Why did the world-leading Ming army lose to the backward Eight Banners Army?

The military revolution of the Ming Dynasty began in the first year of Qin Long. Equipment such as bird's spear, dragon machine and tiger squat gun were upgraded unilaterally, and cold and hot knives and soldiers were mixed. Weak fighting capacity makes the East Asian continent tremble.

1598 War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and Aid Korea and 1 1 Battle of Lvliang Sea, which blew tens of thousands of Japanese troops into the sea to feed fish.

Weak combat effectiveness

However, after the rise of the post-Jin regime, the weak Ming army kept gaining the upper hand: the battle of Salhu, the fiasco of Liaoyang and the fiasco of Shenyang were all defeated by the capital.

Why did the Ming army, with the world's number one firearms equipment, lose to the backward Eight Banners Army?

1, the decline of Ming army: the curse of the system.

The consumption of firearms in the Ming army is controlled by all military equipment bureaus and war bureaus. During the Jiajing period, power was decentralized, and some provinces such as Liaodong, Sichuan and Guangdong had arsenals. Strong research and development strength, a wide range of consumption. The artillery factory in Dengzhou consumed Hongyi cannon, and Portuguese craftsmen were shocked when they saw it. They have never seen such a large area in Europe.

Firearms such as mines, grenades and machine guns used in modern peace were all formed in the Ming Dynasty.

Open ammunition device

Open ammunition device

Open ammunition device

However, since Zhang died, this scene has changed.

The consumption system of the Ming Dynasty had a fatal shortcoming: there were many parts and they restricted each other. After Zhang's death, Emperor Wanli was in power, and the amount of ordnance plummeted.

For example, Lumichan, with weak firepower, began research and development in twenty-five years of Wanli, and disappeared after trial-producing more than a dozen samples. Eagle spear gun, involving financial allocation, was temporarily abused in various places. The original inventor Zhao Shizhen couldn't stand the pressure and automatically wrote to ask for a return to work. He lamented that the opening of new weapons has led to wolves fighting for meat everywhere, and the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the Military Department are all competing for each other's strengths.

Another example is gun practice. Firearms, no matter how fierce, should also have exercise protection. The typical representative is Qi Jiguang. He practiced and conducted military exercises as usual, and he was able to achieve the lethality of sweeping the country in a rough and tumbling way. However, in the middle and late Wanli period, there was a lack of compilation and drills, and all kinds of weak firearms were simply posturing. Firefighters don't even understand the basic firing orders. The commanders at lower levels can't play in the general formation.

Formation display

In the middle and late Wanli period, the financial crisis worsened, the military expenditure shrank again and again, the output of firearms decreased greatly, and the quality declined.

It was not until Nurhachi rebelled that the Ming Dynasty mobilized 90,000 troops, and firearms and equipment were seriously lacking. Kelly, governor of Hebei and Liao, was temporarily forced to work overtime at Shanhaiguan. More than 5,000 gunners who have never used firearms are working overtime temporarily.

2. The rise of the Eight Banners Army: the style of military launching system.

Before the underground uprising, Nurhachi was loyal to the Ming authorities all the year round. He volunteered to repair the enemy, and he was very generous. During his loyalty, Nurhachi quietly studied Ming weapons.

As early as the ninth year of Wanli, Nurhachi hired many Han craftsmen and Ming soldiers, exchanged a small amount of mink for saltpeter sulfur, and developed firearms.

During the battle of Salhu, the ordnance products of the Ming army started rapidly, and tens of thousands of old-fashioned firearms and more than 90 thousand kilograms of explosives were sent to Liaodong, but most of them were captured by the Eight Banners.

By the time of Liao-Shen War, the Eight Banners had a firearms team with high technical and tactical level. The Eight Banners Musketeers, who are good at shooting, take chariots as bunkers and shoot while charging, especially in the battlefield of Hunhe River, which caused great damage to the Sichuan-Zhejiang army, which is good at firearms in the Ming army.

?firefighter

?firefighter

?firefighter

In the Liaoyang War, the Ming army was led by three layers of firearms soldiers, and the Eight Banners Army resigned, and the firearms soldiers bombed indiscriminately. The Ming army's murderous firearms team, as long as there are seven people alive.

Why did the once outdated Eight Banners Army use firearms so well?

Qinghe area in Fushun was the consumption base of firearms in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, which was rich in mineral resources and numerous skilled craftsmen. After Nurhachi rebelled, he picked up ready-made firearms.

The military launching system of the Eight Banners Army is more efficient in the case of firearms.

When Nurhachi attacked Liaoyang, the firearms team consisted of 4,000 people, equipped with 90 large and small firearms, which were specially handled by Han officials. Exercise hard, you will get a prize if you practice well, and a prize if you commit a crime.

3. The Opportunity of Ming Army: Hony Gun

From the beginning of the apocalypse, the Ming army made up its mind to introduce Hongyi cannon. As a result, Ningyuan bombed Nurhachi and Ningjin bombed Huang Taiji. During the Chongzhen period, when Huang Taiji arrived in Zhuozhou, he was too scared to attack the city when he saw red cannons on the city.

Regrettably, however, the Ming army, which introduced Hongyi cannon, did not get rid of the shortcomings of low obedience, but became more and more fierce.

I bought 30 cannons from Macau and detained more than half of them in Beijing, only to be sent to the line of fire.

During the Chongzhen period, he made up his mind to consume Hongyi cannon by himself. First, a factory was built in Dengzhou, and the capital war situation was introduced. The court is noisy. On the surface, this matter is a trouble of money, but the center of the trouble is party struggle.

Hongyi cannon

Hongyi cannon

Hongyi cannon

Hongyi cannon

Huang taiji's obedience here is surprisingly high: after spending a lot of money, Wang Tianxiang, a craftsman of Hanqi, came to power in Chongzhen for four years and built the Hongyi cannon. Immediately after the victory, a small amount was consumed, and 40 guns were immediately put into the Daling River War.

4. The turning point of history books: Military Revolution in Dunlai.

The following Deng Lai mutiny gave the latter Jin a big gift: Dengzhou Ming Artillery Factory started fighting and won the artillery, while foreign troops stationed in Kong Youde and Geng Bing mutiny took refuge in the latter Jin with hard-earned artillery technology and a large number of skilled craftsmen.

It is the absurd and perverse handling of this matter by Emperor Chongzhen.

Governor Sun is responsible for the development of Dengzhou artillery. He is the best gun expert in China. As the seat of the main museum, he was responsible for the mutiny, but talents were scarce, so many officials ordered that Sun be given a chance to plead guilty and commit crimes.

However, the angry Emperor Chongzhen ordered Sun Yuanhua to be executed. The result of the Ming army firing Hongyi cannon was abolished by Chongzhen himself.

Hongyi cannon

On the other hand, after the Jin Dynasty, the country name was changed to Qing Dynasty, and the consumption level of firearms changed with each passing day. After Jin Song War, the Qing army captured and cast nearly 100 Hony cannons.

Li Yutian, governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, lamented: Monsieur beaucaire cast a hundred guns, but not enough. I cast ten guns, but it was powerful. Casting guns to make medicine is ten times as much as my artifact.

5. Summary: The decisive factor of peace is people.

The Ming army had a good eye for firearms, the top technology in the country and a complete firearms consumption line, but it was finally defeated by the Qing army.

In the later period, the Qing army had a high consumption capacity and a military launch system. However, after Jin 'ou was intact, it became backward and short-sighted, and eventually fell behind the whole country. It was defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-0/895, and then by Eight-Nation Alliance.

Modern peace

Modern peace

This shows a trouble: it is not the secret weapon that decides peace, but the person who uses it.

Tired of watching, let's have a joke to make you happy:

Sister has a bad temper

My sister has a bad temper and often bullies her brother-in-law. Sometimes when my brother-in-law talks to my father, my father always pats his brother-in-law on the shoulder earnestly: son-in-law, although she is my daughter, after all, your wife and your husband and wife are not in my charge! My brother-in-law failed to vomit and continued to be angry with my sister ~ I secretly asked my father: Do you really care about them? Dad smiled: your sister didn't suffer, so I don't care?