Introduce the Persian Empire. Alexander empire.

Persia first rose in the southwest of the Iranian plateau.

The Iranian Plateau borders the Caspian Sea and Central Asian Basin in the north, the Hindu Kush Mountains in the northeast, the Caucasus Mountains in the northwest, zagros mountains in the west and the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea in the south. Its four sides are either blocked by mountains or facing the sea, which is a relatively closed inland plateau.

The oldest inhabitants of the Iranian plateau are the Yilan tribe. In 4000 BC, they settled in the southwest of zagros mountains. In the late 2000 BC, they formed a powerful slave country, which was defeated by Assyria in the 7th century BC and gradually declined.

Before the Persian Empire, Elam and Miti rose successively in the western part of the Iranian plateau.

In the second half of the 7th century BC, a Medea slave country was formed in the western part of the Iranian plateau. Formed a military alliance with the new kingdom of Babylon, and destroyed and carved up the Assyrian empire from 665438 BC to 605 BC. However, the Medes country lasted for a short time and perished in Persia in 550 BC.

When the Medes became powerful in the 7th century BC, Persian tribes formed an alliance and were ruled by the Medes. Ju Lushi (558- 529 BC) was born in the Ahmenid clan in 553 BC. He led the Persians to rise up against the rule of Medea and destroyed the kingdom of Medea in 550 BC. Subsequently, Ju Lushi led the army to wage an expansion war, conquered Asia Minor, and occupied the city of Babylon in 538 BC, destroying the new kingdom of Babylon. In 529 BC, Ju Lushi died in the expansion war in Central Asia, when the Persian Empire was basically formed. After Ju Lushi's death, his son Cambyses Ⅱ (529- 522 BC) conquered Egypt in 525 BC.

In 522 BC, the priests rose up against Persia, seized power, demanded tax exemption for three years, and refused to perform military service. At that time, the conquered peoples in the Persian Empire gained independence. After Gao started his army, he died on his way home from Egypt. Born in Ahmenid clan, Darius I (5265438 BC+0-485 BC), with the support of Persian nobles, killed Gao Mada and seized power. After Darius I ascended the throne, he brutally suppressed the resistance struggle of the conquered peoples in the Persian Empire, which not only restored and expanded the empire's territory: from the Indus River in the east to the coast of Asia Minor in the west, he once occupied parts of Thrace in Europe and Egypt in the south, forming an unprecedented slave empire including the whole Middle and Near East. Since Darius I's time, there have been four imperial capitals: Susa, Ek Platthana, Babylon and Pasepochris. The king of Persia and his court were stationed in each capital in turn throughout the year.

In the later period of Darius I's rule, in 492 BC and 490 BC, he invaded Greece twice. Since then, the war between Greece and Persia has lasted for many years and ended in the defeat of Persia, which is called "Persian War" in history.

The huge Persian empire is only a temporary military and administrative alliance, and the Persian war that lasted for half a century greatly weakened the Persian empire. The Persian Empire, trapped in internal and external contradictions, began to decline sharply at the end of the 5th century BC. When Macedonia-Greece invaded the east, the Persian army was unable to resist and was defeated repeatedly, and was finally destroyed in 330 BC.

Alexander (356-323 BC), the son of King Philip of Macedonia, was a brilliant and ambitious figure. Alexander is brave and decisive, especially loves reading Homer's epic, worships Ashley, the hero in the Iliad, and tries to imitate him in his career. 13 years old, educated by the famous Greek scholar Aristotle; /kloc-When he was 0/6 years old, he went on an expedition with Philip. 18 years old, commanding the right wing of Macedonian army and defeating the Greek Coalition forces. Two years later, he succeeded to the throne. As the supreme commander of Macedonian and Greek allied forces, he organized the eastward advance. It is said that during the expedition, he ordered everyone to "regard the world as their hometown". After cruelly suppressing the Greek anti-Macedonian movement, he began to expedition to Persia, first occupying Asia Minor, and then fighting fiercely with Persian troops in Syria and Isus. Although the Persian army was twice as large as the Macedonian army, it was defeated. Alexander invaded Egypt after occupying Syria. Because Alexander expressed his protection and support for Egyptian temples, Egyptian priests declared Alexander as phoebus apollo, the heir of the ancient Egyptian king. He established Alexandria named after himself in the Nile Delta. In 33 1 year BC, he entered the two river basins from Egypt and fought again with the Persian army. Although the Persian army was large in number, it was defeated. The Persian emperor Darius Iii was killed by his men during his escape. The Persian Empire fell in 330 BC; The Alexander Empire replaced the rule of Persia. In 330 BC, Alexander invaded Central Asia and occupied the Indus Valley in 327 BC. Because the Indian war elephant shattered the "Macedonian phalanx", coupled with the flood attack and the sun exposure, the Macedonian army continued to fight and refused to fight again. Alexander was forced to quit. In 326 BC, Macedonian troops went south along the Indus River. As for Haikou, the soldiers were divided into two ways, one by boat and the other by land led by Alexander himself, and returned to Babylon in 325 BC. Babylon became the capital of Alexandria, which spanned Europe, Asia and Africa. Alexander died in 323 BC at the age of 33.

Alexander the Great is an aggressive military empire, lacking a unified economic foundation and full of contradictions within the empire. After Alexander's death, the empire collapsed in just thirteen years. Alexander's ministries fought each other for territory, and as a result, the empire was divided into three empires: Macedonia (Balkan Peninsula), Cyprus (Syria), Ptolemy (Egypt), and several small kingdoms, which were later destroyed by Rome.