Information about the red-crowned crane, urgent!

Red-crowned crane (English name: Red-Crowned Crane)-a symbol of longevity, and a national first-class protected animal. Also known as crane and white crane (in fact, white crane is another kind of crane bird), ? Kun, there are many names for the red-crowned crane in China ancient books, such as the fairy bird in Er Ya Yi and the fetal bird in Compendium of Materia Medica. Red-crowned crane is a kind of crane, which is named after the red crown on its head. It is a unique bird species in East Asia. Because of its elegant posture and distinct colors, it has the meaning of auspiciousness, loyalty and longevity in the culture of this region.

in the order of crane

in the order of crane

in the family of crane

in the family of crane

in the Chinese name of crane

in Latin name of crane

in English name of crane

alias crane

China unique FALSE

red book. The protected list 1

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is distributed in Dalainuoer, Wulagai, Horqin, Hulun Lake, Huihe, the lower reaches of Dulu River, Yingchun, Xiaoxingkai Lake, Xingkai Lake, Xianghai, Momoge, Liaoning Liaohe Delta, Beidaihe, Hebei, the old channel of Henan Yellow River, Changshan Islands, Shouguang, Changyi, Qingdao, Weifang and Pingyi in Inner Mongolia.

the lower limit of altitude is

the upper limit of altitude is

The breeding places are Dalainuoer, Wulagai, Horqin, Hulun Lake, Huihe, the lower reaches of Dulu River, Yingchun, Xiaoxingkai Lake, Xingkai Lake, Xianghai, Jilin, Momoge, Liaohe Delta, Liaoning

The wintering places are Yancheng, Hongze Lake, gaoyou lake, Shaobo Lake and Guanjiang.

habitat type reed swamp

habitat type lake, pond and reservoir

residence type 2

estimated number

The total number of breeding grounds in China was about 7 in 1981 and 1984 by aerial survey (Li Jinlu et al., 1987), among which Sanjiang Plain and WuYule River Basin had the largest number. From 1986 to 199, there were 51, 32, 281, 63 and 542 cranes in autumn in Beidaihe, the migration route. Among them, the age of 26 cranes was observed in 1986, 158 were adults (76.7%) and 45 were young (21.8%). The age of 273 cranes was observed in 1989, of which 212 were adults (77.7%) and 61 were young (22.3%). The number of red-crowned cranes in winter in Yancheng Nature Reserve over the years is: 361 in 1981, 31 in 1982, 472 in 1983, 611 in 1984, 618 in 1985, 314 in 1986, 582 in 1987, 637 in 1988 and 531 in 1989. In addition, 3 were found in Xinglongsha, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in January 199, 67 in guannan county, Huaiyin City on January 6, 1985, 25 in Guanyun County, Lianyungang City, 22 in Gaobao Lake on January 16, 199 and 13 in Pangzhai, Henan Province on January 17, 1991.

identification features large wading birds, with a total length of about 14cm. The male and female feathers are similar in color, only the male crane's eyes are red first, while the female crane is pale and not obvious. Most of the throat, cheeks and neck are dark brown. The inner secondary and tertiary flight feathers of wings are all black, long and curved over the white tail feathers, so they are often mistaken for black tail feathers. The tail feather is white, the iris is brown, the mouth is green and gray, and the tip is slightly yellow. Legs and feet are gray and black. Young birds are generally brown, and then turn white, but their heads, necks and backs are yellow-brown. After one year, their bodies and feathers are similar to those of adult cranes, and there are still a few yellow-brown spots on the feathers on the back and shoulders.

Living habits moved to the breeding ground in the first half of March. Breeding begins at the beginning of April, when the male and female are paired, they become lifelong companions. They often nest on the reed stubble surrounded by water, and each nest produces 2 eggs. The incubation period is 31-33 days, and the chicks can fly at the age of 3 months. From late October to early March of the following year, they live in the form of families for about 4 months (the wintering period in Yancheng is 131-134 days), and each family has 2-4 animals, usually 21% young, and 1-2 sub-adults form a small group.

the protection measures and suggestions have been listed as the national first-class key protected animals. It is suggested that a protected area should be added in the breeding ground and the interference of agriculture and water conservancy on the habitat of red-crowned cranes should be properly solved. The relevant departments of the state shall organize further investigation on the wintering ground, quantity distribution and environmental quality of red-crowned cranes in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and control the development intensity and industrial pollution in the coastal beaches of Yancheng.

Domestication and Breeding Red-crowned cranes are kept and exhibited in many zoos in China. Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Harbin, Tianjin, Xi 'an, Chengdu, Kaifeng, Hefei, Changzhou, Ganzhou, Guangzhou Zoo and Zhalong Nature Reserve can be kept in captivity for breeding. Among them, Shenyang Zoo has carried out artificial breeding and formed a breeding population. In 1992, there were 18 red-crowned cranes, and it is estimated that the national total is about 25-3.

The threat of risk factors in the northern breeding grounds is mainly due to the shrinking swamp area caused by reclamation of wetlands and human interference, such as cutting all the reeds in early winter, which makes the red-crowned cranes moved in early spring have nowhere to nest, and overfishing fish causes food shortage. In the migration route, it is threatened by farmers' indiscriminate spraying of highly toxic pesticides. For example, in the Luanhekou tidal flat in eastern Hebei Province from March 8 to 15, 1995, 19 red-crowned cranes were poisoned, and farmers used 165 pesticide mixed with beans and scattered them in the field to prevent other people's livestock from eating their own wheat seedlings, but they were killed by red-crowned cranes by mistake. In southern wintering areas such as Yancheng Nature Reserve, although the number of red-crowned cranes is basically stable every year, it also faces the following threats: ① human activities such as salt production and development of large beaches and the construction of large power plants at Sheyang estuary have reduced the environmental quality and narrowed the habitat of red-crowned cranes, forcing cranes to concentrate southward; (2) Poisoning and poaching of wild ducks is still very serious. In November 1991, 12 red-crowned cranes were poisoned by poisoning to catch wild ducks in the south of Wanggang, Dafeng County, and 4 red-crowned cranes were poisoned in the beach of Haifeng Farm in the north of Wanggang from winter of 199 to spring of 1991. (3) Stealing nereis in winter, destroying benthic animals and vegetation in intertidal zone, which is becoming more and more serious in Dafeng County. Each person can dig 1.5-5 kg per day, and the purchase price is 2.5-4 yuan per kg; ④ The chemical fiber factory built by the state in Wanggang in 1991 and the power plant built in Sheyang estuary in 1994 are potential threats to the red-crowned crane.

Source: China Forestry Science Data Center Publisher: China Forestry Science Data Center

Scientific Classification

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Animalia

phylum Animalia: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Gruiformes

Family: Gruidae of Crane

Genus: Grus of Crane

Species: G. Japonica

Appearance characteristics < Adult birds are white except for the black neck and the back end of flight feathers, and the skin on the top of their heads is bare and bright red. The legendary highly toxic crane's top red (also known as crane's top blood) is here, but it is purely a rumor that crane's blood is not toxic. What the ancients called "crane's top red" is actually arsenic, that is, impure arsenic trioxide. Crane's top red is an obscure statement about arsenic in ancient times. The tail fat gland of the red-crowned crane is covered with powder (Ran Yu). Young birds have brown feathers and a yellow beak. The feather color of sub-adults is dim, and the red color of the bare area on the top of the head becomes more vivid after 2 years old.

Distribution

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Red-crowned cranes breed in Songnen Plain of Sanjiang Plain in China, Far East of Soviet Union and Japan. It overwinters in the southeast coast of China, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Korean Gulf, Japan and other places. In history, the distribution area of red-crowned cranes is much larger than it is now, and the wintering area is farther south, reaching Fujian, Taiwan Province, Hainan and other places. Because of its special position in cultural species, this bird has been recorded in detail in local chronicles, which provides detailed information for studying its ancient distribution.

Habits

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The red-crowned crane migrates between the breeding ground and the wintering ground every year. Only in Hokkaido, Japan, it is a local resident bird and does not migrate, which may be related to the organized feeding of local people in winter and sufficient food sources. The habitat of red-crowned crane is swamp and marshy meadow, and its food is mainly shallow water fish and shrimp, molluscs and some plant roots, which varies with seasons. Red-crowned cranes molt twice a year, changing into summer feathers in spring and winter feathers in autumn, which is a complete molting and will temporarily lose their flight ability. The red-crowned crane's singing is very loud, as a signal to define the territory, and it is also an important way of communication in estrus. Red-crowned crane is a single bird, which can last for a lifetime without special circumstances. The annual breeding period begins in March, lasts for 6 months and ends in September. They nest in shallow water or wet land with water, and the nest materials are mostly grasses such as reeds. Red-crowned cranes lay a nest of eggs every year, usually 2~4 eggs. Hatching is carried out by male and female birds in turn, and the incubation period is 31~32 days. Young birds are early chicks.

Breeding

Red-crowned cranes are single-bred birds, which can last for a lifetime without special circumstances. The annual breeding period begins in March, lasts for 6 months and ends in September. They nest in shallow water or wet land with water, and the nest materials are mostly grasses such as reeds. Red-crowned cranes lay a nest of eggs every year, usually 2~4 eggs. Hatching is carried out by male and female birds in turn, and the incubation period is 31~32 days. Young birds are early chicks.

During the breeding period, courtship is accompanied by dancing and singing, and it nests in the halogen reeds and grass with a certain depth. Each egg lays 1- 2 eggs, and the incubation period is 3-33 days. It becomes an early bird and becomes sexually mature at the age of 2, with a life span of 5-6 years.

nesting and spawning began in the middle and late April, nesting in the withered grass on the shoal surrounded by water, and each nest laid 2 eggs. Male and female birds took turns to hatch eggs, and the incubation period was 2-33 days. After the young birds learn to fly, in autumn, the red-crowned crane moves from the northeast breeding ground to the south for the winter. In China, a number of nature reserves such as Zhalong, Xianghai and Yancheng have been established in the breeding areas and wintering areas of cranes such as red-crowned cranes. In Yancheng Nature Reserve, Jiangsu Province, there are more than 6 wintering red-crowned cranes a year at most, making it the largest known wintering habitat in the world.

The red-crowned crane was first exhibited in Beijing Zoo in 1954, and it was successfully bred in 1964.

Study the history

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Red-crowned cranes are easy to recognize because of their large size and distinct colors. People's knowledge of red-crowned cranes has been accumulated for a long time. China's local chronicles recorded it continuously. Red-crowned cranes were raised by people long ago, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Nowadays, many places have raised red-crowned cranes for viewing.

Since 198s, the special research on red-crowned cranes has been carried out, and so far some information about their distribution, ecology, behavior and migration in breeding and wintering areas has been obtained. At present, the artificial propagation and artificial insemination technology of red-crowned crane is mature. After 199s, the migration route of red-crowned cranes has been made clear according to the research of environmental records and satellite tracking technology.

former name:

ardea (Grus) Japanese p.l.s.mü ller, 1776

Grus Japanese gmelin, 1778

Antigone Montenegro Bonaparte, 1854

Megalornis Japanese Wilder &; Hubbard, 1938

Cultural Significance

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In fact, the legendary crane is the red-crowned crane, which is a large wading bird living in swamps or shallow waters and is often called the "God of Wetlands". It has nothing to do with pine trees growing in high mountains and hills.

Residents in East Asia use red-crowned cranes to symbolize happiness, auspiciousness, longevity and loyalty. It often appears in literature and art works of various countries. In the tombs of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the image of cranes appeared in sculptures. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze bells and crane-shaped ritual vessels appeared. The elegant image of the red-crowned crane in Taoism has become a symbol of longevity and immortality.

At present, China State Forestry Administration has reported the red-crowned crane to the State Council as the only national bird candidate.

Protection status

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The red-crowned crane is a large wading bird, which belongs to the upper layer of the food chain in the wetland environment and is the keystone species of wetland biodiversity. Ainu people in Hokkaido, Japan call the red-crowned crane living in Kushiro wetland "the God of Wetland". At present, the main threats they face are:

habitat destruction. In the northeast and the Far East of China, the destruction of wetlands by human activities increased sharply after the 196s. Reclamation of wetlands not only invaded the original habitat, but also blocked the originally connected water system. In addition, the climate in the Far East has become increasingly arid in recent years, and the water area has shrunk seriously. The pollution introduced by human activities also threatens the survival of red-crowned cranes. In addition, reclamation methods such as burning wasteland have seriously damaged the nest materials and shelters of red-crowned cranes, resulting in a narrower distribution.

Poaching: Since East Asia has had a demand for its feathers and organs since ancient times, hunting is inevitable. Although in recent years, with the establishment of protection laws and regulations, direct hunting rarely occurs, the method of poisoning to hunt other waterfowl has become an important cause of death for red-crowned cranes.

At present, the red-crowned crane is a national first-class protected animal, and the species recorded in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are endangered species, which are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

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The story of the red-crowned crane

"Walking through that river, have you ever heard that there was a girl who had been here ... and a group of red-crowned cranes flew gently?" This is a popular song a few years ago, which describes the story of a girl who died to save the red-crowned crane. When I first heard this song, I wanted to know where this story happened. Finally, I saw in the media that it happened in Yancheng, the "hometown" of the red-crowned crane. There are 45, hectares of nature reserves here, and there are about 4 kinds of birds, especially the wild red-crowned cranes, which account for nearly half of the world, come here for the winter every year. Longing for one day, I can "fly" to this place where touching stories have happened and see the beautiful red-crowned cranes.

Life span

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The life span of the red-crowned crane is as long as 5 to 6 years. People often paint it with pine trees as a symbol of longevity. The number of red-crowned cranes is scarce, and China has been listed as a first-class protected animal.