Historical evolution of Japan

Main entry: Japanese history The confirmed human history on the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 365,438+ten thousand years ago.

About 12000 years ago, because of the end of the last ice age, it began to heat up sharply, which greatly changed people's culture and life, and the whole island entered the next rope age. About1.20 thousand years ago, it began to be called the rope age. It can be divided into six periods: early stage, early stage, middle stage, late stage and late stage. At this time, people made rope pottery and settled in the early days. Most of them live in semi-basement houses (vertical caves). Use bow and arrow hunting, shellfish burial fishing, plant collection and other commercial life, use stone tools, grinding stone tools, bone horns and so on. It is also cultivated, and rice is planted in the later period to the next year.

In Japanese mythology, Emperor Jimmu, a descendant of Zhao Tian, the sun god, founded Japan in 660 BC and ascended the throne. During the Yayoi period, with the migration of immigrants, pottery, iron, copper and paddy fields appeared in Japan in the early Yayoi period, making Japan gradually become an agricultural society. In the middle of Yayoi, the slave king of Kyushu paid tribute to the Han Dynasty and was given a golden seal.

In the second half of the 2nd century, civil wars were frequent in small countries. It was not until the middle of the 3rd century that a huge "Yamato State" emerged. After a long period of expansion, it gradually conquered most parts of central Japan. Its leader was originally called "Wang" and later renamed as the emperor. The distribution of ancient graves in the ancient grave era is basically all over the southern part of Honshu Island, mainly in the Yamato Basin in Nara and Osaka, but not in Hokkaido. The tombs in this period are huge caves and mounds with trenches around them, and the tomb system in the form of "front and back circles" is the most representative. The tomb is surrounded by hollow clay sculptures. These tubular earth dolls may be used for mourning. They are called "shovel wheels". It costs a lot of money to build these tombs, and only a few ruling classes can afford it. By 20 13, a total of 7 1 tombs were found, with keyhole-shaped tombs being the most common. The Dashan Tomb in Osaka, also known as "Emperor Rende's Mausoleum", is known as the largest ancient tomb in the world.

There were many bronze mirrors, jewels and other objects in ancient tombs. In the later period, there were weapons and armor in the ancient tombs. Ancient tombs can be divided into early, middle and late periods. Since the 8th century, cremation has become popular, and ancient tombs have gradually declined, opening the era of Buddhist architecture. Japan's earliest history book, Ancient Japanese Stories and Records, was also compiled at this time, thus entering the historical era of Japan. Asuka period was named after torii in Nara Prefecture (now Asuka Village, then the capital of Fujiwara). Buddhism spread through Baekje during this period. In 587, Sue defeated the Ministry of Sports and gained control of the imperial court.

In 592 A.D., a royal woman who was related by marriage to the Su family ascended the throne and became Emperor Tugu. She nominated Shoto Kutaishi (Prince of Stairs Gate) as Regent and carried out political reforms centered on strengthening imperial power. Shoto Kutaishi has formulated the twelfth-order crown and seventeen constitutions; At the same time, envoys and international students were sent to study in the Sui Dynasty. Su I entered Luyi and killed his son, the prince of northern Shaanxi. In 645, the eldest brother Prince (Emperor Tianzhi) and Nakatomino Kamatari (Fujiwara Sickle Foot) conspired to assassinate Su I and entered Luyi, ending Su I's dictatorship. In the same year, Emperor Kotoku acceded to the throne, issued a new imperial edict to reform Dahua, and promoted Dahua's innovation.

In 672, Emperor Tianzhi died, and his son, the Prince of Judah, succeeded him as Emperor Hong Wen. Prince Hailmann, the younger brother of Emperor Tianzhidi, competed with him for a position, and war broke out. This is the famous Renshen rebellion in history. In 7 10, the Yuan and Ming emperors moved their capital to Pingchengjing, and the Asuka period ended. After the Yuan Dynasty of Kamakura shogunate settled the Ping family, it established the era of Wu regime with Kamakura as the national political center. It started in 1 185 (the first year of Wen Zhi) and ended in 1333 (the second year of Zhengqing and the third year of Justin), lasting 149 years. There were other theories: 1 180, 1 183, 1 192 (Yuan Laichao was appointed as a foreign general).

Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan invaded Japan twice during the reign of North Island. In the later period, tokugawa era gradually declined and could not be maintained. Finally, Daigo and his troops were defeated by the general and Ueno clan. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, after Daigo destroyed the Kamakura shogunate, he resumed the kingship for the first time and implemented the New Deal, which was known as the Jianwu New Deal in history. Ashikaga and forced Go Daigo to abdicate. The new emperor Guangming appointed him as the general to conquer foreign countries in the Northern Dynasties. After Daigo abdicated Weiqi, he retreated to Yoshino (now Nara Prefecture) of Yamato with three artifacts symbolized by the Emperor, which was used by the Southern Dynasties and finally formed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Ashiki of Muromachi shogunate was originally a noble family in Ueno, and also a relative of the general of Kamakura shogunate, Xuan Chilai. Zumu opened a shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto to serve the Muromachi shogunate. The unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was carried out by the third generation general ashikaga yoshimitsu, who attempted to usurp the throne after reunification. But after his death, the fourth generation general Ashikaga Yoshimochi stopped it. In order to deal with the Southern Dynasties, Ashikaga had to set up a shogunate in Kyoto and a mansion in Kamakura, which led to chaos in Kanto. When Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth generation general, was in power, Ren Ying rebellion broke out because of the issue of inheritance, and the authority of the shogunate went from bad to worse. The name of Wei, which was originally sealed by the shogunate in various places, was gradually usurped by Wei Dai (adjutant), retainer and Chinese people, and some of them were able to maintain political power until the Warring States Period. From Ren Ying's rebellion to the demise of Ashikaga shogunate, it is called the Warring States Period. In the first year of Tianzheng in the period of Antu Taoshan (1573), Noshin Oda exiled the last general Ashikaga Yoshiaki, and the Ashikaga shogunate was declared dead. Later, he gradually became the most powerful military leader in China and began to actively expand his ruling territory. Until the tenth year of Tianzheng (1582), Takeda, a famous Jiafei, was wiped out, Feng Jingen and the East China Sea were almost completely controlled, and his sphere of influence expanded to China, Jiaxinyue, Shikoku and Hokuriku. At this time, the actual political center of the country also moved to Oda clan in Antu city. In the same year, Akechi Mitsuhide launched the change of Beneng Temple, and Oda Noshin died (or disappeared). His eldest son, Oda Governor Oda Nobutada committed suicide after losing to Akechi Mitsuhide, and the whole Oda clan immediately fell into chaos.

1584, a battle broke out between Yukio Hatoyama and Tokugawa Ieyasu, a local famous soldier in the East China Sea. After some confrontation, the two sides reconciled and formed an alliance. In the same year, Dabancheng was completed, and Yukio Hatoyama took this as a base area and began to plan for the reunification of the country. After four large-scale Crusades, 1590 was given the surname of Toyotomi Hideyoshi by the Emperor, completing the unification of the whole country. 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, and the whole country fell into chaos again. The period from 1603 (the eighth year of Keio) to 1867 (the third year of Keio) is called the edo period, and the edo shogunate was established in Edo. As soon as politics is stable, the economy will develop. In the era of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the economy was prosperous, and Luyuan culture prevailed among businessmen and citizens. In the middle of Edo, the shogunate's finance was in trouble, and Tokugawa Jizong implemented the security reform to temporarily restore the finance, but it deteriorated again.

At the end of the year, the shogunate was forced to establish the country by European and American countries, and the unequal treaties such as the Japan-US Kanagawa Treaty were signed through matthew perry's voyage to the West, which led to the split of the locked country. With the prosperity of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the thought of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries, the assassination of the shogunate and the baby-racing war made the authority of the shogunate plummet. In the end, Tokugawa Yoshinobu returned the political power and territory to the imperial court one after another, which is called "the return of major policies" in history. Meiji period (1868- 19 12) is called Meiji period.

After the ancient imperial edict and Chen Wu War, the imperial government of Meiji Japan was established by supporting imperial governors. The old vassals had a hard life under the New Deal, which turned into a southwest war, and then gradually restored order.

The new government actively introduced European and American systems, abolished vassals and set up counties. These reforms were called the Meiji Restoration. On the one hand, the new government established the state system, such as the establishment of the Imperial Parliament and the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire; On the one hand, it has rapidly developed into a modern country under the impetus of the national policy of cultivating industry and strengthening military strength (making Qiang Bing a rich country). In addition, 1879 got its hands on Ryukyu, a tributary country of the Qing Dynasty, and changed it to Okinawa Prefecture. Japan also won the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, occupied Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands (including Diaoyu Island) through unequal treaties such as the treaty of shimonoseki, and seized the southeast. 19 10 annexed South Korea.

Culturally, Japan introduced new knowledge and art from Europe and America; With the individualistic novels that never appeared in Japan, literature began to appear, and a culture different from that before the Edo era began to appear. Religiously, it has changed the phenomenon of the confluence of gods and Buddhists (separation of gods and Buddhists) in the past, and there has been a movement to suppress Buddhism (abolishing Buddhism and destroying Buddhism) and so on. Taisho period (19 12- 1926) is called Taisho period. Emperor Meiji died in 19 12, and Zi Jiaren succeeded to the throne, which was the Taisho era. In the first year of Taisho, the first constitutional protection movement (namely Taisho Democratic Movement, Japanese: Taisho デモクラシー) was triggered by the collapse of the army, and party politics began to appear.

In the early period of Taisho era, there was World War I, which was the peak of Japan's national strength since Meiji Restoration. However, in 192 1 year, Emperor Taishō was regent by Prince Hirohito due to illness, and the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred in 1923. After World War I, Japan was losing ground in international peace conferences, and Japan's life became more and more difficult.

Powerful people and political parties constantly struggled, and the second constitutional movement took place and universal suffrage was implemented (1925). Saionji Kinmochi, the only veteran, recommended the Prime Minister and advocated "the normal way of constitutionalism".

192665438+On February 25th, Emperor Taishi died and Crown Prince Hirohito succeeded to the throne, which was the Showa era. During the First World War, Japan's economy developed rapidly. The domestic political situation overthrew the imperial army for the controlled soldiers, thus mastering the military and political power. Since then, due to the idea of controlling soldiers to change the country's political system from the outside to the inside, Japan has launched a large-scale aggression against East Asian countries, including China. Japan became the main aggressor in the Far East and the Pacific in World War II.

1On August 5th, 945, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces.

Political parties mushroomed after the war. The collapse of the Coalition government. Ji Tianmao re-entered the prime minister and formed a cabinet four times in a row, which is unique in Japanese history. After the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan resumed its national sovereignty. Hirohito died in Showa 64 (1989) 1.7, and Zi Mingren succeeded to the throne. He died the next day (1.8) and changed to Heisei, which is called Heisei era (1.989 till now).

On September 6, 2009, Yukio Hatoyama, the representative (leader) of the Democratic Party, was elected as the 93rd Japanese Prime Minister in the nomination election of the Prime Minister of the Special Diet, and formed a cabinet on the same day. The establishment of the new cabinet marks the official entry of Japanese politics into the ruling era of the Democratic Party, and Japan has achieved a real "regime change" since the war for the first time.