Admission ticket ancient admission ticket

The Qing soldiers who were furious stood in front of the entrance of the imperial examination admission ticket, and the candidates entered with "tickets" one by one. Every seat in the test shed has a seat number. In order to find the seat number, candidates look for seats according to the "seat number manual" and "floating ticket" they received, which were the "test number" and admission ticket at that time.

An ancient "admission ticket" collected by Mr. Cao, a Tibetan friend, has the candidate's name, seat number and seal number written on it, and the center is stamped with the seal of Manchu-Chinese bilingual test center. The top is marked with the words "Floating tickets will be taken out by themselves when handing in the papers". The most amazing thing is that the candidate's figure, appearance and skin color are clearly recorded on the form. The admission ticket for the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty was called "The Examination Paper of the Academy of Sciences", which was used in the examination for scholars in the Qing Dynasty. Candidates need to receive the "Statement of College Examination Paper" in person before going to the exam. When you go to the exam, you need to "take the ticket when you call the roll" and "no one can enter without a ticket" to take the exam.

Imperial examination is an important part of imperial examination management, and it is also an important content of imperial examination legal culture in Qing dynasty, just like the college entrance examination admission ticket now, but it is more complicated than now. When taking the provincial examination, the local government will register with the county government to take the provincial examination. The content is that each scholar who takes the provincial examination must have two bodyguards. This museum has such an original woodcut printed yearbook, which is from Shanxi Province.

In the Qing Dynasty, students had to pass three levels of examinations, namely, the township examination, the general examination and the palace examination. Each level of examination had "admission tickets" with different formats and contents.

Tongzhi for nine years, 1870, as shown in the picture, is the "admission ticket" for the provincial imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty. This ticket is 25× 15cm long and is a trapezoidal box. At the top of the box, the word "Juan Piao" is written, and the red seal of "Zi Yue Lu" is covered between the two words. At the bottom of the box is written: Tang Cheng, Shuntian Village, is responsible for issuing the examination papers. It has been shown that students taking several subjects in Shuntian Township, Wu Geng this year should take the examination papers. Today, according to Baoding Qingyuan, I am attached to Huo Ruhuai.

According to the convention, the imperial examination admission ticket in the Qing dynasty is to be taken back when entering the examination room. For some reason, it still exists among the people. Although it has experienced the historical vicissitudes of 137 years, it is well preserved and precious. It is not only the material evidence of the imperial examination system in Qing dynasty, but also of reference value to the study of the imperial examination system in Qing dynasty.

This admission ticket is about 40 cm long and 20 cm wide, and it is called "Examination Paper Collection for College Entrance Examination". It shows that the candidate is Li Rong, a well-educated teenager who lived in Xiajia, Huayang County, Chengdu during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. He was sent by the education management department of Huayang County Government at that time (around Chunxi Road today) half a month before the exam. Zhou Xiguang, head of Chengdu Collectors Association, said that the original intention of the word was to gain fame. It can be seen that Li Rong, who was only a teenager at that time, was destined to run for his career from the day he was born. This admission ticket not only says Li? The names of Rong's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, teacher and neighbor also need two guarantors to guarantee the students' reference, so that candidates can check their true identities when they receive the examination papers. Like almost all exams now, ancient Jinshi had to go through a registration procedure before taking the imperial examination. Since the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination has allowed scholars to enter the examination freely, without the recommendation of dignitaries or the need to investigate the family background of scholars. Candidates only need to take the materials that can prove their identity and go to the state or county government where they were born to register for the exam, which is called "self-promotion". The so-called "family" here is the identification materials, mainly including the place of origin, the names of parents, my age, appearance and so on. Of course, the imperial examination system allows scholars to enter the exam freely, not without any restrictions, unconditionally allowing scholars to enter the exam, but it also makes some restrictive provisions for candidates to enter the exam:

First of all, there are clear requirements for candidates' life experiences. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that industrialists and businessmen and county government officials were not allowed to take the imperial examinations. In the Song Dynasty, talented industrialists and businessmen, "sage" and others were qualified to apply. Because people who want to take the imperial examination are considered talented, there is basically no such restriction in the actual operation process. According to the regulations of Ming and Qing Dynasties, the children of prostitutes (prostitutes), actors (actors), officials (bureaucrats) and soap (military servants) all belong to those with impure origins, and their children have to wait for three generations to enter the examination. These requirements for identity are also based on the reality of selecting civil servants in the imperial examination. On the one hand, because the scholar can shine the lintel once and for all, the door of the scholar's house can be three inches higher than the average person. In most dynasties, his ancestors were three generations and immediately made public. If his net worth is not clean enough, it will not only embarrass the scholar himself, but also affect the lofty position of the imperial examination system in the eyes of the people. On the other hand, most of the talents selected through the imperial examination should become officials of the ruling party. They are not only responsible for handling government affairs, but also for hearing various cases, that is, as judges. If their origins are tainted, it will be difficult for them to establish prestige in front of the people when dealing with official duties in the future. According to the provisions of the imperial examination, it is a serious illegal act for people from impure backgrounds to take part in the imperial examination and should be severely punished.

Secondly, candidates are required to return to their original places to apply. Since the Song Dynasty, in order to coordinate the proportion of candidates who should be promoted in various places and facilitate the investigation of their origins and moral quality, candidates are generally required to apply in their native places. However, due to some differences in cultural levels in different places, the degree of competition among government, government, sub-school and township examinations is not the same. Some candidates will pretend to be their native place in order to take the exam in areas with relatively low competition and high admission rate. This is the so-called "impostor". This situation still exists in our current college entrance examination. Candidates from provinces with large population and relatively few colleges and universities often use various channels to move to areas with relatively backward culture or relatively concentrated colleges and universities, in order to avoid fierce competition in this area and get into more ideal colleges and universities. We now call it "college entrance examination immigrants". Cheating has always been the object of severe punishment in imperial examination discipline. Once candidates are found cheating, they are not allowed to take the exam again for life, and local government teachers and scholars are guaranteed to be punished together.

Finally, a statement is needed. At present, most exams need to take digital photos to avoid the occurrence of substitute exams. And now the information is very developed, you can query the candidates' files through the established text files or databases. In the ancient society with underdeveloped science and technology, the appearance of candidates can only be described by some basic characters, mainly including height, skin color and beard. Other identity materials are basically filled in by candidates and reviewed by local officials, so be sure to be clear. Generally speaking, there are two forms of knot: one is that candidates guarantee each other, and five candidates who take the exam at the same time guarantee each other, also known as "five-child knot"; Another form is that a formal college student serves as a referee and signs a letter of guarantee, that is, a certificate, which is called "recognizing insurance" or "distributing insurance". In this way, candidates will be implicated in any fraud in registration and examination, and those who apply for insurance or send insurance will be punished by demotion or even imprisonment.

In addition, all previous imperial examinations stipulated that Jinshi with bad conduct, criminal record, wearing mourning clothes and women were not eligible to apply. It should be said that although there are some contradictions between these regulations and allowing candidates to take the exam freely, these restrictive regulations will not fundamentally deny the freedom of taking the imperial examination, because the number of candidates involved in these restrictive regulations is very limited, and most Jinshi can still take the exam freely. For most exams, you must have an admission ticket, and the photos of the candidates must be attached to the admission ticket so that the invigilator can verify the authenticity. But in ancient times, before the invention of photography technology, the admission ticket was mainly based on the "appearance book", which wrote the appearance characteristics of the candidates, and the understanding of the words in the appearance book was often inconsistent, which made many jokes.

Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to the incomplete rules and chaotic management of the examination room, some candidates tried their best to cheat fame, which became more and more serious. After Daoguang arrived in the Qing Dynasty, in order to prevent fraud, dozens or even hundreds of soldiers were sent to sit in the high-rise overlooking room (that is, the examination room) every autumn exam. Room 1 is generally a single room, and rooms 1 are not connected with each other. When someone is found cheating in room 1, soldiers can enter and bring the cheaters to justice. But these soldiers are called supervision and inspection. In fact, many of them are paid fraudsters. It turns out that some Juren put on their number jackets and then entered the monitored room to write articles, while others used Bing Yong's special status of unimpeded entry to deliver articles written by others. So, at that time, the North Korean school came up with a unique trick-to verify the identity with a "face book" (that is, an admission ticket) before entering the room.

In fact, it is not absolutely necessary to say "absolutely" because photography was not invented at that time, and the admission ticket simply outlines the appearance characteristics of the candidates and describes the appearance characteristics of the candidates in words. For this reason, Hu Xilu, then an academic officer in North Korea, played a joke when he visited Jiangsu. It is said that Hu Xilu's people have always been determined to do things, and there is no doubt. Sometimes they like to walk into a dead end. In order to take the exam seriously, Hu thought it was very important to check the "face book", so he personally presided over the exam. During the inspection, all candidates with "beards" are regarded as imposters and are not allowed to enter.

During the inspection, Hu also reviewed them one by one. As a result, the candidate with "slight beard" was dismissed, and the candidate refused to accept it and had a dispute with Hu. "Micro-beard" candidates said: "Adults are patrol examiners, but I didn't know that the word" micro "has many meanings such as" tiny ","slight ","declining "and" inscrutable ".

Before the "micro-beard" candidates finished, Hu was furious and scolded, "Don't you know how to make a micro-beard when you are studying?"

"Micro-beard" examinee answered unhurriedly, "In your opinion, Confucius once went out incognito, which means that Confucius stripped off his clothes and went out. What a scandal! What's more, Emperor Qianlong went to Jiangnan several times. What's the explanation? "

Hu Bei's "micro-beard" candidate was speechless, especially "Ganlong traveling incognito", which is well known. If we follow our own explanation, the consequences will be unimaginable ... Hu was awed by this and hurriedly ordered the "face book" to be re-examined. Cancel the "something for nothing" order for candidates.