Lesson 55 of Zhuyun School ‖ Twenty-six Methods in Confrontation

Duality is an indispensable language form in poetry. Contradiction can make poetry appear concise, orderly, symmetrical and elegant. Therefore, a good antithesis often becomes the most striking part of a regular poem, which greatly enhances the artistic appeal of the poem. But if we just blindly pursue "rules and regulations are better than white", it will easily become stagnant and pile up like a mountain. Mr. Wang Li said: "As for duality, we should not only see the ancients seeking common ground, but also see the ancients seeking differences. The latter is more important than the former. " The skill of antithesis sentence is flexible, not only in the semantic content of antithesis, but also in the linguistic form of antithesis. You can switch between two antitheses or two couplets. The following are described by antitheses in some personal poems.

For example:

(1) a Sichuan Liao Mengyu, six years of emotion.

(2) nine zhangs haze smoke out of the wrist, ten years of rain into the heart.

(3) Dust covers the old knife marks, and the wind blows the fire to print fresh. Wandering souls seek wild temples, and the shadows guard the mountains.

(4) How many Ming and Qing rhymes, Qin and Han souls. The wind can stop it, but the rain does not attack each other.

The above sentence was written from space, while the six-year-old lover and the ten-year-old rain were written from time. "Dust covers the scar, and the wind blows the fire to print the fresh" and "How many rhymes of Ming and Qing Dynasties are the soul of Qin and Han Dynasties" are written in time, while "Wandering souls seek wild temples, taking pictures and guarding mountains" and "The wind can keep them, but the rain has not invaded each other" are written in space. These two dimensions set off each other, expanding the semantic expression space of poetry.

For example:

(1) Life is in turmoil, and the heart is on weekdays.

(2) The snake crouches in the ancient cave in ghosts, and the wind moves the beads to get drunk.

(3) The eagle whirled around the bottom of the valley looking for the residual halberd, and the tree was chaotic and the cliff head was conservative. The broken wall has experienced ups and downs, but the dangerous building is always silent in the distance.

(4) Wanli crazy song silver jade, a few coke and food. Idle birds are as quiet as thunder, clouds are thin and stars are thin, and the sun and moon are long.

In the above examples, one sentence describes the dynamics, such as "life is swinging in the wind and clouds" and "the wind moves the beads to play the drunken fairy", while the other sentence focuses on the realm of peace, such as "peace of mind" and "snakes squatting in ancient caves with ghosts". Or a pair of couplets describes the dynamic, such as "the eagle whirls down the valley to find the residual halberd, and the trees are in chaos", "Wan Li talks wildly about silver and jade, and several families are worried about charcoal and grain", while another pair of couplets describes the static, such as "the broken wall is a dream, and the dangerous building is always silent" and "the idle birds are silent and thunder, the clouds are light and the stars are thin and the sun and the moon are long". Two sentences or two couplets, with appropriate movements, can set each other off and become interesting.

For example:

(1) Shixi is crisp with a thousand splashes, and Yunling pine is covered with bright colors.

(2) Looking at sunny days, you can feel happiness, rainy nights and sounds, which is heartbreaking.

(3) The light cloud melts the moon, and the distant fire connects the dim star. Qin rhyme is full of emotion and sea rhyme, and wind chimes ring in the wind.

In the middle of the night, I staggered to smell the dog barking, and I was lonely and looked forward to the cock crow. Walking with the cloud, stirring sorrow and treading water, Ling Bo sighed with bitterness.

The first sentence is written in an auditory image, such as "the splash of a stone stream is crisp" and "the sound of a rainy night is heartbroken", and the other sentence is written in a visual image, such as "Yunling is covered with a piece of color" and "looking at a sunny day". Or one couplet writes an auditory image, and the other couplet writes a visual image, such as "Qin rhyme is full of emotion and sea rhyme, bells are full of wind", "I smell dogs barking in the middle of the night, and I hope chickens crow in loneliness" as the auditory image, while "Light clouds are hidden in the moon, and the fire is far away from fainting stars" and "Walking with the clouds and worrying about the crowd, treading water and Ling Bo's bitter songs" as the visual images. Audio-visual combination, sound and color set each other off. In addition to vision and hearing, there are other senses that change intricately to form confrontation.

For example:

⑤ Taste all the ups and downs, and open hot and cold.

That is, the taste is sour and bitter, and the touch is hot and cold.

The poet intentionally interweaves different feelings such as color, sound, smell, taste and feeling into pairs, which can form a three-dimensional sensory space and enrich the aesthetic connotation of poetry.

For example:

(1) The mountain is high in the sky, and the lights are singing secretly.

(2) The dew makes the bitter wine, and the neon rope has no reason.

You should know that the sea is vast and the dragon is sinister. Don't forget your poor parents.

(4) the house is broken and people sigh, but the wilderness is cold and who listens.

The above are macro and micro changes, which can make people feel the changes in the lens and mobilize their thinking.

For example:

Thousands of seeds are planted in spring and a few money is harvested in autumn.

(2) The lonely moon mountain is old and the flowers are new.

(3) Thousands of years of exclusive rights have become barriers, and a little extravagant hope is an organ.

(4) Wanli crazy song silver jade, a few coke and food.

In the above sentences, "1000 seeds" and "a few dollars", "blooming flowers" and "lonely moon", "Millennium" and "a trace", "Wan Li" and "several" all form a strong contrast effect with the change of the number of images to express the poet's feelings.

⑤ A thousand swords make contributions, and a hundred shoulders make contributions.

The number of sentences in this couplet has changed. In a word, "a thousand strokes" compete with "a sword" and "a hundred responsibilities" with "a shoulder", which increases the connotation and strength of the poem.

For example:

Behind the curtain, a flag can't cover the horseshoe dust. Curtain/have/hold cow's ear/hand, mark/open/horseshoe dust.

Literally neat, deep sentence structure changes, the rhythm of the two sentences is obviously different.

(2) The body and bones are getting thinner, and chapped hands and feet are frosty. The bones of the body are getting bitter/thinner every day, and the hands and feet are chapped/left/frosted.

Literally, this couplet is roughly relative, but the deep tone rhythm of the two sentences is quite different. The surface language forms of the upper and lower sentences are like two peaks, but their deep semantic relations are different. One is getting thinner day by day, and the other is Shuang Ren's bullying, which is similar in shape but different in spirit, and belongs to the writing technique of "combining change with integrity".

(3) the souls of two generations stay in one place, and thousands of tears break through the clouds. The setting sun is bright and sad, and jathyapple is hazy and smoky.

Two souls/stay/die, a thousand tears/broken/a hundred clouds.

Sunset/bright/sad shadows, jathyapple/hazy/curling smoke.

The sentence rhythm of the two couplets is different and changes greatly.

(4) Ten years will kill thousands of birds. How many times will one person claim to be the emperor? City washing water borrows Xiangjiang blood, and grinding village adds salt.

Ten years/soldier/thousand birds, one person/peanut/several families?

Wash the city water/borrow/Xiangjiang blood, pound the village/add salt/take revenge.

The rhythm of couplets has also changed greatly, which can also enhance the taste of poetry.

For example:

(1) Where is the soldier's soul? The sweat is still wet.

(2) People are luckier when the cat is still in the air.

(3) Logging for three cars is like charcoal, how can it last for ten years?

(4) Red claw purple mud can speak * * * language, and how to win credit for faint white hair.

In the above example, one sentence means "trust" with a statement or affirmation, and the other sentence means "doubt" with a question form, or backchat or inquiry. Flexible tone, can turn stagnation into jumping.

For example:

(1) In front of Guandi Temple, incense is flourishing, and Zhang Chenbei is full of blood and beauty. The wind sings a strong lion roar, and the water sings a hundred cranes.

The first couplet is about the scenery in front of the temple and beside the monument, and the second couplet expresses the feelings of wind singing and water whistling, and the rhythm has also changed.

(2) Three rounds of golden wine bottles and a wisp of fragrant breeze and jade cakes. Sweet and sour on the table, life is red and green.

The first pair of couplets described the scene of "Golden Bottle Rising" and "Jade Cake Coming" at that time, while the second pair directly expressed "The ups and downs on the table" and "Life is red and green".

(3) the humble room is brewed in spring, and the wild birds are * * *. Love is really accompanied by five willows, and dreams are broken.

Here, the scenery is written in the front and love is written in the back.

(4) There is no three-point insurance, only nine bends. Talking about poetry and history makes you sad.

Here, too, write the scene before, and then write the feelings. But in fact, the prequel here also implicitly expresses the author's life trajectory, but it is not easy for readers to understand.

Scene is the medium of emotion, and emotion is the embryo of scene, which is combined into poetry. This aesthetic feature of poetry is particularly important in the change of the combination of rhythm and poetry.

For example:

(1) five Vitamin bosom friend, the mountain.

The "May 6th" sentence uses allusions, and the "Zhu Feng" sentence directly describes allusions.

(2) A Sichuan Liao Mengyu, who has been in love for six years. Holding hands with each other, they will shrug their shoulders when fishing for aojiang.

The first couplet directly describes it, and the second couplet uses two examples: "holding the column" and "fishing the aojiang".

(3) Two Jin Dian, one peerless work. Dexin can sit on a tiger, and courage can cure a dragon.

It is also a direct description of the former couplet, and the latter couplet "sitting on a tiger" and "treating a dragon" are two allusions.

Write the above facts; On the other hand, euphemistically expressing the poet's inner feelings with allusions can make poetry subtle, elegant and intriguing.

For example:

(1) than the moon is not bright, such as chardonnay.

? Xie Jun painted more colors, but he was ashamed that I played fewer strings.

(2) Being brave and harmonious, and the changing trend is unknown.

? The past is like smoke around the old tree, and the afterglow is like the moon shining on the new pool.

? They are all combinations of comparative techniques, such as "comparing with the moon", "like sunset", "like smoke" and "like the moon"; The other pair of couplets uses fu techniques, such as "Xie Jun paints more colorful", "I am ashamed of the lack of chords", "being brave together and being harmonious" and "unpredictable". It is better to explain the situation directly than to arouse association. The alternate use of these two techniques makes this poem lively and varied.

One sentence or their combination indicates a positive tone, while another sentence or combination uses an exclamation or questioning tone.

For example:

(1) all pity the appearance of calligraphy, who envy Confucius?

The shadow of the building is as cold as clothes and socks, how can moonlight make up half a bed?

(3) If you don't compete with flowers, why are you poor in snow?

(4) I was also very sad on the day when the flag was lowered, and my head was injured.

? Where the clouds go, the mountains look high at home.

? The above stated mood is relative to exclamatory mood or affirmative mood is relative to interrogative mood. The ups and downs of the upper and lower sentences effectively enhance the emotional appeal and charm of the poem.

? Mr. Zhang Zhongxing put forward in Reading and Writing of Poetry: "The double structure in the middle of metrical poems cannot use the same pattern, otherwise it will be considered as a cross-hand." The structure he said here refers to the syntactic structure of poetry. If the syntactic structure is exactly the same, the couplets in the middle of a metrical poem are likely to be boring.

For example:

(1) Spit clouds and tears, and hate snow and veil.

? The back waves of the Yangtze River push the front waves, and the short day twilight covers the hongxia.

Here, the upper part is used for right and the lower part is used for reverse.

(2) Looking at sunny days, I can feel happy, rainy nights and sounds are heartbreaking.

? Dare to walk slowly, climb Bai Xueya Hall.

The former couplet is right, and the latter couplet is a flowing pair. The two sentences are interesting.

(3) Sweat and bitterness can make you happy for three years, and flowers can be intimate for one summer.

? The soft wind blows songs and pities the full moon.

? Although both couplets are complex sentences, their structures are different. In addition, the former sentence is a turning complex sentence, "sweating and suffering in the third spring (but) can make you happy", and the latter sentence is a hypothetical complex sentence, and flowers can be intimate in the summer. The second couplet also applies the classical Chinese function words "Yi" and "Yan" to the poem, and the rhythm is particularly interesting.

That is, an empty sentence and a real sentence.

For example:

(1) Old dreams smell drums, and long waves send far sails.

(2) Black coal holes and dense piles of white bones.

(3) One mountain carries two mountains, nine rivers and three slopes.

(4) The past is like smoke around the old tree, and the afterglow is like the moon shining on the new pool.

? The four aspects of "old dreams", "white bones piled up", "nine waters" and "old trees entangled" are all empty words, while "long waves", "black coal cave", "one mountain bears two mountains" and "the sunset shines like a new pool in the moon" are all true words. One sentence is empty, the other is real, and the virtual and the real set each other off.

Which is running water. Yeah. The two sentences in the same couplet are two sentences in form, but they are not opposite in meaning. In fact, one sentence is divided into two sentences. In other words, these two sentences should run through like running water. There is a relationship of coherence, cause and effect, condition and turning point in the meaning of the first and second sentences.

For example:

(1) but sigh earthly son, difficult to hold at ease.

(2) Dare to follow people's clumsy steps and climb the white snow elegant hall.

(3) Give up sadness and strength and win people's joy and pity.

(4) appreciate the word Hong Fei, especially ashamed, skinny.

? Running water makes the sentence lively and the rhythm smooth, reducing the rigidity of rhythmic poetry.

? That is, every other sentence is relative. The sentences and antitheses in a couplet do not constitute antithesis, but the former couplet and the latter couplet constitute antithesis, that is, the two couplets are relative.

For example:

(1) Thousands of silk brocade, full of water clouds.

? A pure heart melody, playing the strings of heaven and earth.

(2) The morning glow gives out qu powder, and the upper and lower phases are inclined.

? Ripples shake dreams, and reality and reality coexist.

(3) The cheeks are full of tears and the wind is shaking.

? The leaves are gloomy with the sadness of dragonflies.

(4) Wake up early in Chun Qing, and the table is full of jiaozi.

? Autumn blossoms, sauce dipped in hot pot.

This is the antithesis between two couplets, which makes the antithesis form novel and unique.

? The so-called function words here were called "language help" in ancient times, or rather "auxiliary words" because there were other sayings of function words in ancient times. Modern times are called function words in classical Chinese, so it can be said that function words are right. Because function words have no practical meaning, it is impossible for a couplet to be all function words. It is mainly said that empty word is used in the couplet, and empty word is clever in the upper and lower couplet, which is called empty word couplet.

For example:

1) Drunk in the middle of the lake, painting people leisurely.

(2) The smoke is waiting for the servant to come, and the shrimp and crab are cooking to prevent the dog from barking.

(3) Every time you study tirelessly, who pities the teacher when you are in power?

(4) The official is shocked by many nightmares, and the civilian worker sighs and enjoys himself.

You will know whether it is true or not when you have been there. I want to leave.

? Function words in couplets are full of fun.

? That is, embedding numbers in couplets. Several pairs belong to mosaic couplets.

For example:

(1) five Vitamin bosom friend, the mountain.

(2) Break through the triple jeopardy and stay for 20 years.

(3) Half-sober and half-drunk, somewhat charming, somewhat Zhuang.

4 How many articles and a dream, 3,000 students spend half their lives.

(5) seven or eight cobblers crowded a table, five or six prostitutes half face.

? The combination of numbers can make the antithesis look particularly neat and increase diversity. "Zhu", "Zhong" and "Du" can all be used as numbers.

? Color pairs are a pair of color words.

For example:

(1) Both of them brought Huang Tong to frolic in Zi Yuan. Why do white hair blame Green Wei?

I know it is difficult to expose the darkness, and I can't complain about white clothes.

(3) Ye Cui turns waves into rhymes, and bonuses leave dreams into charming faces.

(4) A piece of white paper covers the sun, and two thousand gold is used to build a mound.

? The antithesis of color words makes this poem beautiful, especially writing landscape poems.

? The position of overlapping in antithesis can not be ignored, and it should be the essence of couplets.

For example:

(1) Hunting Songtao weaves strength spectrum with charming voice.

(2) The forest over the layer is bright, and the fine water is often heard.

(3) Yi Yi Gu Yue often followed me, and Youyou Xindie left home early.

(4) It is difficult to tread on the road, and hope to add gloom.

? Some words in a sentence are self-contradictory.

For example:

(1) The country is rich and strong, and the people are quick to whip.

(2) Send a lonely lamp to accompany the tired moon at night and show the dawn in the lazy days.

(3) Others are always short and long, and those who are near are sad.

(4) Li Ne's self-cultivation is high and low, while Ling Bo's self-cultivation is high and low.

? The examples here are not only relative to the upper and lower sentences, but also relative to some words in the sentences. For example, "developing the country" is in command, and "eliminating evil" is in peace with the people; Lonely Lamp to Tired Moon, Lazy Sun to Mingxia; Long versus short, positive versus weak, expensive versus cheap, and floating versus sinking.

? It is to use the same word or homonym as duality in the same sentence. It is a coincidence that words or sounds are used repeatedly in a sentence, which constitutes a novel and unique antithesis.

For example:

(1) The temple is related to people's good and evil.

(2) Migrant workers can remember the hardships of migrant workers, and their achievements are hard to eliminate.

① ② Both of them are lost words.

No one is drunk on the table, and there are birds singing in front of the window.

(3) For the homonym pair, but the homonym pair has not been mentioned by others, if it is inappropriate, I will modify it. "No one is drunk on the table, and there is a bird (que) singing in front of the window."

(4) Qin rhyme is romantic and romantic, and the bell is full of wind.

"Qin rhyme contains (Chinese) sentiment (Chinese) sea rhyme, the bell is a car (car), and the wind is a car." This should be a rare case, a more complex and comprehensive opposition to falling words and sounds.

For example:

(1) Leaves lead the waves to turn green dreams, while flowers leave the wind in Xia Ying.

(2) Why talk about men and women when you talk about cold and warm in new poems.

The shadow of the building is as cold as clothes and socks, how can moonlight make up half a bed?

(4) The suburbs are upright and the ruins are full of seeds.

? "Qing" borrows the homonym "Qing" and "Old" borrows the homonym "Old" and "Yi" as opposed to the previous sentence "Qing", "New" and the next sentence "Half". However, "Suburban Depression" and "Xu Qian" can be directly opposed, and homophones "pride" and "modesty" are relatively rare.

? There is also the change of borrowing meaning, that is, a word has more than two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning in his poems, but at the same time borrows its second meaning to oppose another word. It uses righteousness to achieve the goal of neat confrontation.

For example:

⑤ Take a bird's eye view of Japan, swallowing huge waves, whipping deserts, and wreaking violent winds.

A bird's eye view here means looking down from a height, not a bird. But the original intention of "bird" and "whip" constitutes opposition. Borrowing meaning is not as much as borrowing sound.

? It refers to the collocation of disyllabic words with disyllabic words, reduplicated words with reduplicated words, or disyllabic words with reduplicated words.

For example:

(1) Secretly destroying the seed film, like tender, stealing fruits and wandering.

(2) The spring water congeals fat, and the plume sighs.

3 Charm people's hearts, know positive energy, and don't waste time when chasing old dreams.

Tender, lingering, charming, lazy, swaying and swaying are all disyllabic words or rhyming words, and the intonation is harmonious and neat when reciting.

? That is, symmetrical words or words in a pair of couplets are misplaced and opposed.

For example:

(1) Seven Sages Cup of Wine, Zheng Banqiao Heart.

"Seven sages" and "Banqiao", "Cup" and "Pen" are opposites, but their positions are different.

(2) The sun doesn't stay in Yunling, especially looking forward to Yulong going to sea.

"Sun" is opposite to "Yulong", "Don't wait" is opposite to "oil pan", but the position is different. This kind of antithesis is quite interesting, because it hides neatness in the change.

(3) Xiu Jinxiatian, Guan Yufeng Mountain.

In fact, this sentence should be "the sun shows the golden robe, and the mountain helps the jade peak." After the word order is reversed, the image of "blue" like colorful clouds and "crown" like breeze is emphasized.

? The use of two words with the same radicals and the other two words with the same radicals constitutes a confrontation, which implies a neat change and gives people a very comfortable feeling. Of course, disyllabic words can be used here, but non-disyllabic words and other combined words can also be used. Such as sacrifice, dross, ambiguity, frost and snow, pine and cypress, etc. This kind of formulation has never been seen in ancient and modern poetry theory. I think it is a skill of writing poetry. You can try it.

For example:

(1) Playing the pipa in the wind and listening to willow songs in the rain.

(2) nine days of wind gives free rain, and a thousand years of love fascinates people.

(3) There are many people walking together, so why not always take a rugged path.

Pipa, Xiaoyao and Rugged are all disyllabic words, while Liu Yang, Charming and Wandering are just two words with the same radical, giving people a very neat visual feeling.

? Generally, the antithesis of metrical poems is in the middle two couplets, but there is also the problem of appreciation fatigue. We can change the position and quantity of antithesis couplets to obtain changes. Such as stealing spring lattice or increasing duality.

For example:

(1) Thinking about China's Five Laws of Mine Frequency from Wangjialing Mine Permeability.

There are black coal holes and dense piles of white bones.

There are two boundaries between black and white. Why do they always follow each other?

I often earn when I have more money, but I lose more when I worry about myself.

There is no iron law of accountability, and the shed is empty of tears.

(2) After the Five Laws entered the winter.

Cold flowers fall first, but Lin Xue doesn't fly when it is empty.

Dongshan lives in seclusion and can't bear to ask what it is.

Five willows are like bosom friends, and the peaks are everywhere.

The north wind passes through the window like a shepherd playing a flute.

? The above two songs are called "Stealing Spring Lattice". The first couplet of Stealing Spring Lattice is a antithesis, but the antithesis is not a antithesis, as if spring blossoms, hence the name.

③ Huatuo's Five Laws

Ling Dao can help the world, and medicine can rejuvenate the child.

But sighing the world of mortals is hard to be comfortable.

Driving away the wind begins with resentment, and scraping the bones does not make a song.

But one day, unfortunately, the fire of the green capsule stopped burning.

? This five-law triple antithesis, but the combination of the second couplet can also play a role in making poetry smooth.

④ Five Laws of Ice Flower

Qing zi is thin and charming, and the taste is far from vulgar.

Only invite the bright moon, only pity but lean against the window.

Affectionate days can be learned, priceless and hard to measure.

Leave three winter letters, why touch half the sun?

? This poem has four antitheses. In order to reduce stagnation and rigidity, running pairs and interrogative sentences are used at the end.

? The opposite of poetry is to strive for "the law is not bound by the law firm", to seek change in the whole and to bring forth the new. Some of the above focus on content, some focus on skills, and some focus on form. These can be mastered flexibly in creation, on the one hand, they can strengthen their artistic skills, on the other hand, they can enhance the artistic sense of poetry.

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