity is 0.5923 0.0019. Sirius is 8.65 0.09 light years away. Whether Sirius is a near binary is related to the evolution of Sirius binary. It was recorded in ancient times that Sirius was red, which provided us with research clues. X-rays of Sirius were discovered in 1975. Some people think that it may be the thermal radiation in the deep atmosphere of almost pure hydrogen of Star B, while others think that it may be caused by the high temperature corona of Star A or Star B, which is still under study. According to the data of 1980, the X-rays of A and B in the band of 0. 15 ~ 3.0 kV were measured by the High Energy Observatory-2 satellite, and it was found that the X-rays of B were much stronger than that of A..

In the winter sky, from Orion to the southeast, one of the brightest stars in the whole day shines there. It is Alpha Canis, also known as Sirius in ancient China. Sirius's apparent magnitude is-1.45 m, which is only 8.6 light years away from us.