Urgent for information about the bridge!

1. Category: according to the main materials: wood, stone, brick, bamboo, rattan, iron, salt, ice and paper bridges, according to the structure and appearance: four basic types: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge

2. Artistic style: the artistry of bridges in China is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, modeling style and decoration technology. The modeling style is mainly reflected in the soft curve, harmonious rhythm and grandeur. And some small beams and bridges in Jiangnan water town are even more reminiscent of the poetic meaning of "small bridges and flowing water families" Bridge decoration, generally speaking, is not very developed in China, mainly reflected in stone bridges, and its parts are generally in places where people are easy to stop and watch. For example, there are dragons, phoenixes, lions, elephants and rhinoceroses, and there are rabbits, monkeys, horses, dogs, clouds, lotus flowers, herbs and other patterns. There are also a few embossed river statues, warrior statues and character story images. For example, the head of the river god embossed on the mountain flower wall of Yongtong Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province, the head of the dragon and the lion on the watchpost in Zhao Zhouqiao, and the stone lion on the watchpost of Lugou Bridge in Beijing, etc. These stone carvings are exquisitely crafted and are often closely related to folk customs, myths and legends. Such as the dragon to control water, the rhinoceros to divide water and the beast to subdue the monster, thus forming the unique style of bridge art in China.

in addition, many bridges in our country often have many ancillary buildings built on the bridge or at the bridge head. The buildings built on the bridge played the role of anti-corrosion and foundation pressing of the wooden bridge, and later became the combination of the bridge and the building. Building at the bridge head is a sign of the entrance and exit of the bridge, and has the functions of setting off, guarding and decorating the bridge. 3. History of development: Before artificial bridges, many natural bridge forms were formed in nature due to the influence of crustal movement or other natural phenomena. For example, Liang Shi Bridge in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang, a stone arch bridge (Xianren Bridge) in Guixi, Jiangxi, and a "single-plank bridge" formed by the natural fallen trunk by the river, or a natural "suspension bridge" formed by the intertwining of vines on both sides. Inspired by these Natural Bridge, human beings constantly imitate nature in the process of survival. At the beginning, it is probably to use a piece of wood to set up some wooden bridges on the river, or on the trenches around the clan settlement (the reason why the bridge was originally called "beam" may be because of this kind of beam passing by), or to cushion one stone pedal slightly out of the water with stones in a narrow and shallow stream to form a simple "jumping pier" Liang Shi Bridge (the original bridge is often imitated in the garden, called "Tingbu". These "single-plank bridges" and "jumping pier bridges" are the most primitive bridges of human architecture. Later, with the development of social productive forces, they gradually evolved from low-level to high-level, and then gradually produced various bridges across the air.

Bridges in China have roughly experienced four stages of development. The first stage is dominated by the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era, which is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original wooden bridge and Tingbu bridge, there are mainly two forms of bridges: beam bridge and pontoon bridge. At that time, due to the backward level of productivity, most of them could only be built in areas with flat terrain, narrow river body and gentle water flow, and bridges could only be wooden beam bridges, so the technical problems were easier to solve. On the other hand, pontoon bridges are often used in rivers with wide water surface and rapid water flow.

The second stage is dominated by Qin and Han dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, which is the period of the creation and development of ancient bridges. Qin and Han Dynasties is a dazzling development stage in the architectural history of our country. At this time, not only the bricks of artificial building materials were invented, but also the arch coupon structure with the theme of masonry structure system was created, thus creating a prerequisite for the emergence of arch bridges later. The appearance of ironware in the Warring States period also promoted the multi-faceted utilization of stone materials in architecture, thus adding new components such as stone pillars, Liang Shi and stone bridge surface to the bridge based on the log girder bridge. Not only that, but its great significance lies in the fact that stone arch bridges came into being. The establishment of stone arch bridge has played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient bridge construction in China, not only in practicality, but also in economy and aesthetics. The great development of Liang Shi stone arch bridge not only reduces the maintenance cost and prolongs the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology. Therefore, the use of building stones in Qin and Han Dynasties and the emergence of arch coupon technology are actually a major revolution in the history of bridge architecture. Therefore, according to some documents and archaeological data, about the Eastern Han Dynasty, the four basic bridge types, namely beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, were all formed. The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, supplemented by the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Five Dynasties, which is the heyday of the development of ancient bridges. Compared with the Qin and Han Dynasties, the national strength of Sui and Tang Dynasties was stronger, and the Tang and Song Dynasties achieved a long period of stability and unity. Industry and commerce, transportation and transportation, and the level of science and technology were very developed, and it was the most advanced country in the world at that time. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because a large number of Han nobles moved south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which made the economy of the southeast water network area develop greatly, and the economic and technological development in turn stimulated the great development of the bridge. Therefore, many bridges that attracted worldwide attention were created at this time, such as Zhao Zhouqiao, an open-shouldered stone arch bridge pioneered by Li Chun, a stonemason in Sui Dynasty, Hongqiao, a stoplog wooden arch bridge invented by abandoned soldiers in Northern Song Dynasty, Wan 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, which was founded by reciting, and Xiangzi Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, which was a combination of Liang Shi Bridge and retractable pontoon bridge in Southern Song Dynasty. These bridges are well-known in the history of bridges in the world, especially in Zhao Zhouqiao. Similar bridges appeared in other countries in the world seven centuries later. Throughout the history of Chinese bridges, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete for the first place in the world, were created at this time. The fourth stage is Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is the saturated period of bridge development, and there are almost no major innovations and technological breakthroughs. At this time, the main achievement was to repair and transform some ancient bridges, and left many construction documents for bridge construction, which provided a lot of written materials for future generations. In addition, some arduous projects, such as Wannian Bridge in Nancheng, Jiangxi, and Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou, were completed. At the same time, many cable bridges have been built in Sichuan and Yunnan, and the construction technology of cable bridges has also been improved. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, in 1881, with the opening of the first railway in China, another technological revolution in the history of bridges in China was ushered in. 4. The culture of the bridge: the natural beauty of water has a special liking for Chinese writers and artists. As Dong Changqi, a great artist in Ming Dynasty, said, "Poetry is based on mountains and rivers, and mountains and rivers are also based on poetry." Bridge is a building erected between mountains and rivers. It stands in nature for a long time and becomes a member of embellishing and beautifying nature. Where there are mountains and water, there will naturally be bridges. The bridge itself is also a combination of practicality and art, such as the straightness of the bridge, the volley of the cable bridge, the charm of the pontoon bridge and the shadow of the arch bridge, which originally swayed the artistic style. Therefore, Mr. Needham of the United Kingdom said, "There is no China Bridge that is less beautiful, and many of them are exceptionally beautiful." 5. Related legends and stories: There is a place name in the west of Hefei today, which is called "Huilong Bridge". Although the bridge no longer exists, the place name has not been abolished. Although the legend about the bridge has a long history, it is still enjoyed by many people today. There are two legends:

First, when Sun Quan of Soochow led soldiers to commit fatness, Cao Cao suddenly came out of the Tibetan boat. Seeing that Cao Cao's ship stood out, Sun Quan saw that the hidden boat was full of vast blue waves and deep reeds. He suspected that Cao Cao was cheating, so he forced a smile and said to Cao Cao, "I hope you are well. I didn't expect you to come so quickly." Cao Cao also reluctantly replied with a courtesy: "My husband is in Japan, so I hope the general will take good care of me." Seeing that the attack was futile, Sun Quan turned to return. Therefore, the bridge here is named "Huilong Bridge" (the article "Huilong Bridge in Luzhou Prefecture Records" contains: "It is said that Cao Cao and Sun Quan are at loggerheads here, so it is a cloud").

Second, it is said that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty had a concubine who was the adopted daughter of Gong Sima of Hefei. One day, the imperial concubine invited the emperor to visit relatives in Hefei, so that the emperor could enter the city directly across the Fei River without going through the city gate, so the local officials decided to build a bridge in the west of the city. Unfortunately, this matter was dissuaded by the court officials, saying that Hefei had "cut Longgang" and "Meilongba", which violated the taboo and was unlucky. Therefore, the emperor's decision to drive Hefei by himself was abandoned. The bridge built to welcome the emperor in those years was later named "Huilong Bridge", which means that the emperor (the real dragon son of heaven) went back. The former site of the bridge is on the south side of the west section of the Yangtze River.

tianshengqiao. According to legend, a long time ago, there was a big black dragon in Haizi, Dali. Because it lost a treasure robe, it blocked the end of Eryuan in a rage. The water level in Erhai Lake is getting higher and higher, which has destroyed many rural houses and made people hungry and cold. At this time, the son of a white woman volunteered to go to the sea to kill the people. He wore a bronze faucet, iron claws on his hands and feet, a sharp knife in his mouth, three on his back and one in each hand. Jumping into the sea, it turned into a small yellow dragon. With his great wisdom and courage, Xiao Huanglong fought with the ferocious big black dragon in the sea for three days and three nights, and finally surrendered to the big black dragon. The big black dragon had nowhere to escape, so he drilled a hole from the big rock below Jiangfeng Temple and fled to Lancang River. This cave is the catchment cave under the natural bridge today.

The Legend of Killing the Bridge

At Erli Road, north of shengze town, there is a Jufu Bridge built of bluestone, which is less than three steps wide. On April 13th (186) during the reign of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty, Li Xiucheng, the loyal king, led the Taiping Army to conquer Suzhou City. On April 25th, it occupied

city in Wujiang County. In order to open the passage between Suzhou and Xiuzhou (now Jiaxing), the Taiping Army first dispatched a team to advance southward, which was like a bamboo. One day, in shengze town, it was rumored that the Taiping rebels had crossed the horizon, and the whole town's soldiers and rich men were frightened and fled.

When we arrived at Jufu Bridge, it was crowded and narrow, and immediately blocked the bridge. Just then, there was a funeral shout: "The material is coming! The material is coming! " It means that the coffin is coming, please make way. The Qing soldiers who rushed to escape did not distinguish between the wealthy master and the wealthy master in panic. After listening to the endless cries of "materials are coming", they mistakenly thought that Taiping military materials were coming (all of them are coming) and crossed the bridge. Frightened, desperately tied (crowded).

all of a sudden, they made a mess, trampled on each other, or were trampled to death, or drowned in the water, and I don't know how many. Since then, Jufu Bridge has been renamed Zhasha Bridge.

Wind and rain bridges

When you enter Dong township, you can often see unique wind and rain bridges. Speaking of rain bridge, there is a myth and legend.

In ancient times, there was no equal village. The Dong family lived in a small cottage on the hillside, with only a dozen families. There was a young man named Buka in a small cottage who married a wife named Peiguan. The husband and wife are very loving and almost inseparable. When they came back from work, one picked firewood, the other carried grass, the other carried hoe and the other petunia, and they always followed each other. This crown is very beautiful. When the couple crossed the bridge, the fish in the river jumped out of the water enviously to see them.

One morning, the river suddenly surged. Mr. and Mrs. Buka were in a hurry to work in the Western Hills, and they didn't care much. They walked together to the small wooden bridge in front of the village. Just as they walked to the center of the bridge, there was a strong wind, which made Buka unable to open his eyes and Peiguan fell into the river with a sigh. Buka opened his eyes and saw that his wife was gone. Knowing that he had blown into the river, he jumped into the water and dived into the river. However, I searched for it several times and found it. When the villagers knew about it, they rushed to help him find it. After searching for a long time, they still couldn't find Peiguan. What the hell is going on here?

It turns out that there is a crab essence deep in the bend of the river, which has swept Pei Guan into the cave at the bottom of the river. All of a sudden, the crab essence turned into a beautiful young man, wanted to be his wife, but he refused and slapped him. He immediately exposed lost face's threat to win the crown. Pei Guan cried and cursed, and the voice of crying and cursing spread from the bottom of the river to the ear of a flower dragon upstream.

at this time, it was stormy and stormy, and the waves were rolling. I saw a flower dragon in the waves, looking around with its head held high. When the faucet looks to the left, the wave hits the left, the left side collapses, the faucet looks to the right, the wave rushes to the right, and the right bank cracks. The small wooden bridge has already been swept away by the waves. Everyone is scared. But when the faucet came to the beach in Buka, it calmed down after a few waves. Subsequently, the flower dragon made a circle on the water and rushed to the bottom of the river. Suddenly, the sound of the bottom of the river "which was ga zi ng" kept coming, and the maelstrom flew around one after another. Then, a black smoke came out of the water and rose into the air to become a dark cloud. The flower dragon rushed into the air after it, churning its body, pressing the dark cloud down and finally pressing it to its true colors. It turned out to be the black crab as big as the top of the Drum Tower. The black crab fled in a panic and climbed to the cliff three feet high. The dragon fell into the water and somersaulted, and the dragon's tail swung, sweeping the crab into the water again. After these rounds, the crab was exhausted and waddled to the bamboo forest, trying to block the dragon with bamboo. However, the dragon jumped up, opened its mouth and sprayed water, causing the bamboo forest to fall one by one, and the crab fell into the river again. After the flower dragon chased after the bottom, the waves rolled down the river, and then the black crab was never seen again. Later, not far from the bend of the river, a black stone in the shape of a crab was exposed, which was the place where Hualong strangled the crab essence. This stone, later called crab stone.

when the river was calm, I heard a woman's voice calling on the opposite beach. Buka saw that it was his wife. Buka called several people to swim at once. After landing, Pei Guan said to Buka: "Thanks to the rescue of Hualong!" Only then did everyone know that Hua Long saved her, and everyone was very grateful to Hua Long. At this time, the flower dragon flew back upstream and nodded to people from time to time.

This story soon spread all over Dong township. Everyone changed the small wooden bridge near the water surface into a big wooden bridge like an air corridor, and carved the pattern of the dragon on the four central columns of the bridge, wishing the dragon to stay there. After the completion of the large wooden bridge with air corridor, a grand celebration ceremony was held, which was very lively. At this time, colorful clouds floated in the sky, shaped like a long dragon, shining in all directions, and when everyone looked closely, it was Hualong who came back to visit everyone. Therefore, people later called this kind of bridge Huilong Bridge. Some places are also called flower bridge, and because it can shelter from the wind and rain, it is also called wind and rain bridge. 6. Related poems, calligraphy and painting: a night-mooring near maple bridge (Zhang Ji), frosty night,

Jiang Feng, fishing and catching fire, is worried about sleeping.

Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City,

The bell rings at midnight to the passenger ship.

Hsinchu attracts guests in front of the small bridge (Bai Juyi)

Little Hongqiao with wild teeth, low eaves and white houses. What is in front of the bridge? Ranran new bamboo.

the skin is covered with brown brocade, and the festival dew draws sapphire.

Yun Cui is delicious, but the powder cream can't bear to touch it.

it's hard to have fun before the sound of idle songs is over.

take care of the wind and smoke, but ignore all vegetation.

who can have a moonlit night to stay in the forest with me?

I'll pour a toast to you, and I'll sing bamboo songs wildly.

the green hills in the pool (Dumu) are faintly covered with water, and the grass in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn. Twenty-four Bridges On the moonlit night, where do jade people teach to play the flute? Luoqiao

Willow in Jingu Garden, spring comes like dancing waist.

that's a good view. You can go to Luoyang Bridge alone.

State Bridge

(Fan Chengda)

The north and south of State Bridge are Tianjie, and

the elders wait to drive back every year.

I cried and asked the messenger.

When will the Sixth Army really come?

Ask Hsinchu to attract guests in front of the small bridge

<; < Tianjingsha `Qiu Si > >

Ma Zhiyuan

A dead vine is a faint crow,

A small bridge is flowing with water,

An ancient road is a thin horse with a westerly wind,

The sun sets,

A heartbroken man is in the end of the world

An ancient poem: Yuan Zhen's "Sending Lotte"

The scenery in the world will be recorded, and

The spirit will be lost.

Li Shen's "Ling Yun"