How to learn classical Chinese in senior high school, and what do you mainly learn?

It is not difficult to learn classical Chinese. As long as we master the rules and step by step, we can achieve the ultimate goal of learning classical Chinese in middle schools as stipulated in the syllabus. The goal is to be able to read simple and understandable classical Chinese.

To achieve this goal, we must first clarify the meaning of classical Chinese here. Refers to the written language of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties based on the spoken language of the pre-Qin dynasty, and the language in the ancient works of later writers (such as the eight masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties); It does not refer to the spoken language formed on the basis of northern dialects since the Tang and Song Dynasties, that is, the ancient vernacular, such as the language used in Zhang Hui's novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

We should also understand the specific explanation of "being able to read simple and easy-to-remember classical Chinese" in the exam notes, that is, correctly explain the general usage of common classical Chinese function words according to the context; Understand the special sentence patterns different from modern Chinese; Be able to correctly grasp the article and make a preliminary analysis and evaluation; Can be translated into modern Chinese. This explanation, from the language to the content to the ultimate goal, puts forward specific requirements for learning classical Chinese, which is the "outline" that we should grasp when learning classical Chinese. The specific learning methods are as follows:

First, mastering a certain number of words is an important basis for learning classical Chinese.

Learning modern Chinese begins with literacy, and so does learning classical Chinese. That is the so-called "can read two thousand words can read". Middle school students learn classical Chinese, mostly from the classical Chinese that appears in middle school textbooks. These classical Chinese are selected from a large number of ancient books, which are exemplary in language, content and form. Learning these articles, from the beginning of reading, it is necessary to make clear the meaning of each real word and function word in classical Chinese one by one. Never be satisfied with a general understanding of the content of the paragraphs you have learned, let alone summarize the content as a story and interpret it as translation. In addition, between content words and function words, a large number of content words are difficult to master. Let's talk about the mastery of real words first.

There are several situations in which notional words appear in classical Chinese. In one case, some words are no different from those used in modern Chinese, such as "man, horse, mountain, stone, big, small, up and down", which brings us great convenience in learning classical Chinese and is not as confusing as learning a foreign language for the first time. This kind of words can be understood as modern words. In one case, it is completely different from the vocabulary used in modern times, and even the corresponding vocabulary cannot be found from modern Chinese. For example, "eunuch" is an official who served the emperor and his family with castrated and incapacitated people in ancient times. In ancient Chinese, there are other words with the same concept, such as temple man, eunuch, eunuch, official, official, official, eunuch, eunuch and so on. Due to the development of the times, eunuchs have disappeared. In addition, another meaning of "eunuch" is "the general name of officials" (such as Peacock Flying Southeast): "It is said that if there is a blue sword girl, there is a eunuch." However, modern government officials at all levels no longer have this title. Another example is the "Ancestral Temple" (the place where ancient emperors, governors or doctors and scholars sacrificed their ancestors, later called the royal family) and "Zhang Fu" (an ancient hat), all of which disappeared because of the disappearance of things. Words such as "Yue", "Search" and "Xu" have been replaced by words such as "Shuo", "Old Man" and "Instant". Although these content words are difficult to remember, they will not be confused with modern Chinese and can be remembered as new words. Another situation is that there are many words used in ancient and modern times, but the same part of the meaning is different, and the situation is complicated and difficult to master. These words are often listed as the focus of examination and need to be mastered with great efforts. We should focus on this kind of vocabulary. Look at the meaning of adding words in the following sentences:

α {① Contact with turpentine, wax and paper ash (trap).

(2) and fuck all risks (Battle of Red Cliffs).

(3) and take the name of its not dead zai ("Meihualing").

β {① General should drive in vain.

(2) I am willing to care (Storytelling)

(3) No longer care about interests (preface to the Southern Guide)

ε {① but sitting and watching Luo Fu (Shang Mo Sang)

(2) Directly upload the childe to sit ("Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao")

(3) Sit down and be shameless ("Orange Words")

The word "Mao" in group A has many meanings. In two sentences, it is no different from modern Chinese to express "rashness", "hypocrisy" and "impostor", while in the first sentence, it means "hiding", which is a big mistake.

The word "Gu" in the beta group is said to be "caring, caring and considering" in both sentences, which is no different from modern Chinese, but if the meaning of "visit" in the first sentence is interpreted in the present meaning, it will be a joke. "Gu" is also used as a turning conjunction in ancient Chinese ("promoting weaving": "it is useless to care about and store inferior things"). It is also rare in modern Chinese.

The word "left" in ε group is synonymous with modern Chinese except the second sentence (later written as "left"). The first sentence is "because" and the third sentence is "freely". The word "left" also has a completely different meaning from modern Chinese in classical Chinese.

For such content words, which are complex and difficult to master, we should combine the knowledge about the changes of ancient and modern meanings in textbooks, consult dictionaries frequently, and make more comparisons to prevent the misuse of modern meanings. At the same time, it should be noted that some disyllabic words that seem to be the same as modern Chinese are actually two monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese, and their meanings are often very different from modern Chinese. Please refer to the following table:

example sentence

Guyi

Common meanings today

The sound of intermediate force pulling and collapsing ("ventriloquism")

"Zhong" is a combination of the locative noun "Zhong" and the verb "Jian". Medium: medium; Between: mixed, read Jian

inside

Reconnaissance the enemy's itinerary (Feng Wanzhen)

"spy" is a combination of the noun "spy" and the verb "newspaper", which means: detective report.

Spy on the enemy

Only 100 skilled fighters (same as above).

"However": no more than. (Also used for two monosyllabic words)

Just, just

You are interested (ditto)

"Intention": A little intention. (Two monosyllabic words are used together)

On purpose, on purpose.

Wan Zhen then led the boy out (ditto)

"End": Get dressed. (Two monosyllabic words are used together)

Unable to continue.

The Art of Decent Meeting (Photo)

"Decent": it is the combination of "body" and "face". Body: stereoscopic. Face: plane

Glorious and beautiful; System, identity.

Traffic in the building, birds and dogs hearing each other (Peach Blossom Garden) and leaf viewing traffic (Peacocks flying southeast).

"Traffic": connection and intersection. (two words used together)

All kinds of transportation, post and telecommunications.

I didn't know there were Han people, whether in Wei and Jin Dynasties (Peach Blossom Garden) or abandoning their descendants (Huang Sheng borrowed books).

No matter: it is a combination of negative adverb "Wu" and verb "Lun", which means: don't say it, let alone say it.

Conjunction and table conditions are different, but the result is the same.

It is a composition to remember (Yueyang Tower)

Composition: Write an article. (Two monosyllabic words are used together)

An article written by a student as an exercise (and verb meaning)

Everything is the way it is ("Young China said")

Already: the combination of adverb "already" and verb "Jing" indicates that it has been experienced.

It is an adverb, indicating the completion of something or the passage of time.

I have the name of the Qing Dynasty, but not in fact ("uncle congratulates the poor"), but in fact a hundred times ("six countries")

In fact, the combination of demonstrative pronoun "Qi" and noun "Shi" indicates that the fact is the actual situation.

With a turning point to undertake the above, that is to say, the actual situation. adverb

In fact, it tastes different ("Yan Zi makes Chu")

Actually: fruit.

Is the general interested (Longzhong is right)

Intention: Have some intention. (two words used together)

deliberately

As for Tai 'an ("Climbing Mount Tai")

As for the verb "zhi" and the preposition "Yu". Meaning: arrive, arrive

The conjunction means to mention another thing.

Today's Qi is thousands of miles away (Zou Jifeng Wang Qiyi)

Location: It is a combination of nouns "land" and "square". Land: land, territory; Fang: Sir.

Refers to an area

The formation of three pillars (Battle of Red Cliffs)

Composition: It is a combination of the noun "Xing" and the verb "Cheng", which means that the situation is established.

Become something with a certain characteristic through development or change, or appear a certain situation or situation.

This is a bribe ("Remember Zhong Wang's official visit")

Right and wrong: the combination of demonstrative pronoun "yes" and negative adverb "no" means that this is not.

Often refers to right and wrong, or refers to the tongue.

The second son is calculating, and the public cannot do it. (same as above)

Mental arithmetic: a subject-predicate phrase consisting of the noun "heart" and the verb "rice", which means mental arithmetic.

stratagem

The general hit Hebei and the minister hit Henan. ("The Hongmen Banquet")

Hebei: North of the Yellow River Henan: South of the Yellow River

Hebei Province, Henan Province

Because of the long sentence, the song was given to them ("Pipa")

Because: the conjunction "because" is used with the verb "for" Reason: So, then. Pro: writing, working.

Conjunction, indicating the reason.

There are many things in the air (Shi Zhongshan)

Air: The middle is empty.

In the sky

I am also a concrete and implicit person (Yandang Mountain)

Specifically, the verb "ju" is used with the noun "ti". Tools: Yes. Body: form.

Not abstract or clear.

The behavior of our society is the first (inscription on the tomb of five people)

Behavior: The noun "Xing" is used with the verb "Wei". Good: people, nouns. Yes: become.

activity

Unusual ideas are hard to break. (same as above)

Very: The negative adverb "Fei" is used with the adjective "Chang". No, that's not true. Chang: Generally speaking.

Very, very, very

Why do you want to be born into the WTO ("plum blossom")

Why: The interrogative pronoun "He" is used with the adverb "Bi", which means: Why must it be?

An adverb expressing rhetorical mood, which means: unnecessary.

In addition to the examples listed in the table, there are some similar situations in middle school textbooks, such as the scholar in If there is a mistake on the wall, please point it out to Wang, the scholar in The Ancient Scholars Must Have a Teacher, the wisdom in The Lonely Wisdom, the autumn in The bleak autumn, and the one in Let's move forward together. . . . . . Look, people who study, wisdom and strength, autumn sky and dedication. They are two adjacent monosyllabic words and cannot be mistaken for a disyllabic word in modern Chinese.

To understand the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese, we should not only understand the phenomenon of different meanings in ancient and modern times mentioned above, but also master the knowledge of polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech, over-fake words and so on.

Polysemy is a common phenomenon in modern Chinese and ancient Chinese, which is the inevitable result of language development. Its formation is more complicated. If you do some research, you will find its regularity (or by extension, metaphor, metonymy, or borrowing, etc. Because the situation is complicated and difficult to master, it is not necessary to understand the meaning of each polysemous word one by one, so it does not require much effort. However, in the process of gradual learning and contact, we must carefully compare, sort out and accumulate some meanings of common notional words in order to master them as much as possible. Please look at an example:

"Lead" originally means "draw a bow". On the left is the "bow", and on the right is the nature of the symbol, indicating the position of the bowstring. Shuowen is interpreted as "opening the bow". For example, Mencius devoted himself to "a gentleman leads without firing, and it is difficult to chase a horse" (to lead without firing is to draw a bow and not shoot an arrow. Jump, such as: eager to try. )

When the bow is drawn, the shape changes, so it is elongated into "long" and "elongated". For example, "water is injected into the river" (there are often high apes whistling to attract sorrow. "It is also" stretching ",such as Zuo Zhuan's Thirteen Years of Success:" My King Gong Jing introduced the West ". It also means "continuation". For example, "The Book of Songs Little Chutz": "Children and grandchildren, don't replace them. "(Don't replace: Don't waste)

Opening the bow is to guide the strings and arrows to the rear, so the meanings of "leading" and "leading" are extended. For example, Ximen Bao Governing Leaves: "Irrigate people's fields with river water". "The Battle of Zi Zhi Tong Jian": "Cao Cao led the army to March from Huarong Road". Then he said, "Lead the army north." The "cited" in the three sentences all means "cited" and "guided".

From "pulling the bow" to the action of pulling, it means "pulling". For example, Biography of Historical Records of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "Left and right desires attract each other" means "hold" and "take", such as "Mr. Zhang Renmu led seven wolves to stab", and later extended to "take it as the basis and take it as the reason", such as Zhuge Liang's "example": "belittle yourself, raise your mind improperly, and take the road of loyalty and admonition."

Opening the bow is to pull the string and arrow backwards, so it extends backwards. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian Battle of Red Cliffs" said that "the first day of the war, he was not good at running the army, and led it to the north of the Yangtze River", and "The Legend of the Wolf in Zhongshan" said that "Mr. Wang caught it with his hands urgently, but fought hard to protect the donkey and then turned away" (and then turned around).

You see, a word "cited" has some connections and different meanings from different angles!

On flexible use of parts of speech. Flexible use of parts of speech means that the content words in classical Chinese temporarily change their original grammatical features in a specific language environment after entering the sentence, and once they leave the specific language environment, they are not applicable. Generally speaking, flexible use of nouns includes adverbials, flexible use of nouns as verbs and intentional use of nouns; Verbs are used flexibly as nouns, causative usage, intentional usage and passive usage of verbs; Adjectives are used flexibly as nouns, general verbs, causative verbs and Italian verbs; The flexible use of numerals as verbs and so on. Although there are many forms, it is much better to master than the ancient and modern different meanings and polysemy of notional words, because the former needs a lot of memory, just like memorizing loanwords, and the latter just needs to master the rules and learn to recognize them. Its laws can be gradually discovered and summarized in the learning process, and can also be directly verified and understood by researchers and teachers, so as to be familiar with and master it. Some of these laws are listed as follows:

Nouns are used flexibly as verbs:

(1) is used together. If they are not bound or modified, but dominate, the former noun is used flexibly as a verb. For example, the Fan Zeng Wang Xiang (marked with ") is a movable type, the same below).

Nouns are used before pronouns, and there are no other verbs as predicates. This noun is used flexibly as a verb. For example, reading a white paper is drilling candles.

There is a willing verb or adverb before a noun, which can be used flexibly as a verb. For example, if the alpha disk is fake, there will be no water and the river will be extinct. β Today's Arnebia euchroma, when there are no flowers, the roots are fresh and shiny.

(4) The noun before the complement is used flexibly as a verb when there is no verb. Such as: Pei Gongjun is dominant. (The preposition "Yu" is omitted after the word "Jun")

The following table lists the types and characteristics of nouns as adverbials:

type

structure

function

example sentence

Translation format

General nouns as adverbials

Comparative structure

Tabular features

With a sword and shield, you can be protected from attack.

like ...

(same)

Comparative structure

Table attitude

Qi will treat Tian Ji well and treat him warmly.

It seems to be treating. ...

Preposition structure

Observation tool

There is a man who likes many things and goes to this place by boat.

Take ... with you ...

Preposition structure

Tabular mode

You don't have to look at anything with your eyes or listen to it with your ears. Can you just guess whether it exists or not by subjective assumptions?

use ...

Preposition structure

Table position

Xiangruting scolded him.

in...

Time nouns as adverbial reduplication

Table time

Neighbor's birthday

Day by day (month, year)

Eat prepositional structure carefully and sometimes give a good gift.

Positional nouns as adverbials

Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing …

Table tends to take Hanzhong in the south and Bashu in the west. ...

from ..

The researchers summarized the four rules of using nouns flexibly as verbs and the types and characteristics of noun adverbials listed above. There are some rules in learning, which can be summarized according to the existing grammar knowledge. For example, in this sentence, four adjectives appear before the four pronouns "Qi", because pronouns are not modified by adjectives (in this case, conation). And so on: "First, the expropriation of the city, there is no such thing today, please handle it lightly" (Mencius Teng Wengong). XI: It refers to the ancient land tax law advocated by Mencius, that is, collecting one tenth of agricultural products. Imaz: This year. ), the adjective "light" appears before the pronoun "zhi", so "light" must also be used as a verb. This is causative usage. Righteousness means: less land tax, less city closure. The word "bitter" in Mencius Gao Zixia is an adjective, which also appears before the pronoun ("qi"), and also uses verbs flexibly. Here is the causative usage. As long as the law is mastered, it is not difficult to grasp the phenomenon of flexible use.

To learn notional words, we must also know some general fallacies, otherwise, we will encounter great difficulties in reading classical Chinese. The so-called common falsehood is the generalization and borrowing of homophones or similar words in ancient written language. There are two kinds of interchangeable characters: one is that because there are few ancient characters, they can't fully express their meanings. If necessary, it should be replaced by homophones according to spoken pronunciation, that is, the so-called "this book has no words, all by sound"; Second, books have their own characters. For the convenience of the moment, writers may borrow words with the same sound or similar sound, or words with fewer strokes instead of the quilt of words, and become interchangeable words. There are also homophonic Tongjia words (that is, two words have the same vowel). It should be noted that: ① in the middle school stage, ancient and modern characters are also regarded as public holidays. Such as "Mo", "Tong" and "Twilight" (Shi Zhongshan Ji): "To Mo jathyapple Ming") ② The so-called "homophony" and "homophony" refer to ancient sounds. There is a great difference between ancient sounds and modern sounds. For example, the phrase "falling into the army is a real long-term enemy" in "The Battle of Confusion" means "extermination". Judging from this sound, the sound and rhyme of the two words are different. Another example is that "interest" in the sentence "disciple's interest" in Ximen Bao and Ruling Ye means "urging", which also belongs to this situation.

There are some other knowledge to learn about the content words in classical Chinese. For example, the deviation of the meaning of disyllabic words and the problem of different pronunciations.

Partial meaning refers to a disyllabic word composed of two monosyllabic synonyms or antonyms, in which the original meaning of one morpheme becomes the meaning of this disyllabic word, and the other morpheme is only used as a foil. Such as: "working day and night" ("Peacock flies southeast"), "doing" and working; Rest, rest. Only "doing" works here, and "resting" is meaningless.

Different pronunciations mean that a word has two or more pronunciations. There are many different pronunciations, sometimes because of different meanings, such as "genus". Interpretation of ZH incarnation in Shao Hengshan Wen Shu ("Zhang Hengchuan") means "subordination and management". Sometimes the pronunciation is different due to different parts of speech, such as "clothes". As a noun, the pronunciation is yο. When used as a verb, it should be changed to yο ("clothes are all clothes οοοοοοοοοοοοο).

Sometimes reading is different because of the pass, that is, the pronunciation of loanwords should be read. For example, "Gentlemen are born different" ("Encourage Learning"), and "destiny" and "sex" are interlinked, so we should read "xìng" instead of "shēng". Sometimes, because they are proper nouns, including names, places, official positions, music, etc., they have different pronunciations. For example, "King Jing of Zhou has no shot" ("Shi Zhongshan Ji") has no shot, so it is pronounced as a witch rather than a witch society. Khan gives many soldiers (Mulan), Khan, read kàhàn instead of kà hà n.

Let's talk about function words in classical Chinese first.

The number of function words in classical Chinese is much less than that in real words. The exam instructions clearly point out that "understanding the general usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese" should be said to be easier to master than real words. However, compared with modern Chinese function words, the gap between classical Chinese function words and modern Chinese content words is bigger. Among the function words in classical Chinese, almost no word is exactly the same in ancient and modern times, and the usage is complex and the frequency of use is quite high. Therefore, while trying to learn content words, we can't ignore the learning of function words.

The knowledge of function words in classical Chinese has been systematically introduced in the knowledge and training of ancient Chinese units in high school Chinese textbooks. Except for the notes and exercises after each text, it can be mastered by combining the study of text sentences. Because the number of function words in classical Chinese is limited, list induction can also be used to help memory. It should be reminded that: ① Function words in classical Chinese are easily confused with homographs in modern Chinese. For example, the word "so" used in classical Chinese is often two monosyllabic function words "suo" and "one", which cannot be explained by the word "so" in modern Chinese. There are also "so" and "as for", which are often the combination of preposition "so" and pronoun "yes", verb "zhi" and preposition "Yu", and their meanings are absolutely different from those of the conjunctions "so" and "as for" in modern Chinese. ② There are many polysemy phenomena of function words in classical Chinese, and the situation is more complicated. Even if the same function word is used in the same paragraph, it has the same part of speech but different meanings. For example, there is a passage in the Book of Tea: "People ask them.

1, three-year-old female (Storytelling)

You and I fought a fair fight (Yugong Yishan)

3. If you don't have it, if you own it, you will be captured (Hongmen Banquet).

4. If you want to cook, you will be lucky to share a piece of me. (Historical Records. Biography of Xiang Yu)

5. I don't know! Zhongshou, the wooden arch of your tomb! (war of misunderstanding)

In these five sentences, "female", "ru", "ruo", "er" and "er" are the second personal pronouns.

"Examination Instructions" requires middle school students to understand the general usage of function words in classical Chinese. What are the common ones? * * * How much? There is no specific explanation. Some people have made statistics on the function words in classical Chinese in middle school textbooks. There are about 240 * * *, of which 83 repetitions exceed 10. Among them, 40 are the most commonly used and must be mastered. These 40 are: knowledge, intention, emotion, qi, health, philosophy, philosophy, Yu, Ze, Yi and Zi. Among these 40 commonly used function words, 25 are the most frequently used in middle school textbooks, and they are also difficult to learn and master one by one. These 25 are: wisdom, righteousness, Er, Ye, Qi, Wei, Yu, Zhe, Suo, He, Zi, Ran, Yes, Yan, He, Please, Sui, Cause, Or, Fu, Mo and Zhu, that is.

Second, mastering grammar rules is a key to open the door of classical Chinese.

Having mastered a certain number of notional words and function words in classical Chinese, it should be said that you have the basic conditions to understand classical Chinese, and you can really understand some sentences, because there is little difference between ancient and modern grammar, and the combination order of sentences is basically the same. If you really have a solid knowledge of modern Chinese grammar and can skillfully analyze various sentences, then 70% of commonly used sentence patterns in classical Chinese can be similar. But after all, there is a difference between ancient and modern times. For example, if you don't know the ancient Chinese knowledge of the preposition object, you can't translate "What's the crime of the Song people" ("Public gaffes") and "Don't give a feather, don't contribute" ("The Story of Qi Huan's Jinwen"). If the word order of modern Chinese is "hard translated", it will be translated into: "What is the crime?" "A feather can't be lifted, it's as easy as blowing off dust." This reminds people of Japanese who speak Chinese. Therefore, we should not only learn ancient Chinese grammar, but also study it seriously. Emphasis should be placed on the differences between ancient and modern grammar, that is, the so-called special sentence patterns different from modern Chinese. These special sentence patterns include: judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, special word order (preposition object, attribute postposition, subject-object postposition ...), some fixed formats and so on. This knowledge can be contacted one by one with the study of Chinese textbooks in middle schools. The following points need to be emphasized:

1. You can master classical Chinese sentence patterns with the help of function words. For example, "zhe" and "ye" are often used in judgment sentences; "zai" and "fu" are often used to express exclamation; Often used to express doubt, such as Hu, He, Evil, He, Awkward, Who, etc. "Zhi" and "Yes" are often used to express doubt; "Zhi" and "Shi" are often used as signs of inverted sentences and so on.

2. Starting from the comparison with modern Chinese, master the expression methods of various special word order sentences, and remember these forms on the basis of understanding. Remember one or two typical examples of each form for analogy judgment.

3. Memorize some fixed sentence structures. For example:

"Not so good ..."? This rhetorical question can be translated as "Isn't it ...? "(in which" one "only plays the role of strengthening tone and can be translated);

"Nothing ...? "I'm afraid ... or" Really ...? "；

"No ... almost (yeah)" means guessing and questioning tone, which can be translated as "isn't it?" "Can you stop ...? "or" I'm afraid ...? "；

"If ... he", "If ... he" and "Nai ... he" are all forms of expressing doubt, and they can all be translated into "What should I do?" "How about taking ...? ""How about ...? "；

"... which is better than ..." means "compared with" and can usually be translated as "compared with";

"Is it ...? "A guess or rhetorical tone can be translated as" probably ... ""Don't ...? "；

"Why ...? "A question or rhetorical question can be translated into" Why ...? "or" what ...? "；

"Yes …" and "No …", the former can be translated as "anything can be taken (used) to …", and the latter can be translated as "nothing can be taken (used) to …";

"You …" and "Wu …", in which "suo" is an auxiliary word and "suo …" is the object of "you …", so the former can be translated as "you …" and the latter can be translated as "you …".

Third, understanding the common sense of ancient culture is the only way to fully grasp the connotation of classical Chinese.

Language is the product of social politics, economy and culture. Classical Chinese. It is not only related to the source of word formation, the method of sentence pattern and the beauty of writing style, but also includes the theories of ancient philosophers, the changes of Yin and Yang, and even customs, patriarchal clan system, geography and mathematics, which are closely related to ancient history. Especially those who first entered our middle school textbooks are enduring chapters with richer and deeper connotations. Then, in order to accurately understand the meaning of China's ancient literature, it is impossible to have some common sense of ancient culture. In the process of learning ancient prose one by one, we should not only pay attention to the accumulation bit by bit, but also carry out necessary and systematic sorting, such as ancient official system, criminal law, imperial examination system, people's surname, name, number, honorific title and so on. Don't ask for too much complexity and detail, but have a general understanding.

There are still some important links in learning classical Chinese (such as reading aloud, which is very important), but also learning to break sentences and master translation methods. In order to improve reading level, meet the requirements of middle school syllabus and complete the task of learning classical Chinese in middle school, we must carry out multiple links and skills training at the same time.