Introduction to Louis XIV

Louis XIV was one of the kings of Bourbon in France. He reigned for 72 years, setting a record for the longest reign of the emperor in history. People call him one of the greatest kings in French history. The following is a brief introduction of Louis XIV that I collected. I hope it will help you.

Introduction to Louis XIV

Louis became king at the age of fourteen. But because of his young age, it was his mother who was really in power at that time. In the following eighteen years, the ruling power was controlled by Cardinal Masalin. In the five years after 1648, French stone throwers launched several large-scale riots, which made Louis XIV flee from Paris. At the same time, these riots had a great influence on young Louis XIV, and the city of Paris brought him an indelible shadow. After Masalin's death, Louis XIV really came to power. After he took office, he did not appoint a prime minister, but took power alone. Through a clever mind, France, caught in internal and external troubles, quickly became strong. Finally, the monarchy was established, and the kingship reached the peak of French history. This point was emphasized in the introduction of Louis XIV.

Later, Louis XIV appointed Bo Xilai as bishop to publicize the national prestige and consolidate the people's hearts, so that the French church and the upper class at that time completely surrendered to the French royal family. Attaching importance to talents and handing over diplomatic and state affairs to geniuses in all fields greatly improved France's national strength and made Bourbon dynasty prosperous. 1666, due to excellent military management ability, was handed over to Lu Fuwa. Since then, Louis XIV's army has been invincible, and France has become peaceful because of its strong military protection. Although Louis XIV later made a mistake in decision-making, the French treasury was in deficit.

The story of Louis XIV

Louis XIV was born in Saint-Germain on 1638. He was the son of Louis XIII and Queen Anna, and the story of Louis XIV began. Louis XIV was the western emperor of Kangxi's contemporaries, and people at that time respectfully called him "the king of the sun". He is one of the greatest emperors in French history, with two main contributions. First, he made France the most powerful country at that time. The second is to make French a common language. Louis XIV/kloc-became king at the age of 0/4, but at that time he had no right. He came to power after his mother and the cardinal came to power. Louis XIV reigned for 72 years and was the longest reigning monarch in the world.

Louis XIV not only reflected in politics, but also made great achievements in thought and economy. Ideologically, Louis XIV promoted and believed in Catholicism. Economically, he pursues mercantilism. According to records, during his 72 years in power, he only bathed seven times, which can even be said to be a quirk. However, whether this matter is true or not cannot be verified by later generations. But such a king who doesn't like bathing, his love story is quite perfect.

Louis XIV rose is produced in France and cultivated in 1859. It is named after the sun king and symbolizes the authority and dignity of flowers. The above is the story of Louis XIV. Everyone has two sides, so does Louis XIV as king. He had both good and bad sides, which led to his miserable life in his later years.

How did Louis XIV die?

Louis XIV was the third monarch of the French Bourbon dynasty, but when he died, the Chinese people were not too sad. All this has a lot to do with the age and reason of Louis XIV's death.

Louis XIV created a series of great achievements during his reign, which made him deeply loved by the people. He loved dancing, was healthy, and lived to be 77 years old. Louis/kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/44 and took power at the age of 23. During his fifty-four years in power, he integrated the power in the hands of nobles and implanted the divine right of monarchy into the hearts of the people. He used his literary skills to turn France into the most developed country in Europe at that time. Vigorously develop the country's military and diplomacy, and make French a common language of diplomacy. He brought great development to France's politics, art, architecture, army and comprehensive culture, and made France compete for hegemony in the European continent for a long time. So how did the popular Louis XIV die?

In fact, this famous gentleman, who is praised by everyone, also has many shortcomings of ordinary people, which are the direct reasons for his mistakes in the later period of his administration. Louis XIV was ambitious and launched a war to expand his territory. In his later years, he frequently launched wars, and finally his body was seriously worn out due to overwork. Two years after the war subsided, Louis XIV suffered from a serious skin disease. His body began to fester and smelled bad. One day after Louis XIV ascended the throne for 72 years, he died of illness.

The story of Louis XIV

Louis XIV, with his outstanding talent and martial arts, made the Kingdom of France the most powerful country in Europe at that time, made French the common language of European diplomacy and upper class for two centuries, and made himself one of the greatest monarchs in French history and the longest reigning monarch in the world history. Emperor Xi, who was contemporary with Kangxi, was honored as the "Sun King". 1638 On September 5th, Louis XIV was born in the Royal Castle of Saint-Germain. He is King Louis XIII of France and Queen Anna of Austria.

The eldest son). Louis succeeded to the throne of France in 1643, when he was a young child, and ruled France from then on until he died four days before his birthday in 17 15 at the age of 77.

Louis XIV became interested in ruling this country at the age of 22. To everyone's surprise, he is good at it. Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years. Because he plays Apollo, the sun god, he is called the sun god. He is one of the longest reigning monarchs in the world.

Louis XIV was regarded as a miracle at that time because his parents had not been married for 23 years.

The bronze statue of Louis XIV

Kid. At the age of four, he became king, and his mother, Anna of Austria, ruled for him, but from then on, Cardinal Masalin was the real ruler of France in 18. It was not until Jules Madzar-Ilan died in 166 1 that he began to lead the government. His rule is a typical example of autocratic monarchy in Europe.

During the 54 years of Louis XIV's rule, the king's power reached its peak. Politically, it advocates the supremacy of kingship, "I am the country", and creates a theoretical basis for the supremacy of kingship with "the divine right of kingship". Louis XIV imposed a high-handed policy on the nobles, canceled the right of the Paris High Court to criticize the king's decrees, refused to convene a three-level meeting of the kingdom, and ruthlessly suppressed the provincial nobles who dared to rebel; At the same time, the Palace of Versailles was completed, and big noble was called into the palace to serve the royal family. Louis XIV also sent "judicial, police and financial supervisors" to the provinces to rearm, expand the sources of troops, introduce new weapons and advanced technology, and control the dispatching power of the troops in the provinces in the hands of the central authorities. Ideologically, all subjects are required to believe in Catholicism Economically, Louis XIV handed over economic problems to colbert and promoted mercantilism.

With the support of the diplomatic achievements of Cardinals Armand Jean de plessy Li Sailiu and Mazar-e-Ran, Louis XIV established a baroque autocratic kingdom centered on him in France. He waged war, held lavish celebrations at Versailles, and sponsored the development of art and science to commemorate himself. With the help of ministers, such as Jean-Baptist colbert, he concentrated the whole French bureaucracy around him, thus enhancing the military, financial and institutional strength of the French king. The differences between him and the Pope, his persecution of Huguenots and the Spanish war of succession to the throne are all unfavorable events for his administration. In the later period of his rule, the French treasury was empty and on the verge of bankruptcy. 1660, Louis married spanish princess Marie-Therese; 1683, after Marie-Therese died, he married Fran? ois _ _ Aubigny, the marquis of Mantenon, who was lower than him. Louis lived longer than his son and grandson, and his great-grandson Louis XV succeeded him to the throne.

Louis XIV reigned for 72 years, the longest reigning monarch in the world since accurate history. However, the king did not bathe more than seven times.

When Louis was young, there was a massive riot in France, mainly aimed at Bishop Mashalin's policy. The riot may have a great influence on Louis, and he decided not to allow such riots to happen again.

Louis XIV's uniform

Louis XIV and his minister colbert were both believers in mercantilism. According to this theory, they accumulated a lot of precious metals in France. During his reign, France participated in four major wars: 1667 to 1668 for the Dutch heritage, 1672 to 1688 for the Netherlands, 1688 for the nine-year war with the holy Roman emperor,1688. These wars drained France's treasury and plunged the country into high debts.

The French government bought Martinique from private enterprises on 1674.

1689, Louis XIV promulgated the "Black Law", which allowed the slave trade in all French colonies.

Louis XIV expanded the territory of France before his death, making it the most powerful country and cultural center in Europe at that time. 17 and 18 centuries, French was the common language of European diplomacy and upper class. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the Russian upper class aristocrats spoke more French than Russian. But at the same time, France is heavily in debt and the French people live in poverty.

166 1 Louis XIV came to power when France was on the verge of bankruptcy. He promoted the development of commerce and the circulation of money through a large number of wars and court expenditures. At the end of his reign, it is estimated that half of France's tax revenue was spent on Versailles. In addition, a lot of money disappeared in the corruption of bureaucracy.

At that time, the taxes in France included commercial tax, salt tax and land tax. At that time, the outdated tax system in France stipulated that nobles and monks did not have to pay taxes, so the heavy tax burden fell entirely on farmers and the rising middle class. One of the reasons for the late French Revolution was dissatisfaction with the unfairness of the French tax system.

Colbert, the finance minister of Louis XIV, raised France's tax revenue by overcoming corruption and reorganizing bureaucracy, but these measures still failed to reduce France's huge debt.

Colby pursues mercantilism. He believes that the more wealth a country has, the better. The more wealth it has, the stronger its national strength will be. So he encouraged exports and restricted imports. Vigorously develop industry and commerce. These measures promoted the development of French economy. But this has led some countries to follow suit. Caused commercial competition. It is not conducive to social and economic development.

The construction of Versailles was one of Louis XIV's strategies to concentrate political power. Louis XIV completed the efforts of Li Sailiu and Masalin to establish a centralized and autocratic nation-state. He turned the nobles into members of his court and relieved them of their rights as local governors, thus weakening the power of the nobles. He built Versailles for this purpose. 1682 On May 6th, he moved into this huge palace on the outskirts of Paris. The rules of the court forced the nobles to pay huge sums of money for clothes. They must stay in the palace from morning till night to attend dances, banquets and other celebrations, which is part of court life. It is said that Louis XIV has an amazing memory. When he entered a hall, he could tell at a glance who was present and who was absent. Therefore, every nobleman who wishes to please the king must be present every day. These nobles all love France. Let them have no time to manage local problems and slowly lose local power.

Louis XIV was called "the king of the sun". Comparing the monarch to the sun may not only be because Louis XIV dared to shout "I am the world" and created the most prosperous period in French feudal history, but also because he set off a "golden" extravagant wind in the court, which spread all over France. From Versailles Palace, which is famous for its magnificence and luxury, to the huge palace expenditure equivalent to half of France's annual tax revenue, and then to the luxurious banquet held day and night in the magnificent palace, it is not difficult to imagine how rich and mouth-watering the French dining table in the 17th century was under the influence of such a "sunny" king. Let's go to the Palace of Versailles to attend the reception dinner hosted by Louis XIV, and feel the "luxury" dining culture in France during the Sun King period.

Today, the king invited 30 guests to dinner at Versailles Palace, which is not a small number, and these people are in high positions, including the emperor's chamberlain, the captain of the guard, the physician, the court priest and so on.

First of all, we need a table that can accommodate 3 1 person. The shape of the table is square, round, long or oval. 14 people are on the left, 14 people are on the right, the host is sitting in the upper seat, and the other two are sitting in the lower seat. The white tablecloth should not only cover the desktop, but also hang down to the ground on each side.

According to the fashion at that time, a pot of fresh soup with meat and vegetables should be placed in every corner of the dining table, a bowl rack should be placed between the four pots of soup, and a special big salt cup should be placed next to each pot of soup for seasoning. The middle of the table is filled with small salt cups and turntables for guests to help themselves. Guests can't eat with a flat plate, but with a deep soup plate, which is convenient for holding soup and allowing guests to get enough food at one time. If the guests don't get enough food because the plate is too small, they have to take it from the big plate again and again-after all, putting the spoon just taken out of their mouth into the big plate to get something may cause resentment among other guests. This rule only began to appear in the period of Louis XIV. /kloc-Before the mid-7th century, even for aristocratic families, friends' parties or family dinners, everyone always ate soup in a basin-to put it bluntly, they were still eating "big pot rice", which has not yet formed the habit of "sharing meals" in western food today.

The tableware used by the king is gold, and the princes and nobles use gold-plated tableware. Put the fork on the left side of the plate and the knife on the right. The order of placement is from the main seat to the lower seat. It is worth mentioning that the use of knives and forks became popular in the period of Louis XIV, but Louis XIV himself refused to use knives and forks, preferring to grasp things with his hands, and asked ministers who used knives and forks to grasp them with their hands when eating with him. The actions of using a knife and fork are all aggressive, such as cutting and stabbing. Unlike chopsticks, it mainly depends on grasping and clamping, but on clever strength and gentle movements, which is very different from the potential aggression of knives and forks. Perhaps because Louis XIV was worried that the knife and fork on the table would become a threat to the throne, there was no knife and fork on the table at Versailles.

After the pre-meal preparation, a meal ceremony will be held, which was stipulated by the Sun King in 166 1 and was not abolished until after Louis XVI. The ceremony was held in the front hall of the king's bedroom. All guests attending the banquet must dress neatly and line up at the table. Only a few high-ranking women can sit still. Staff and servants are waiting to be sent. If the dinner is announced to the public in advance, the ceremony will be more grand and the dishes will be richer, so as to set an example for the public and show the dignity of the emperor.

At this time, Manager Wang shouted, "Let's share the meat given by the king!" "Then with a clarinet decorated with Jin Baihe blow out a few tones, announced the official start of the dinner.

The servant served each guest a dish. And exquisite dishes. The first course should be given to the first guest on the right hand side of the host, and the second course should be given to the first guest on the left, first right and then left, to show that the guest on the right hand side has a higher status. Chinese cuisine is the first course of this dinner: delicious meat soup, elaborate meat stuffing or rich bread soup. Eating soup first is very similar to the habit of Cantonese people. The host usually prepares two or three different soups, such as nutritious soup, "queen" soup, and shrimp soup with old soup stock. In addition to delicious soup, there are several ingredients such as minced meat, artichokes, mushrooms and bread for guests to enjoy. Bread must be big enough for a man with a big appetite, and even a crust for a woman to dip in soup. And the king's bread is always much softer than others', because Louis XIV's teeth are very bad. At this time, you will find that some guests drink queen soup, and some guests drink shrimp soup with old soup sauce. It's not that the servant made a mistake, but a popular practice in17th century-half of the guests ordered the "Queen" soup, and the other half ordered the shrimp soup with the old soup sauce, and then changed it to another one after drinking it. Different soups with different meat fillings can also be eaten with bread, which is generally light and has a strong taste.

Before serving the second course, the servant must put on a new set of tableware for each guest and hand over a wet towel to wipe his hands, which is a necessary procedure before serving. The second course also belongs to the first course, which is a hodgepodge. The food is mainly small pieces of barbecue, hot pies, buns, ham, sausages, sausages and fruits as appetizers. A big plate full of food will never be placed in front of a more distinguished guest, because it will block the guest's line of sight and make it inconvenient for him to pass food or talk to others.

It was not until the third course that the banquet really reached its climax. Beef, veal and mutton can all be the protagonists of the third course, which is usually baked, boiled or made into meat stuffing. The popular mutton at that time was considered "tasteless" and could not be served on the table. If it is a barbecue, put oranges, lemons or olives in the middle of the meat to make the barbecue more delicious, oily but not greasy.

The next barbecue is mainly made of birds. Swan, crane and heron, which were popular in the Middle Ages, were replaced by pigeons, chickens and ducks in Louis XIV. Rouen in northwest France keeps ducks for the king, while Le Mans keeps chickens. In order to make these poultry taste more delicious, some plant spices should be added to the food when feeding.

Of course, fish are indispensable in the banquet: the most popular river fish are salmon and trout, while the marine fish are cod and flounder. Fish is loved by the French, not only because its meat is delicious, but also because it is the only "meat" that can be eaten on fasting day. Louis XIV was a devout Catholic, so he stipulated that he must fast every Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and other religious festivals. On fasting days, he can only eat one meal after evening prayers, and he also forbids all meat and alcohol. As the saying goes, "there are policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom", some clever chefs have come up with a way to turn fish into meat, which is euphemistically called "vegetarian meat".

Cold cuts are the sixth course of dinner. Vegetable salad with colorful jellies in the middle of the table looks good. Commonly used vegetables are mushrooms, cabbages, artichokes, chrysanthemums, and small peas that Louis XIV likes very much. But why are there no potatoes? That's what the French must eat at every meal now. In fact, potatoes were not elegant in Louis XIV's time. Only in Louis XV's time did potatoes have a place on the table.

Fruit is the last course of the banquet. Exquisite fruit baskets, all kinds of liquid or solid jams, fennel beans wrapped in different flavors of sugar coating, small almond cakes that are deeply loved by the French, and chocolates that have become popular in France are waiting for you. Chocolate entered France in the16th century, when Louis XIII. Because the queen of Louis XIV loved this kind of food very much, the "Sun King" with unhealthy teeth was persuaded by her to allow the import of cocoa beans, the raw material for making chocolate. Louis XIV called chocolate "food that deceives the stomach".

Speaking of now, you may feel something is missing. Wonderful dishes seem to lack a very important collocation? Yes, we haven't mentioned wine, the proudest treasure of France. How could such a sumptuous dinner be without her? During the period of Louis XIV, the best red wines came from Burgundy, Oszer and Kurange. Moreover, the palace banquet must use wine aged for more than four years. Liqueur and frozen wine were also Louis XIV's favorites. Because a Lord suggested to Louis XIV that women drink more alcoholic beverages than men, in order to control excessive drinking, coffee began to become a banquet drink and became popular during this period.

After dessert and drinks, dinner is over. However, Louis XIV did not simply entertain his guests with a meal, which would be beneath the king's status. After enjoying this delicious meal, the king who likes to have a "party" will invite all the guests to a grand dance. "Prosperity" must be explained by complicated etiquette, abundant food, luxurious ostentation and extravagance, and noisy sleepless nights. Otherwise, isn't the phrase "I am the world" just a name?

Louis XIV, the editor of this paragraph, believes that in order to gain supreme power, he must unify the religious beliefs of the French. So he put pressure on Protestants. In particular, the decree of 1685 Fontainebleau is ill-fated. In this way, he overthrew 1598, the Amnesty decree issued by King Henry IV of France. After the decree was promulgated, the Huguenot church was destroyed and the Protestant school was closed. Louis's orders forced many Huguenots to emigrate, most of them went to Holland, Prussia, England and America. This is a historic mistake, because many of these fugitives are excellent craftsmen, and their skills are also exiled. These exiles brought great wealth to the countries they arrived in. For Louis and his archbishop, a unified France is a Catholic France. There is a bronze statue of him in front of the entrance of the Louvre in France.

In France, Louis XIV was respected for making France strong, but his unpredictable war bankrupt the French national economy, and he had to constantly strengthen the tax requirements for farmers. Alexis de tocqueville, a French historian, believes that this heavy tax, his reduction of aristocratic power and the dissatisfaction of citizens without political power are the political, social and economic reasons that led to the 1789 French Revolution.

Editor's Interaction Louis XIV and Kangxi of Qing Dynasty lived almost at the same time. They were in power for a long time from the middle of17th century to the beginning of18th century. They are famous for their martial arts in literature and governance, and they all acceded to the throne when they were young. Even, there is an old minister in power.

The difference is that after Kangxi ascended the throne at the age of 8, it didn't take long for him to design and capture Ao Bai alone. After Louis ascended the throne at the age of 14 or 15, he didn't really take power until he was 23, and his old minister Jules Masalin died of natural causes.

After leading the government, Louis XIV also made some achievements: he implemented the autocratic rule of "I am the country" and adopted the mercantilist policy to promote the development of industry and commerce; Launched four major wars, expanded France's territory and made it the most powerful country in Europe at that time; The completion of the Palace of Versailles, the establishment of the French Academy of Oil Painting and Sculpture, the French Academy of Sciences and the French Institute of Architecture have trained a large number of literary giants such as Moliere, the founder of classical comedy, and Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, making France replace Italy as the center of European literature and art.

More interestingly, Louis XIV sent envoys to Kangxi. They brought 30 boxes of scientific instruments, such as HunTianqi, and they presented Cinchona cream to cure Kangxi's malaria. They helped Kangxi negotiate the northeast border between China and North Korea, and they participated in drawing the first modern national map in history, Panorama of the Imperial Capital.

Louis XIV even wrote a personal letter to Kangxi.

Of all the emperors in China, Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty was undoubtedly the one who liked to study science the most. On the other hand, Louis XIV was obsessed with dancing.

Kangxi's obsession with science reached the point where doctors had to persuade him to influence his health. Louis XIV, on the other hand, went into battle alone and starred in 265,438+0 ballets. A courtier even worried that the king would get sick because of excessive practice.

Of course, one thing Kangxi didn't do-Louis XIV was regarded as a miracle at that time, because his parents had been married for 23 years and had no children, and Louis XIV himself lived longer than his son and the oldest grandson, so his successor would be his great-grandson Louis XV.

Louis XIV's consanguineous marriage is a veritable consanguineous marriage, not only close relatives, but also relatives, because his aunt married his uncle, and he married his uncle and his aunt's daughter as the queen, that is to say, his uncle became his father-in-law and his aunt became his mother-in-law; For Queen Mary Torres, her uncle became her father-in-law, her aunt became her mother-in-law, and Louis XIV was only five days older than her cousin Mary Torres. Louis XIV and his cousin Mary Torres gave birth to three boys and three girls, three of whom died that year, the other two lived for three years, one lived for five years, and only the eldest son, the Crown Prince, lived to be 50 years old. Louis of France, the son of the Crown Prince, lived only 30 years old, so when the great sun king fell, he had to pass the throne to his great-grandson Louis XV, who was only 5 years old.

Louis XIV and his mistress have four men and two women, in addition to three illegitimate children and an illegitimate daughter.

Edit this passage of court personnel in Louis XIV's time. Louis XIV abolished the prime minister and personally selected six ministers. These six ministers advised the king, and the final decision was made by Louis XIV himself.

Although the generals of the navy and army were also court officials, Louis XIV chose 8000 men from the best French army to defend Versailles. At that time, there were court officials and sculptors in Versailles.

Editor's note: Louis XIV and his queen had three men and three women, but all of them died young except the prince. Besides, he has 16 recognized adopted sons, but he and his ordinary wife have no children.

The influence of editing this passage on the enlightenment era rewarded Montesquieu, Voltaire and many other politicians and other economists for their political thoughts.

Influence on the French Revolution In France, Louis XIV was respected for making France strong, but his unpredictable war made the French national economy bankrupt, and he had to constantly strengthen the tax requirements for farmers. Alexis de tocqueville, a French historian, believes that this heavy tax, his reduction of aristocratic power and the dissatisfaction of citizens without political power are the political, social and economic reasons that led to the 1789 French Revolution.

Louis XIV was a short man with a height of about 154cm, so he was very dissatisfied with his height and felt that his position did not match his height. So he called a shoemaker, and when he made shoes for him, he put a thick heel on his heel, forming the first pair of high heels in the modern sense.

Edited this passage and made scientific contributions to Louis XIV. He made some suggestions:

1. The idea of electricity and electricity storage comes from analyzing marine elements and looking for substances suitable for power generation.

2. Encourage experiments to burn suitable metal wires and replace candles with metals; Affect Edison.

3. Use weapons to understand the characteristics of various metals, even the density and so on.

4. Study tidal phenomena and atmosphere.

5. Also remind the scientific community to legislate to respect individual intellectual property rights and inventions.