The article says that Hakka folk houses are "wonderful works of the world's folk houses". What are his characteristics and what are the "wonders"?

Hakka Dwellings It is said that in the 196s and 197s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find that there were many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. After analysis, they were considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans realized that the so-called "missile launching bases" were actually typical Hakka houses-tulou. After hearing the joke, I laughed it off, but my initial idea of going to Tulou to find out. It should be a good idea to travel to Fujian in winter in order to escape the cold and damp of Shanghai. Yongding Tulou is of course the purpose of this trip.

Hakka man-made earth buildings are hidden between green mountains and green waters

The train first arrived in Zhangping, changed to Longyan, and then jumped on the CMB bound for Hukeng Folk Culture Village at Longyan bus station. This process sounds complicated, but because the time and place of transfer can be easily connected, the way to Tulou is not difficult at all.

The car drove out of Longyan City, and the scenery in the countryside slowly began to improve. This is a typical hilly area. The green mountains and green waters in the sun are particularly enchanting, and the earth buildings hidden in it are constantly appearing in front of my eyes.

When we talk about tulou, we can't help but mention the builders of tulou-Hakkas. Originally Han people in the Central Plains, they were forced to move south due to various reasons such as war and famine. After thousands of years, they traveled to Wan Li and formed a Hakka clan in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. Hakkas are very United, and wherever they go, their family members always live together. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves were noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built a "defensive" castle-style building house like a tulou. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, while round buildings are relatively rare.

The most richly carved balustrade of earth building

After I visited Zhencheng Building, the most famous earth building in the folk culture village, I intuitively felt that the sentence "Earth building is a shrinking city and an enlarged bunker" is very vivid. Although the history of Zhencheng Building is not long, it is the most magnificent round building in Yongding. It has two inner and outer rings, with a diameter of 48 meters. The outer ring is solid and tall, with four floors. The first and second floors are not open to the outside world, which is convenient for defending against foreign enemies. If there are sufficient reserves, people in the building can not go out for half a year. The inner ring is the nave Hall decorated in imitation of Western style, which is spacious and bright. It is said that the cast railing on the second floor was shipped from Shanghai at that time. Uncle Lin, who showed me around, proudly pointed out his finger and said, "In those days, it took my grandfather 8, guangyang to build this house." Hakka dwellings are made of glutinous rice and eggs.

The styles and forms of Hakka residential buildings have different changes in different historical periods and in different regions, including Yuanzhai, Weilong House, Triangle Building, Zouma Building and Sijiaolou. But the most representative one is the dragon enclosure. Surrounding Dragon House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka surrounding dragon house, together with Beijing's quadrangle, Shaanxi's cave dwelling, Guangxi's pole column style and Yunnan's seal, are called the five traditional residential building forms with the most local flavor in China, and are called one of the five characteristics of China residential buildings by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation by historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the house type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, which has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han people in the Central Plains, and moved south to the mountainous areas bordering Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian for reasons such as war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques of the Central Plains, but also maintained the original traditional style of the buildings and houses.

overall layout of the enclosure

the overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a taiji diagram.

The first half of the enclosure is a half-moon pond, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is tamped and paved with concrete. It is called "Wo Ping" (or Ditang), which is a place for residents to exercise or dry. At the junction of "Wo Ping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and small stones. The short one is called "wall ridge" and the high one is called "zhaoqiang". Half-moon pond is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields and storing water to prevent drought and fire. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool.

The building in the second half is a square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and a surrounding layer; There are "three buildings and four horizontal buildings" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure has a building area of thousands of square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some big dragon houses are inhabited by hundreds of families and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of one enclosure. There are three dragon houses with two horizontal walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the halls, which is separated by wooden screens, which can be opened and closed as required. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, drawing rooms, wing rooms, study rooms, living rooms, etc. around the hall, which are patchwork and have clear priorities. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.

the main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some of which are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name of the enclosure. The arc-shaped enclosure guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the enclosure are generally small, which are natural observation holes and shooting holes, so it is convenient to use bows and arrows, soil guns, soil guns and other martial arts to fight against the attacking enemy. In fact, the design and architecture of the dragon house had a great relationship with the situation of the Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are squeezed out and bullied by local people. In order to unite and resist aggression and survive, they have to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-the Dragon House, to resist the intrusion of bandits and local people. There is also a solid multi-storey "turret" in the dragon enclosure, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot the invading enemy from a commanding height. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon enclosure and turret to fight.

The cultural spirit implied in the dragon enclosure

Firstly, it reflects the traditional virtues of Hakka people, such as unity and mutual assistance, respect for the elderly and the virtuous, courtesy and civilization, and knowledge and understanding. Small rockeries, fish ponds and bonsai are generally arranged in the large and small patios in the enclosure. All kinds of flowers and trees are carried around the "flower head" in the half garden behind the main house and the half-moon pond in front of the main entrance. The forest on the hill behind the enclosure is called "Dragon Clothes", and it is forbidden to cut down. The whole building is hidden among the evergreen trees, with flowers and birds all year round, and the environment is beautiful and Jing Ya.

The columns, beams, beams and doors in the enclosure are carved with vivid patterns such as landscapes, flowers and birds, birds and animals, and painted with bright and dazzling paint, which looks magnificent, antique and magnificent. Generally speaking, a dragon enclosure is inhabited by a close relative family, who live in harmony with each other, respect the old and love the young, and respect each other as guests. On holidays, men, women and children gather in the upper hall of the main house to worship their ancestors, and dance dragons and lions, beating gongs and drums and enjoying themselves, showing a scene of joy and peace.

second, the style of Hakka dragon enclosure house is the inheritance of the original residential style. According to archaeological data, the Banpo clan and Longshan clan in the middle and late primitive society in the Yellow River basin lived in an area composed of dozens of square and round rammed earth houses. This shows that the Hakka people's concept of living subconsciously contains their recovery and reference to some of their ancestors' housing experiences.

thirdly, the architectural features of the dragon enclosure are also the projection of ancient yin and yang thoughts. It is embodied in the harmony between architectural objects and natural terrain, which conforms to the philosophical principle of "harmony between man and nature". In case of unsatisfactory terrain, adjust the seating direction by adding a half-moon flower terrace or pond or building half door to achieve the balance of yin and yang and adapt to the environment. This thought of yin and yang was later mixed with a lot of witchcraft culture that pays attention to "feng shui house field", such as the old saying: "Feng Shui is indispensable to the world, and it is all supported by yin and yang".

Fourth, it embodies the traditional clan concept. On the one hand, it shows the habit of Hakka people living in groups. Because, whether they are in the long journey or new to a strange place, they have difficulties that are difficult for one family to overcome, and they have to live together by their own surnames. On the other hand, the residents in the house allocate rooms according to seniority and rank, and ancestral tablets are arranged in the center of their buildings for future generations to worship, which reflects the traditional family ethics of Hakka people to some extent.

When the Hakkas build a new house, they usually hold the custom of "moving to a new house", which is called "shaming". It will be safe and auspicious to ask Mr. Feng Shui to drive away the "three evils". On the day of moving, there are big banquets and sacrifices to the gods.