Write a short article about couplets.

Couplets, also known as couplets, dual plays, door pairs, spring stickers, spring couplets, couplets and peach symbols, are a kind of dual literature and originated from peach symbols. Couplets are a national style written by using the characteristics of Chinese characters. Generally, there is no need to rhyme (only couplets in regular poems need to rhyme). Couplets can be roughly divided into poetry couplets and prose couplets, which are relatively strict and divided into large and small parts of speech. Traditional couplets are connected in form, with the same content, harmonious tone and rigorous antithesis. With the rise of poetry in the Tang Dynasty, prose couplets were excluded. Prose couplets are generally informal, straightforward, and do not avoid repetition. They do not overemphasize the equivalence of parts of speech without losing duality. Couplets have a long history, and it is said that they originated from Meng Chang, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. His inscription on the Taofu board on the bedroom door reads: "Welcome to Qing Yu in the new year and celebrate the festival in Changchun", which means that the article "inscribed Taofu" (see Shu Lang). This is the earliest couplet in China and the earliest Spring Festival couplets. The second part is to confront, agree with or refute foreign objects. The meaning and depth of antithesis cannot be said without prose couplets. Features: First, the words are equal and the sentences are consistent. In addition to deliberately leaving the position of a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower parts must be the same. Parts of speech are relative, and verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, quantifiers to quantifiers, adverbs to adverbs and relational words must be in relative positions. Third, it is necessary to have a clear hierarchy and a harmonious tone. According to the rhyme, if the upper rhyme is puckered, the lower rhyme should be flat, meaning "puckered up and put away"; Otherwise, if the upper rhyme is flat, the lower rhyme will be retracted. Both are its basic requirements. Fourth, the content should be related from top to bottom. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, strongly advocated couplets. After establishing the capital of Jinling (now Nanjing), he ordered ministers, officials and ordinary people to write a couplet and put it on the door before New Year's Eve. Dressed in casual clothes, he went out door to door to watch the excitement. Scholars at that time also regarded couplets as elegant enjoyment, and writing Spring Festival couplets became a social fashion. Fifth, the rhythm corresponds, that is, the places where the upper and lower links stop must be consistent.

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Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Fu Tao in ancient times. With regard to the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chan-xue wrote in the fourth issue of Knowledge of Literature and History 199 1 that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Dunhuang suicide note with the volume number Stein 06 10 unearthed from the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Mogao Grottoes, she said: Year, month and day: Sanyang began to spread, and the fourth order began to open. Fuqing is new at the beginning, and Shouluyan. Also: Sanyang returns to the beginning, and the fourth order reaches Kyrgyzstan. Yan Fu's new day celebrates that life has no boundaries. Beginning of spring Day: When the copper turbidity begins to celebrate the banquet, the jade method begins to adjust the yang. In addition to three disasters, Five Blessingg has suffered countless disasters throughout the ages. Baoji can ward off evil spirits, and Yan Rui can ward off evil spirits. Beginning of spring □ (Home), Fukiko, Sun Chang. Also: Sanyang began to spread, and Simeng (Meng) began to open. □□ Walk over and come to Kyrgyzstan one by one. Celebrate every year, and there is no disaster every month. Chicken-evil, Yan Fu Cai Yi. Guardians guard, ghosts hide and bury. Around the door book, I am healthy! Zhao Zhixin, the author of Sound Spectrum, clearly pointed out: "Two sentences are connected, and four sentences are unique (sentences), which began in the Six Dynasties, and the Yuan (original) is not close." Wang Fuzhi said that couplets originated from the theory of metrical poetry, just like "decapitation and gouging out the feet, harming people's physiology"-the couplets in Qing Shi Hua originated from China's symmetry in pronunciation and had appeared before the Zhou Dynasty. The development of papermaking and calligraphy makes couplets an independent style.

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However, from the perspective of literary history, couplets gradually evolved from antitheses in ancient poems. This development process has gone through three stages:

Double stage

The time span is from the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In China's ancient poems, some neat antitheses appeared very early. Several ancient ballads that have been handed down to this day have already seen their origins. Such as "digging wells to drink water, ploughing fields to eat", "doing at sunrise and resting at sunset" and so on. In the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, antithetical sentences became more common. There have been some neat sentences in the hexagrams of the Book of Changes, such as: "Those who can see can be lame." ("Lu" hexagram "63"), "Go to heaven first, then go to the ground." (Ming Yi's "Shangliu" hexagram) The neat sentences in Yi Zhuan are more common, such as: "Look up at astronomy and look down at geography." ("Declining Cohesion"), "Correspondence with one voice, seeking with the same spirit, wet water and dry fire, cloud following dragon, wind following tiger ... are all according to their own categories." There are many antithetical sentences in The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liu said in the History of Parallel Prose in China: "The law of opposing ancient and modern times is almost perfect in the Book of Songs." He listed examples of correct name pairs, similar pairs, renju pairs, disyllabic pairs, overlapping pairs and disyllabic pairs. Such as: "Qing Er, leisurely in my heart." ("Zheng Feng Ji Zi") "There are floating elements in the mountains and lotus in the hills." There are many antithetical sentences in the Tao Te Ching. Liu Zeng said: "The methods of correcting right in Tao Te Ching have changed a lot, including serial correction, unfair correction and split-word correction. Some people repeat their words. Anyway, there is something right. " China's parallel prose history is an example: "What you believe is not beautiful, and what you say is not true. Good people don't argue, and debaters are not good. " (Chapter 8 1) "Independence and changelessness, freedom and danger." (Chapter 22) Look at the antitheses in hundred schools of thought's essays. Such as: "full loss, modest benefit." ("Shangshu Wucheng") "Take a fat horse and go into battle lightly." "The Analects of Confucius Yongye") "Honest people are magnanimous, and villains are often sad." (The Analects of Confucius) and so on. Cifu, which arose in the Han Dynasty, is a new style that pays attention to literary talent and rhythm. As a rhetorical device with the beauty of neatness, contrast and music, duality has been widely and consciously used in the creation of Fu. For example, in Sima Xiangru's "Zi Xu Fu", there are: "Drum, sound; The car follows the route and rides on the team. "

Parallel coupling stage

Parallel prose originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. As can be seen from the name, parallel prose is a dual style, which is mostly composed of antitheses. The continuous use of such antithetical sentences is also called parallelism or parallelism. In Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming, Liu Xie commented that parallel prose is "a hundred words are right, and the price is strange". Take the preface to Wang Tengting by Wang Bo in the early Tang Dynasty as an example: September will return to Sanqiu. The water is cold and the pool is clear, and the smoke is purple. Yan Yan likes to walk on the road and watch the scenery to worship Afghanistan. Near the Emperor Changzhou, it is the old fairy temple. Mountains and clouds are heavy; Feige is full of blood, and there is no land under it. Heting ancient bamboo, the haunt of poor islands; Gui Dian Lan Gong is the posture of hills. Embroidered, Yamahara full of vision, Kawasawa full of vision. Yan Lu, the hometown of Zhong Mingding's delicious food; Ge boat maze, green finch Huanglong axis. Clouds selling rain Ji, colorful. The lonely ducks fly together in the sunset, and the autumn water is the same as the sky. Fishing boats sing late and resound all over the coast of Peng Li; Yan Zhen was stunned by the cold, and his voice broke Hengyang's pu. They are all composed of antitheses, among which "Sunset and lonely Qi Fei, autumn waters grow together" is an eternal antithesis. This antithesis is the further development of antithesis in ancient poetry, which has the following three characteristics: First, antithesis is no longer purely a rhetorical device, but has become the main metrical requirement of style. Parallel prose has three characteristics, namely, four or six sentence patterns, antithesis and allusions. Second, the number of dual words has certain rules. Mainly "46" sentence pattern and its variant forms. Mainly include: four-character dual, six-character dual, eight-character dual, cross dual and twelve-character dual. Third, the antithesis is quite skillful, but there are many heavy words (such as "Zhi, Er"), and the tone and rhythm of the antithesis are not fully mature.

Legal coupling stage

Duality, the antithesis in metrical poems. This style of poetry, also known as modern poetry, was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty, but its origin began in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Cao Wei period, he wrote ten volumes of the Sound and five volumes of the Rhyme, which separated the clear and turbid sound from the palace, the merchants, the horns, the zither and Yu. In addition, Sun Yan also wrote Er Ya Yi Yin, using the method of anti-tangent phonetic notation. He is the founder of arc tangent. Generally, five-character or seven-character metrical poems are all eight sentences, and there are two couplets in the middle, which are called parallel prose and necklaces. They must be opposite, and the sentence pattern, level and meaning are all required to be relative. This is a standard couple. Take Du Fu's "Climbing the Mountain" for example: the sky is high and the wind is urgent, the ape whimpers, the birds return to their nests, and the lake is blue and white. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Hardship, pain, hatred, heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. The jaw joint and neck joint of this poem, "leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." "I came from three thousand miles away. Sad this autumn, with my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this high alone "is extremely stable." Far better than the parallel prose dialogues in parallel prose. In addition to five or seven-character poems, Tang poetry also has three rhymes, six rhymes and arranged rhymes, and the couplets in the middle are also antithetical. Couples also have three characteristics: first, antithesis is the metrical requirement of style; Second, the number of words changed from even sentences to odd sentences, and finally fixed at five or seven words; Third, the antithesis is accurate and stable, and the tone is mature.

Word pair

Spring flowers and autumn moon, Chu ci of Han Fu, Xue Hai of Shushan, Yao Dan of Redjade.

Triple-double

The underwater moon looks at the flowers in the mirror, Monkey looks at the pigs, and water curtain cave looks at the birds in Huaguoshan.

Four character pairs

Castle peak is not old, green water is flowing, beautiful scenery, outstanding people, flowers blossom in the southeast and northwest, and a hundred schools of thought contend in spring, summer, autumn and winter.

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Fu's On the Characteristics of China Couplets summarizes the characteristics of couplets into five opposites:

Unity of uniqueness and universality

It is generally believed that couplets are the most unique literary form in China. What is unique about it? Mainly in structure and language. Couplets can be called "dual structure" style. Standard couplets always consist of two opposing parts. The former part is called "Lian", which is also called "sentence", "antithesis" and "antithesis". The latter part is called "bottom link", which is also called "antithesis", "antithesis" and "antithesis". These two parts are paired. Only the upper part or the lower part can be regarded as semi-joint. Of course, many couplets, especially those written and hung, have horizontal comments in addition to the upper and lower couplets. Horizontal criticism is an organic part of this kind of couplets, which is often a summary, the finishing touch or compatible with couplets. Generally, it is four words, but also two, three, five and seven words. From the linguistic point of view, the language of couplets is neither a verse language nor a prose language, but a special language that pursues antithesis and is full of musicality. The special "language structure" of couplets is completely determined by the special nature of Chinese and its characters. The uniqueness of this "language structure" makes the creation of couplets different from other literary forms in conception, conception, layout and planning. With the same objective object and content, we always try to observe and describe things from two aspects and angles, and strive to "shape" the language into a binary and symmetrical structure.

Unity of parasitism and tolerance

The so-called parasitism refers to couplets developed from parallel prose in China's ancient ci and fu. In short, they are a pair of compound sentence, so they can be parasitic in various styles. Poetry, ci, qu, fu, parallel prose, even prose, drama, novel, all have no neat antithesis. On the other hand, couplets are extremely inclusive. It can combine the characteristics of other styles, absorb the expressive techniques of other styles, especially long couplet and super-long couplet, and simply combine the achievements of Chinese stylistic techniques. For example, the refined meaning of poetry, the exaggeration of fu, the long tone of words, the significance of songs, the free and easy prose, the short rhyme of scriptures, etc., are all eclectic and innovative.

Unity of practicality and artistry

As mentioned earlier, couplets are a classical literary form of China, which is naturally literary and artistic. It embodies the artistic style of Chinese characters in China with unprecedented flexibility and perfection in poems, words and songs. The beauty of couplets lies in symmetry, contrast and unity of opposites. In Song Dynasty, Hu Zai recorded it in Fu Zhai Man Lu, the last volume of Tiao Xi Yu Yin Cong Hua. Yan Shu once invited Wang Qi to dinner and said his last sentence: "I can't help spending it", but I hated it. Answer: "I have seen Yan before." Yan Shu was overjoyed and wrote this wonderful antithesis into the word Huanxisha. Yang Shen called this antithesis "a beautiful second language, a natural equivalent". This is the artistic charm of couplets. The artistry of couplets can be summarized by a couplet of contemporary scholar Mr. Bai: the couplet of Wuhou Temple.

For the non-trail, true and sincere, it can be satirized and sung, comparable to poetry and prose, like a pearl reflecting Baoyu; Combining this grand view has a long history and is also interesting. It adds luster to halls, mountains and rivers and people, just like old trees and new flowers.

The unity of fashion and elegance

. This pair of couplets not only summarizes the characteristics of Zhuge Liang's use of troops in Sichuan, but also summarizes Zhuge Liang's general plan of governing Sichuan, thus putting forward his own political views of pros and cons, combining leniency with severity, peace with war, and being both civil and military. It is very philosophical and contains profound dialectics, which is thought-provoking. Compared with any excellent philosophical poem in history, it shows no weakness. Since its publication, the association has received rave reviews. What people "value" is the profundity and seriousness of this connection. When Mao Zedong visited Wuhou Temple on 1958, he read this couplet carefully and spoke highly of it. 1997, Chaozhou poet Guo wrote a couplet: "One water cycle, three mountains arch, the famous city is like spring all the year round; Qian Fan strives for greatness, and all trades strive for greatness, and Chao Jun is full of praise. " This couplet won the first prize of the "Huasheng Cup" Spring Festival couplets competition jointly organized by Chaozhou Spiritual Civilization Construction Committee Office and Chaozhou Daily (200 yuan was awarded at that time). 1April, 996 12, the third edition of Chaozhou Daily's Cultural Corridor made a special report on the topic of "Laughing with Tears-A Record of Chaozhou Young Poet Guo". On July 24th, 1998, the second edition of the fifth issue of Xiangqiao Youth, edited by Xiangqiao District Committee of Chaozhou City, Communist Youth League, reported the topic of "Dedicating Love" with the title of "Burning Red Candle-Guo who is enthusiastic about" Hope Project ". 199965438+1October 6, Guo participated in the couplet "Tianma Yingchun", "A healthy body, Lin is quite heroic; "The Spring Breeze Around, the Magnificent Soul of the Times" was published in the first 13 edition of the "Evening Party" edition of Yangcheng Evening News (at that time, the contribution fee was 80 yuan). On February, 2000 1 3/day, the fifth edition of Shantou Special Zone Daily Local News made a special report with the title of "Chaoshan youth Guo sells poetry couplets in the West Lake".

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Classification by purpose

1. General couplets-Spring Festival couplets 2. Special couplets-tea couplets, birthday couplets, wedding couplets, elegiac couplets, industry couplets, motto couplets, gift couplets and thank-you couplets.

Classified by word number

1, short couplet (within the cross) 2, Zhonglian (within 100 words) 3, long couplet (above 100 words), etc.

Classified by rhetorical skills

1. Duality: word right, object right, right right, opposition, work right, width right, flow right, palindrome right, top right. 2. Rhetoric couplets: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic. 3. Skill association: embedded words, hidden words, compound words, overlapping words, radicals, word analysis, word splitting and numbers.

According to the source of conjunctions

1, sentence-set couplet: a couplet composed entirely of ready-made sentences in ancient poetry. 2. Ci couplets: couplets composed of ancient Copybook for calligraphy articles and characters. 3. Sentence-picking couplets: Couplets made by picking antithetical sentences directly from other people's poems. 4. Create couplets: couplets independently created by the author. Types of couplets 1. Festival couplets: refers to couplets with specific timeliness or commemoration, and the contents are mostly general chanting, lyricism, discussion and wishes. Strictly speaking, it can be divided into festival couplets and season couplets, but since they are often integrated, this distinction has no practical significance. Generally speaking, couplets can be directly divided into Spring Festival couplets, New Year's Day couplets and National Day couplets. In the Spring Festival couplets, the most important thing is the Spring Festival couplets. The so-called Spring Festival couplets are seasonal couplets used in the Spring Festival. Most Spring Festival couplets can be used universally. 2. Festive couplets: also known as greeting couplets, refer to couplets with a certain congratulatory nature in addition to holiday celebrations. According to its content and object, it can be divided into several subcategories, such as wedding couplets, birthday couplets, new house couplets (housewarming couplets) and so on. The outstanding feature of festive couplets is that they have a certain festive and congratulatory nature, and their contents must be good wishes, celebrations and auspiciousness. There are universal and special holiday couplets. Whether it is universal depends on the alliance, and it is not easy to copy, so as not to make jokes. 3. elegiac couplet: also known as elegiac couplet, it refers to the couplet used to mourn the dead. Its content is limited to mourning, remembering, evaluating and wishing the deceased, and its style is generally sad, solemn, deep and solemn. Others write elegiac couplets for the dead, or write elegiac couplets for themselves, which is another matter. The elegiac couplets can be divided from many angles, including old couplets, middle-aged couplets and youth couplets, as well as elder couplets, peer couplets and younger couplets. In addition, it can be divided into famous couplets and self-mourning couplets, and sacrificial couplets can also be regarded as a subclass of mourning couplets. The content of elegiac couplet generally refers to more specific objects, although there are also general objects and special objects, but in practice, we should pay more attention to the distinction. 4. Scenic couplets: refers to couplets posted, hung and carved at scenic spots. Most of its contents are engraved with scenic spots (such as landscapes and cultural relics). ) or closely related to it (related people, things, etc. Such couplets often become an important part of scenic spots and even history and culture. The combination of scenic spots and historical sites can be divided into several sub-categories, such as landscape gardens, temples and temples, pavilions, houses and halls, monuments and tombs, etc. 5. Industry couplets: refers to couplets whose contents are aimed at a certain industry, department or field. Due to the changes of the times, the application of couplets in the industry is not as good as before, but it is still considerable. Judging from its scope of application and content characteristics, it is still a major category of couplets. Trade associations can be subdivided according to industries and departments. 6. Inscription of couplets: refers to couplets inscribed to others. Although many couplets have been given a certain title, the title couplets mentioned here are limited to interpersonal (or yearning) works, excluding elegiac couplets and congratulatory couplets. Its content generally has a certain nature of praise, wishes and encouragement. From the perspective of the application of couplets, title couplets can be regarded as a big category. According to the different objects of the questions, the questions can generally be divided into several small categories, such as questions, questions, and questions. 7. Miscellaneous couplets: refers to couplets with a wide range of contents without specific objects. This kind of couplets often have simple literary creation characteristics, such as philosophical couplets, lyric couplets, persuasion couplets and so on. 8. Academic couplets: refers to couplets with certain academic nature. This academic nature refers to the specialty that does not belong to the above categories in content and use. Its content is often specialized, with certain disciplinary or religious characteristics, such as popular science association, Buddhist association, Taoist association and so on. From the application scope and development space of couplets, it is necessary to regard academic couplets as a separate category. For example, in the book "A Collection of Touching Smells-1200 Buddhist Couplets" written by the author, many Buddhist figures and Buddhist teachings are systematically written into an academic monograph in the form of couplets. By extension, many scientific knowledge or other learning principles can also be written as couplets, highlighting its academic or professional nature in content. 9. Funny couplets: refer to couplets that highlight interest or skills and pay relatively little attention to content. For example, various humorous associations and skill associations. The content of this kind of couplets either highlights the uniqueness of a certain style (humorous couplets) or is relatively unimportant (technical couplets), making it unique. In this sense, it can be regarded as a single category.

The creative method of editing this paragraph

As the name implies, couplets should be "paired", that is, they are composed of upper and lower couplets. The upper and lower couplets must have the same number of words and the same content, that is, the upper and lower couplets can be "linked", and two unrelated sentences cannot be casually combined to form a couplet. Generally, couplets are written vertically, with the last word (tone) of the first couplet posted on the right (hand) and the last word (tone) of the second couplet posted on the left (hand). Although antithesis of couplets has something in common with poetry, it is more demanding than poetry. Couplets can be divided into wide pairs and narrow pairs. Wide pairs can only be formed if the contents of the upper and lower couplets are related, while narrow pairs should be written in strict accordance with the standards of Li Weng Dui Yun. However, in practical couplets, wide couplets are often used, while narrow couplets are rarely used, because the requirements for antithesis are too strict, which restricts people's thinking and is suspected of hurting meaning because of the text. The level and level of couplets are basically the same as poems. One yin applies the basic laws of poetry, with no distinction between 135 and 246. How to judge the couplets? Besides distinguishing from the content of couplets, it is more important to judge from the flat sound at the end of couplets. It is strictly stipulated in couplets that the last word of the first couplet should be flat and the last word of the second couplet should be flat. Later generations called this rule "flat rise and flat fall". It must be noted that the "four tones" in ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are somewhat different. Since the popularization of hanyu pinyin and the use of Beijing pronunciation as the national common language, the level of the same Chinese character has changed. For example, according to the phonological standard of Pei Fu, the four tones are flat, up, down and inside. Pingsheng is listed as "Ping", and going up, going and entering are all listed as "Nuo". According to Beijing's intonation, it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. In this way, there are more flat words, and some falling words are classified as flat words, which is worthy of attention of comrades who learn to write couplets. In ancient times, many linguists elaborated on the four tones of ancient Chinese in detail. For example, Shi Vacuum made the following analysis in the book Jade Key Song: 1. Peace and prosperity, peace and prosperity. When reading, the pronunciation is peaceful, with a long ending and aftertaste. 2. Go up-go up and shout. Pronunciation is loud, voice is short and there is no ending. 3. It's a long way to go-to sound and mourn. The ending sound is short and high. 4. Input-Input a short and urgent set of sounds. The entrance is simple and urgent, the reception is short and deep, and there is no ending. Using Beijing intonation to mark the four tones of Chinese, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone, all evolved from the four tones of ancient Chinese. People used to judge the flat tone of couplets based on the four tones of ancient Chinese. Nowadays, four tones in modern Chinese are rarely used to correct, write poems and fill words except pronunciation. However, with the popularization of Putonghua and the passage of time, the four tones of modern Chinese have finally been accepted by people. Some Chinese characters, which have always been side-by-side characters, can also be used as parallel sounds and oblique sounds, such as reading, teaching, doing, thinking and typing, and so on: (Couplets have certain rules in phrases and structures besides rhyming and antithesis. Such as: (single group, four-character structure) contentment is always happy; Can tolerate self-satisfaction. (compound group, seven-character structure) Chunjiang peach leaves are wet; It rains at night and butterflies dream of cold. (compound group, eight-character structure) full of rivers, with great tolerance; The wall stands a thousand miles, and it is just without desire. (compound group, nine-character structure) to talk about the past and the present; Let's talk about emotions first, and then talk about the beginning. (complex group, twelve-character structure) heaven and earth are kind, and the heart feels the same; Ancient and modern Kyushu national glory. (Compound, thirteen-character structure) The phrases and structures of couplets should be consistent and unified. The upper couplet is a verb-object structure, and the lower couplet must also be a verb-object structure phrase, such as "shake red; Cui Di. " The upper couplet is a radical phrase, and the lower couplet must also have a radical phrase, such as "concentric knot" and "flower with the same pedicle", which are all of the same phrase structure. When planning the layout of couplets, we must pay attention to the fact that the phrase structure of the upper and lower couplets must be consistent, which is also an important rule that the couplets authors must follow. Method of red paper: Formula: 50g white paper, 808 red powder, polyethylene glue, edible alkali (50g paper refers to grams per square meter) Ingredients: 1. Take 808 red powder, 1 kg, and add about 1 thermos boiling water. After stirring, grind with electric mill or stone mill. In order to increase fineness and brightness, it is best to grind it three times. 2. Take about 2 tea bowls of polyethylene glue and add about 8 tea bowls of water to boil. 3. Pour the boiled polyethylene glue into the ground slurry, and finally add a little edible alkali to stir. After stirring evenly, it is the pigment of red paper all year round. Brush paper: spread the white paper flat on the brush table, dip the paint with a special brush and brush it from left to right in the middle of the paper. Then mix scarlet powder and 107 glue evenly from top to bottom, dissolve 10 minute, then add all boiled water and mix well. At this time, the solution should be poured into a small steel mill and ground for 4-5 times to become red and vermilion pulp all year round.

Edit the metrical requirements of this paragraph.

The official name of couplets is couplets, commonly known as couplets, which is a unique Chinese language, literature and art form in China and is deeply loved by people from all walks of life. To sum up, couplets are six elements, also called "six phases", which are divided into: 1. The number of words should be equal, and the number of words in the upper part and the lower part should be equal. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal. There is a special case that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, during the Republic of China, some people ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplets: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The first part of "Yuan Shikai" and the second part of "China people" are "sorry", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.

Overlapping or overlapping words are allowed in sentences. Folding in half and overlapping words are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng wrote "Wuxi Donglin Academy Union: the sound of reading in the wind and rain, and the sound and sound are heard"; Family affairs, state affairs and world affairs are all concerned. However, we should try our best to avoid "heterotopic words" and "appositive words" in couplets. The so-called ectopic reduplication means that the same word appears in different positions of the upper and lower links. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position of the upper and lower parts. However, some function words are allowed to have homonyms, such as the couplets of Ge Ling in West Lake, Hangzhou: The Song of Peach Blossoms and Flowing Water; Between the shade and the grass. The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower couplets is repeated in the same place, but it is OK because it is empty word. However, there is a special format of "ectopic mutual weight" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen holding a couplet by Dr. Sun Yat-sen: one person is eternal; One person through the ages. Second, part-of-speech equivalence. There are two types of parts of speech in modern Chinese, namely, notional words and function words. The former includes nouns (including locative words), verbs, adjectives (including color words), numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Part of speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning. In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the words 12 above correspond to each other. This rule should be observed in most cases. Thirdly, the semantic correspondence rule refers to putting things of the same type represented by Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago. Nouns, in particular, are divided into many subcategories, such as astronomy (sun, moon, wind, rain, etc. ), season (day and night, etc. ), geography (mountains and rivers, etc. ), government offices (doors and towers, etc. ), vegetation (trees, peaches and plums, etc. ), birds (chickens, birds, cranes, etc. ) and so on. Finally, the corresponding rules of adjacent categories, that is, words in adjacent categories can be paired with each other. For example, astronomy returns to the season, astronomy to geography, geography to the palace and so on. Third, the structural proportion The so-called structural proportion means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions (or the structure of their phrases and sentence patterns) should be as same as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, the partial structure is opposite to the partial structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure, and so on. For example, Li Bai's topic is Yueyang Tower in Hunan: Water and sky are the same color; The wind and the moon are boundless. This conjunction is both a subject-predicate structure. Among them, "water sky" and "romantic moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are all positive structures. However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements for some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately. Fourth, the rhythm corresponds, that is, the places where the upper and lower links stop must be consistent. Such as: don't let the spring and autumn pass; It's the hardest for an old friend to come once. This is a seven-character short couplet, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "223". Longer couplets must have corresponding rhythm. 5. What is leveling? The classification of flat tones in Putonghua is, in short, flat tones and upper tones, flat tones and flat tones. In the ancient four tones, the flat sound is flat, and the rising, going and entering sounds are silent. There are two aspects to the harmony between levels: (1) Levels and levels are opposite. Generally speaking, word alignment is not required, but attention should be paid to the alignment of the upper and lower tails (feet), the upper part is different and the lower part is flat; The words at the end of the sentence or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The ending (foot) of each clause in a long couplet should be flat, right. (2) The upper and lower couplets alternate in the sentence. Yu Dequan, a contemporary couplet writer, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules. Simply put, it is "flat, steady and steady", walking like the rhythm of a horseshoe. Sixth, the content is relevant. What are couplets? It is both "right" and "related". The words mentioned above are all "right", with the same number of words, equivalent parts of speech, the same structure, corresponding rhythm and even harmony, but they still lack a "couplet". "Lian" is about content relevance. Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an irrelevant thing, and the two can't reflect, connect and echo, it can't be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.

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