Knowledge points in the second volume of eighth grade Chinese

1. Knowledge points in the second volume of Grade 8 Chinese.

1, part of speech (1) notional words: express the true meaning, can be used as a component of a phrase or sentence, and can generally be independently made into a sentence. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.

(2) Function words: Generally speaking, they do not express true meaning, and their basic purpose is to express grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia.

Step 2: phrases

(1) coordinate phrase: a phrase composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives juxtaposed. Its basic structure is noun+noun, noun+generation, generation+generation, verb+verb, form+form and quantity+quantity.

(2) Verb-object phrase: A verb followed by a word dominated by the verb constitutes a phrase, which is called a verb-object phrase. Basic structure: verb+noun, verb+generation.

(3) Supplementary phrases: including verb-complement phrases and form-complement phrases.

(4) Object phrases: phrases consisting of prepositions and their objects.

(5) The word "de" is composed of verbs, adjectives, verb-object phrases and "de". Basic structure: verb+de, adjective+de, verb-object phrase+de.

There are also "subject-predicate phrases" and "radical phrases".

3. Morphemes

(1) Free morpheme: It can form words independently and its position is free. Such as "points, good, high and low";

(2) Semi-free morphemes: Words can't be formed independently, but can only be combined and their positions are free. Such as "speech, learning, accuracy and people";

(3) Non-free morphemes: they can't form words independently, and their positions are fixed. Such as "person, land and one"

4, grammar knowledge points

Grammar = morphology+syntax; Grammar is a time tunnel connecting ancient and modern Chinese.

Three obstacles to reading ancient Chinese: the flexible use of parts of speech is dazzling; Complex function words in classical Chinese; A variety of classical Chinese sentence patterns. However, understanding Chinese grammar is no longer an obstacle. Therefore, learning grammar is not to understand grammar, but to understand classical Chinese.

Understand Chinese part of speech and see the judgment of words; I can analyze the structure of ancient and modern sentences and identify inverted sentences in ancient Chinese at a glance.

2. The eighth grade Chinese knowledge points in Volume II

Arguments, arguments and three-element arguments in argumentative writing.

Demonstration method

Reasoning argument, example argument, contrast argument, quotation argument, metaphor argument.

quarrel

Argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

Frequently Asked Questions and Answering Skills

(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument by reasoning, so that the argument is more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

③ Metaphorical argument: Proved by metaphor, making the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Quoting arguments: The quoting arguments are complicated and related to the specific quoted materials, including quoting famous sayings, epigrams, materials, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, epigrams and data can enhance the persuasiveness and sex of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)

2. Type and function of analysis and argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: truth argumentation and fact argumentation. There are two points to answer: (1) Define the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, or the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:

This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1) See clearly the type of argument that needs to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether it is a famous saying or an example; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

3. Make clear the central point of the article.

The central argument is the soul of argumentative writing. All the discussions in this paper are centered around this central argument. Only by clarifying the central argument can we understand the author's point of view and the problems to be solved. You can find or summarize the central argument from the following angles:

(1) Analyze the position of the argument. Title, the title of some articles itself is the central argument; Some articles directly put forward the central argument at the beginning, and then discussed it layer by layer; It is rare for an article to put forward a central argument during the discussion; Finally, some articles summarize the central point of the whole article through discussion.

(2) Distinguish between topics and arguments. The topic is what the author wants to discuss, and it is a range. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. The argument should be a complete judgment sentence or a clear statement sentence.

(3) Analyze the relationship between materials and opinions. Materials, including truth, facts, data, charts, etc. , is used to explain and serve ideas, or guide them or command them. So the argument can be summarized by the relationship between the two. Of course, some argumentative papers have both central arguments and sub-arguments, so some materials may be used to illustrate the sub-arguments, but all the sub-arguments are to clarify the central arguments.

4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The content at the beginning is:

(1) put forward the central argument;

(2) lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

Ending content:

(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …:

(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;

(3) Call or exhort people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )

Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to advise people that "man should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.

5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:

The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed, with only two angles:

(1) language features;

(2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1) Rhetoric: If metaphor is used, it can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Demonstration method: refer to the function of demonstration method.

(3) Writing skills are relatively fixed, and the common ones are:

1) combining case argumentation with cause argumentation (narration and discussion);

2) Give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

7, paragraph structure function:

(1) leads to the following (all);

(2) Summarize the first (full) articles;

(3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

At the beginning, by writing an example ..., the central argument ... (or the topic ...) is put forward.

(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

3. The eighth grade Chinese knowledge points in Volume II

(A) the interchangeable word 1, the cicada is endless: "turn" through "bang", birds sing.

2. Looking at the valley and forgetting to turn back: "turning back" leads to "returning".

3. Talent and beauty are unobservable: "seeing" and "being" communicate and show.

4, food can not make the best use of everything: "food" through "food", food "things" through "talent", can.

5. There is no horse evil: "evil" leads to "yeah", expressing doubt, which is equivalent to "horse"

6, horse eaters do not know that they can eat thousands of miles: "food" through "feeding", feeding.

7. Limbs are stiff and can't move: "branches" lead to "limbs", limbs

8, classmate embroidery: "quilt" is "covered" to wear.

9. Everything is wasted: "Furniture" is connected with "furniture" and is complete and all-round.

10, belonging to the composition, remember it: "belonging" means "instruction" and charge.

1 1, jade plate is shy: "shame" leads to "jealousy", and food leads to "value", value.

12. When did you suddenly see this house? "See" means "now", appear.

(B) the flexible use of parts of speech

1, mutual charm: Xuan, Miao, adjectives as verbs, pointing to the high place and extending to the distance respectively.

Take pleasure in your ambition: joy, adjectives use verbs to make ... music.

3, the policy is not in its own way: policy, nouns as verbs, whipping, driving away.

4. People who eat horses don't know if they can take Wan Li Road. Eat: Wan Li Road, quantifiers as verbs, and Wan Li Road.

5, waist white jade ring: waist, nouns as verbs, hanging at the waist.

6. I am wearing robes and clothes: I am wearing robes and clothes, nouns are used as verbs, and I am wearing old cotton-padded jackets and rags.

7, hand self-recording: hand, nouns as verbs, hands-on; Noun as adverbial

Be completely convinced: take pleasure in ...

9. One hundred and twenty paces from the mountain west: west, west, nouns as adverbials.

10, see Tan Xiao: Xia, Xia, noun as adverbial.

1 1, all hovering in the air: nouns as adverbials, in the air.

12, it seems fun to be with tourists: adjectives act as verbs, play and amuse.

13, southwest of Wangchi: southwest, southwest, with nouns as adverbials.

14, fighting and shifting stars: fighting and shifting stars, nouns as adverbial, snake-shaped Beidou, nouns as adverbial, snake-shaped.

15, its shore potential is different from each other: canine teeth, nouns as adverbials, like canine teeth.

16, melancholy and cold bones: melancholy, the use of adjectives makes ... desolate and cold, and the use of adjectives ... cold.

17, near the shore, rolling out of the bottom of the stone: near, adjectives as verbs, near, near.

18. Worry before the world, and enjoy after the world: 1. Adjectives as adverbials, before and after.

19, Tengshou Baling County: Shout, noun as verb, do ... satrap.

20. Who's the name? Name, noun as verb, name ...

2 1, there is a winged pavilion in spring: wings, nouns as adverbials, like the wings of birds.

22. I don't know if the pleasure of being a satrap is also a pleasure: the first "le", the adjective uses the way of conation, taking pleasure in. ...

23, spring and tea: spring, nouns as verbs, draw spring water, take spring water tea, nouns as verbs, make tea.

24. Song singer: Song, noun as verb, holding a glass of wine.

25, wearing red: wearing red, nouns as verbs, wearing heavy makeup, riding donkeys.

26. If you do, you can fly: fly, this verb is used to do ... fly; Verb causative usage, cause.

4. Knowledge points of the eighth grade Chinese Volume II

First, the genre of the article This article is an article: poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay, argumentative essay.

Second, the six elements of narrative

The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.

Third, find the topic sentence

Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph.

Fourth, the content of the article (center)

Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.

Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) and shows (praises and reveals).

Five, material organization characteristics

Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.

Six, hierarchical

(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time).

(2) According to the location (find the phrase indicating the location).

(3) according to the development process of things (looking for events).

(4) Total score (pinching the head and pinching the tail).

Seven, narrative clues and their functions

Clue: (1) key person; (2) the core thing; (3) core events; (4) time; (5) location; (6) the author's emotion;

Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.

Eight, for the title of the article

Find the clue or center of the article: (1) the core person; (2) the core thing; (3) core events; (4) the author's emotion;

Nine, fill in the reading card

Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).

X. Narrative sequence and function

(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)

Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.

(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )

Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.

(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )

Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.

XI。 language feature

Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:

Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm.

5. Knowledge points of the eighth grade Chinese Volume II

The first part is about two language types: spoken language and written language.

Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.

Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.

There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.

Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.

Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.

Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.

the second part

Three feelings _: positive, negative and neutral.

The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters are determined according to whether they can express the theme of the novel), the plot (beginning/development/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )

Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).

Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.

Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.

the third part

Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.

Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.

Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.

The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development and ending.

Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.

Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.

③ Specific appellation ④ Emphasis or emphasis.

part four

Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.

Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.

The fifth part

Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.

Six logical sequences: ① the whole → the phenomenon → the essence → the cause → the result → the generality → the specific part → the whole → the main → the secondary.

Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.

Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.

Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).

Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.

Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.

Part VI

Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.

Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.

Part VII

Eight common rhetorical methods:

(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.

2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.

3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.

4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.

⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.

⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.

⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.

⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.