Who is the scientist?

What is a scientist? Who are the ancient scientists in China?

China ancient scientists: Cai Lun, Zhang Heng, Zhang Zhongjing, Zu Chongzhi, Li Daoyuan, Jia Sixie, Sun Simiao, Bi Sheng, Shen Kuo, Guo Shoujing, Li Shizhen, Xu Guangqi, Pei Xiu, Ge Hong, a monk and his party, Su Song, Wang Zhen, Song Yingxing, Wang Qingren, Mei Wending, etc. Some brief introductions are as follows: (1 He created the armillary sphere and the seismograph. (2) Zu Chongzhi (429-500): a scientist in the Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty, Wen Yuan, a Taoist priest in Fanyang, was good at counting. For the first time, he made pi accurate to six decimal places, more than a thousand years earlier than in Europe, and also made the Daming calendar, compass and thousands of miles boat. (3) Ge Hong (284) It has made some contributions to the development of chemistry and medicine. The Inner Chapter of Bao Puzi is an early alchemy work, and the prescription of synopsis of the golden chamber contains the earliest records of smallpox and other diseases in the world. (4) A line (683-727): A monk and astronomer in the Tang Dynasty, whose common name was Zhang Sui and Changle, first discovered the phenomenon of star position change in the world. Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095): a scientist in the northern song dynasty, a native of Hangzhou, made outstanding achievements in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology and physics, with 40 books. (6) Huang Daopo: He made great contributions to the development of ancient textile industry in China. (7) Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), an astronomer, hydraulic scientist and mathematician in Yuan Dynasty, was born in Xingtai. Li Shizhen (15 16). Compendium of Materia Medica is a masterpiece in the medical history of China. (9) Xu Guangqi (1562- 1633): A scientist in the Ming Dynasty, a native of Wuxi, translated the Elements of Geometry and wrote the Encyclopedia of Agronomy, which was a pioneer of modern China in learning science from the West. ): At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a scientist and newcomer Chang Geng wrote Heavenly Creations, which was a famous scientific and technological work in ancient China.

What is a scientist?

A Brief Introduction to the Chronological Inventions in the Name Field of Ancient Scientific Inventors in China-The First Astronomical Masterpiece Astronomy in the Warring States Period-An astronomer in the Warring States Period, the First Astronomical Masterpiece Astronomy of Stone God.

After the Western Han Dynasty, people honored Tianwenzhi as the Star Classic of history. The book marks the position of 12 1 star, and also records the movements and eclipses of five planets: water, wood, gold, fire and earth.

Shi Shen compiled the earliest catalogue. And called "shaoyang" has realized that he can shine.

Liu Zhuo Astronomy Liu Zhuo, the Imperial Calendar of the Sui Dynasty-an astronomer of the Sui Dynasty. He created the emperor's calendar. He first considered the non-uniformity of the movement of the sun and the moon, and founded the quadratic difference interpolation method with equal intervals.

Calculate the apparent velocity of the sun and the moon. At the same time, he changed the age difference to 75.

A line of astronomy, a line of "Great Yan Li" in the Tang Dynasty-a writer in the Tang Dynasty. He compiled a new calendar, Dayan Calendar, including ten calendars, which was very advanced in ancient times.

As early as BC13rd century, people in China made a lunar calendar according to the movement of the sun and the moon. Yang Zhongfu, a writer of the Southern Song Dynasty, Unified Calendar Yang Zhongfu, an astronomer of the Southern Song Dynasty in China.

He created the "unified calendar", and he determined that the length of the tropic year was 365.2425 days. It is also found that the length of the tropic year has increased and decreased.

Luo Astronomy Luo, a celestial instrument of the Han Dynasty-an astronomer of the Han Dynasty in China. The equatorial instrument was created and the basic structure of the equatorial armillary sphere was determined.

Su Song Astronomical Planetarium Su Song-China Song Dynasty astronomer. In cooperation with Han Gonglian, the planetarium and water transport platform were established, which was the first planetarium in ancient China.

There are eight people tall, and there are doors on each floor. Time is up, the door opened and Woodenhead came out to tell the time. (There is a clepsydra and mechanical system at the back).

Xin Qiniang/KLOC-Kongming Lantern in the 0/0th century, circling lantern Xin Qiniang-10th century, invented rosin lantern (Kongming Lantern) as a signal lamp in war, which was the first time that China people used hot air balloon. At the same time, the lantern was invented, which was the ancestor of aviation gas turbine.

Pei Xiu (224~27 1) founded the theory of "drawing six bodies" for drawing plane maps-Pei Xiu first founded the theory of "drawing six bodies" for drawing plane maps in China. And drew a map of Gong Yu area.

Ma Jun mechanical design keel waterwheel (also called rollover) in the Three Kingdoms period Ma Jun is an outstanding mechanical designer and creator. During the Three Kingdoms period, a keel waterwheel (also called a rollover) was created, which can continuously lift water and irrigate oranges with water equipment.

The structure is very clever, and it is known as smart in the world. Design of Li Chun Bridge 605~6 17 Zhao Zhouqiao Li Chun-605 ~ 617 is the first open-shouldered arch bridge with lower abdomen arch on the main arch map. He designed the famous Zhao Zhouqiao.

Ding Huan, the inventor of Ding Huan, was born in Chang 'an, Han Dynasty, 180. Invented items include a quilt incense burner, a complete lamp, and a rotating fan, which is well known as Chang 'an Gong Qiao.

Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Song Dynasty, named Shen Kuo-1031~1095 after him, and scientists in the Song Dynasty named petroleum after him first. Cai Lun 62~ 12 1 paper Cai Lun ——62 ~ 12 1 year, Cai Lun successfully made paper from bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets.

This invention was reported to the emperor on 105. 1 14 was named longtinghou by the emperor.

At that time, people called paper Cai Hou paper. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, papermaking was indirectly introduced to Europe.

/kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolians issued the first Persian paper money with Cai Hou paper. /kloc-In the 0/4th century, North Korea, Vietnam and Japan also began to use paper money.

These cards then spread to Europe through the country. Bi Sheng 104 1~ 1048 movable type printing Bi Sheng-1041~1048, from the northern song dynasty in China.

Invented movable type printing. Du Shi 9 1~ ominous hydraulic blower Du Shi 91year, from Henan.

It pioneered the drainage of hydraulic blasting equipment. That is, using water power to push the fan to blow.

It is the earliest hydraulic blower in the world, 1 100 years earlier than Europe. Quenching Technology of Puyuan in the Three Kingdoms Period ——300 years, the Three Kingdoms Period.

The first quenching technology makes the steel knife strong and elastic. During the period of Sun Tzu's Three Kingdoms, Sun Tzu counted the classics for three hundred years. The origin of the multiplication theorem was called "Things Don't Know Counts", and he wrote a book "Sun Tzu's Counting Classics", which systematically discussed the system of counting classics.

Qin mathematician 1202~ 1247 created "the skill of seeking great derivation" to understand the linear congruence and the positive and negative leveling method to find the numerical solution of higher-order equations. Qin 1202 ~ 1247, a Chinese mathematician, wrote "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang" and created a method to solve the linear congruence.

Li Zhi Li Zhi, a mathematician in China, wrote The Sea Mirror of Landscape Mapping, which is the first masterpiece in China to systematically revise Tianyuan Art. Shen Kuo Song Dynasty Shen Kuo found a thin thread tied to the center of a magnetic needle (compass) and hung it.

After observation and discovery, it was written into his book Meng Qian Bi Tan. In the future, people will use needles made of magnets as compasses and guide tables.

/kloc-Italians Kyle and Poirot who traveled in the East in the third century saw the compass and spread it to Europe. In 400 BC, Mozi put forward the argument that light propagates along a straight line-in 400 BC, Mozi discussed the lever balance and put forward the argument that light propagates along a straight line.

References:

2 1 1 . 95 . 73 . 80:8080/fmczy-more-zhongwai 3 .

Who were the famous scientists in ancient China?

There are also Lu Ban, Zhang Heng, Cai Lun, Bi Sheng, Li Shizhen ... Shen Kuo, Guo Shoujing, Zu Chongzhi and so on. Let's compare Cai Lun and Zu Chongzhi. By the beginning of the 7th century (Sui and Tang Dynasties), it began to spread eastward to Korea and Japan. In the 8th century, it was introduced from the west to Samarkand, which was later * * *, and then to Baghdad.

The invention of papermaking is not only a great change in book-making materials, but also of epoch-making significance in the history of human civilization. Zu Chongzhi (429~500), a famous mathematician and scientist in the Southern Dynasties and the Song and Qi Dynasties, was a famous fan (now a native of Laishui, Hebei Province), who made great achievements in mathematics, astronomy, calendar and machinery manufacturing. The calculated values of pi are between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He is the first mathematician in the world to make the value of pi accurate to the seventh decimal place, and put forward the approximate ratio of 22/7 and the secret ratio of 355/ 1 15927. German Otto didn't reach this level until 1573, more than 1000 years earlier than Europe. Therefore, people call the secret rate "ancestral rate". The Da Ming Li compiled by him first considered the calculation of precession, and stipulated that a year was 365+038+0 days. The data of the sun and moon cycles are more accurate than other calendars at that time, and great achievements have been made in mechanical manufacturing. The compilation techniques and annotations of Jiu Zhangyi have been lost, including Yi Lao Zhuang Yi Shi, The Analects of Confucius, Zu Chongzhi Collection (565,438+0) and its book Different Annotations (some people say it's South).

Who is the most famous scientist in China?

1, Qian Xuesen: a famous scientist and physicist. One of the founders of modern mechanics in China. He has made many pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences.

2. Qian Sanqiang, a nuclear physicist and academician of China Academy of Sciences, has made outstanding achievements in "nuclear fission" and is an interdisciplinary advocate. It has made important contributions to the establishment of atomic energy science and the research of "two bombs" in China.

3. Zhu Kezhen: geographer, meteorologist, master of modern meteorological geography in China, founder and promoter of phenology research in China.

4. Li Siguang: Paleontologist, Stratigrapher, Geotectologist, Quaternary Glaciologist. Is the founder of geomechanics in China. "?" The new classification standard of fossils, the establishment of Sinian and Carboniferous stratigraphic systems in southern China, and the discovery and research of Quaternary glaciers in eastern China are his great contributions to geological science.

5. Yuan Longping: Agronomist, hybrid rice breeding expert, the founder of hybrid rice research in China, and the first person in the world who successfully utilized the heterosis of rice. 198 1 won the first national special invention award in China, and was internationally known as the "father of hybrid rice".

Hou: Famous scientist, outstanding chemical expert, pioneer of heavy chemical industry in China.

Zhou Peiyuan: a famous mechanic, theoretical physicist, educator and social activist, one of the founders of modern mechanics in China.

Mao Yisheng: famous bridge expert, civil engineer, bridge expert and engineering educator.

Deng Jiaxian: Physicist, with outstanding achievements in nuclear physics, theoretical physics, neutron physics, plasma physics, statistical physics, fluid mechanics and so on.

10, Tong Dizhou: biologist, founder of experimental embryology in China.

1 1, Qian Weichang: a famous mechanic, applied mathematician, educator and social activist. He is one of the founders of modern mechanics in China. He also specializes in applied mathematics, physics and China informatics, and has written a lot. Especially in the fields of elasticity, variational principle and perturbation method.

12, Yan Jici: physicist and educator, one of the founders of modern physics research in China.

13, Wu: physicist, founder and educator of modern physics in China.

14, Yuzhe Zhang: China modern astronomer, discoverer of "China" asteroid.

15, Tang (microbiologist, the first person to isolate trachoma virus in the world, known as "Down virus").

16, Ding Ying: a famous agricultural scientist, educator and rice expert, the main founder of modern rice science in China.

Liang: Forestry scientist.

18, Lin: the first female academician of China Academy of Sciences, a famous expert in obstetrics and gynecology.

19, Zhang: member of the Faculty of Chinese Academy of Sciences and member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He has been engaged in internal medicine teaching and scientific research for a long time and is the founder of gastroenterology in China. He has treated many intractable diseases in his life.

20. Wu Jieping: Physician, medical educator, one of the pioneers of urology in China, has made outstanding contributions to urology and male family planning.

And ...

Famous physicists: Dr. Tong, Wang Xiaoyu, Zhu Guangya, Qian Xuesen, Zhu, Li Siguang.

Chemists: Lu Jiaxi, Chang Xin 'an, Cao, Cao, Cai, Cai, Cai Zengliang, Cai, Chen Wujun, Chen Guanrong, Chen Kaixian, C.T. Chen, Chen Jiayong, Chen Shangxian, Chen Dai, Chen Qingyun, Chen Xiaohui, Chen Hongyuan and Chen Qingqi.

Who is the famous scientist in China?

Qian Weichang

According to the following

Qian Weichang is an internationally renowned scientist and an academician of China Academy of Sciences. Yan Weichang liked liberal arts very much in middle school, but he was afraid of science, especially math and physics. Interestingly, he mainly engaged in the research and teaching of mechanics and applied mathematics all his life, and made many pioneering contributions in these academic fields. He applied tensor analysis and differential geometry to the study of elastic plates and shells for the first time, established a unified theory of thin plates and shells, and put forward a set of nonlinear differential equations of linear shell theory, which is called "Qian Weichang equation" internationally. He also successfully used the system perturbation method to deal with nonlinear equations for the first time, which is still used to deal with this kind of problems internationally.

Qian Weichang's great achievement stems from his love for the motherland and his belief in "saving the country through science". When he was admitted to college, Qian Weichang's compositions and historical papers won the appreciation of professors in history department and Chinese department, but his total scores in mathematics, physics and chemistry were less than 100. So it is difficult to abandon literary theory. At that time, the head of the Department of Physics in Tsinghua University was Professor Wu, a famous physicist. Professor Wu also urged Qian Weichang to study Chinese or history, and told him that China literature and history were also needed by the country. Giving up literary theory is Qian Weichang's wish after repeated thinking, and he will not change it easily. After more than a week of earnest heart-to-heart, Professor Wu agreed that he would study physics for the time being, but for Qian Weichang, whose science foundation in middle school is not very good, it can be said that it is a very harsh condition: he must ensure that his score in physics and calculus is above 70 at the end of the semester, take chemistry as an elective course and strengthen physical exercise. This means that Qian Weichang, who was exhausted at that time, had two afternoons of physics experiments and two afternoons of chemistry experiments every week, as well as extracurricular exercises. Qian Weichang must redouble his efforts to overcome difficulties and meet these requirements, otherwise, he will have to change his department.

This semester, in addition to studying regular classes and doing experiments, I have to make up English and some basic mathematics in middle schools. He often studies hard day and night. Professor Wu also gave him a lot of guidance. Where there is a will, there is a way. Qian Weichang passed the physics exam in the first semester, and by the end of the school year, his scores in all subjects had reached more than 70 points, which guaranteed him a guarantee when he entered school. Four years later, Qian Weichang graduated with honors from the Physics Department of Tsinghua University, and then went to study in the United States. It is the ideal of saving the country by science that inspires him to achieve one major scientific achievement after another.

Who is the scientist dedicated to science? Please give an example.

In the history of scientific development, although there is no confrontation between real swords and real guns, countless warriors have indeed given their precious lives for the truth. Bruno (1548- 1600) was an astronomer who gave his life. Bruno was born in a poor family in Italy./kloc-entered the monastery at the age of 0/5, where he read a lot of books. At the age of 24, he became an astronomer. He gradually became suspicious of religion. He boldly criticized the Bible and offended the Vatican, so he had to flee Italy and go to France, Britain and other places to publicize Copernicus' Heliocentrism and criticize Ptolemy's geocentric theory. He believes that the universe is infinite, and there are countless similar star systems besides the sun. The sun is only the center of a star system, not the whole universe. Bruno developed the Copernican Sun Center, and said that the human understanding of celestial bodies has been raised to a new level. Bruno widely publicized his advanced philosophical thoughts, which aroused the fear and hatred of the Roman Inquisition. 1592, the Vatican tricked him back to Italy and arrested him immediately. The executioners tried all kinds of threats and inducements to make Bruno give in, but he firmly said, "I won't give in half a step." After eight years of torture. He was burned at the stake. 1600 On February 7th, Bruno was burned to death in Rome's Flower Square. At the last moment of his life, Bruno faced the executioner and solemnly announced: "You are more afraid of me reading the verdict than I hear it!" Bruno was executed, but his scientific spirit will live on forever! 1889, a bronze statue of Bruno was erected in the flower square where he died, in memory of this brave man who devoted himself to science forever. Christopher Columbus, a Columbus navigator and explorer, closed his eyes forever in Baladolid, Balado, Spain. This legendary navigator drew the end of his life. However, Columbus's voyage has just begun: the history of two continents and even the whole world has changed because of him. There are many mysterious legends about Peng Jiamu's Lop Nur. Lop Nur is not just a place name, it is more mysterious. There is a passage that describes her aptly: "Lop Nur is actually the largest flowing saltwater lake in the inland. Nature once created Lop Nur with an area of 5,400 square kilometers. In the past hundred years, the lake has dried up to the bottom. Now, what is presented to us is a desolate scene: the lake is dry, the river is cut off, and the castle is vicissitudes. Life seems to come to an abrupt end here. 1May, 980, Peng led his team to inspect Lop Nur for the fourth time and successfully crossed the dry lake bottom of Lop Nur for the first time. When the team faces serious difficulties of water and oil shortage, it is the morning of June 17. I left a note saying "I'm going to the east to find water" and never came back. After searching by local * * * and garrison organizations, Peng's body was never found. I haven't given up looking for him for 26 years, but I haven't found his body. I hope to find his body as soon as possible and give our scientists a grand funeral. It is also a spiritual comfort to his family. It is precisely because of such scientists who dare to devote themselves to science that our country has developed science and technology today. Peng is always worth remembering and learning. Hideki Noguchi died of virus on May 2 1928 while studying yellow fever in Africa. On June 15 of the same year, his body was transported back to a cemetery in the northern suburb of new york for burial. Mr. Noguchi Hideki's inscription reads: "He devoted his life to science, and he was born for mankind. Die for mankind. " Lichtman and Thunder. Hi. Baidu/yjkok/blog/item/7afd65c6e782971B9d163de4 Bauer Hayes and Snack Bauer Hester are American scientists who study snake venom. When he was a child, he saw that thousands of people around the world were killed by poisonous snakes every year. He decided to develop an anti-venom drug. Can antitoxic substances produced in the body be used to resist snake venom? He imagined that it was also possible. So from the age of 15, he injected himself with a small amount of snake glands, and gradually increased the dose and toxicity. This test is extremely dangerous and painful. Every injection is seriously ill. The venom of various snakes has different components and different modes of action. Every time he injects a new kind of snake venom, the original antivenom substance is not competent. He was tortured by a new anti-toxic substance. He was injected with 28 kinds of snake venom. After a dangerous and painful test, he finally gained something. Because of their own anti-venom, King cobra, Indian blue snake and Australian tiger snake have all bitten him, but they have survived every time. Blue snake is extremely toxic, and Hester is the only one alive who has been bitten by blue snake. He was bitten by a poisonous snake. Safe and sound every time. Hester analyzed the antivenom substances in his blood and tried some antivenom drugs. Many people bitten by poisonous snakes have been treated. There are too many people in China who have sacrificed their spirit for scientific exploration like Deng Jiaxian. " Health is the best test, and peace is the best wealth. Trust is the best bond. "Don't put the light bulb at the entrance" is a joke. Don't you know that the light bulbs in Taiwan Province Province are the same as those in Britain? In China, there is a warning on the wrapping paper of light bulbs-don't put that object in your mouth. It means don't put the light bulb in your mouth. Damn it.

Then someone will put this thing in the import? The British have some * * *. I tell you, nothing is absolute! One day, I was watching TV with an Indian friend at home, and I talked to him about it. He told me that their primary school textbooks also said that light bulbs would get stuck after being imported, and he was quite sure that it was said in the book.

But I doubt it. I think the surface of the light bulb is very slippery. If it can be imported, it can prove that the mouth is big enough to let it in and out. Theoretically, it can also be taken out. But this Indian book only says that. It must be correct.

I am annoyed at his ungrateful attitude. I said he was stupid, and he said I couldn't speak English or read books. We had a fight.

I went home in a rage, picked up an ordinary light bulb and lay in bed thinking, always thinking that I was not wrong, thinking about the ignorance of this Indian friend and thinking that I was a scientist.

Scientists What kind of scientists are those who specialize in scientific research, including natural scientists?

Sir Newton isaac newton (1643 65438+1October 4th ~1727 March 3rd1), member of the Royal Society, British physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. The universal gravitation and three laws of motion are described. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By proving the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the motions of objects on the ground and celestial bodies all follow the same laws of nature. This eliminated the last question about the sun center and promoted the scientific revolution. In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into the visible spectrum, he developed the color theory. He also systematically expressed the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton and gottfried? Leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem, and put forward the "Newton method" to approximate the zero point of the function, which made a contribution to the study of power series. In 2005, the Royal Society conducted a poll on "Who is the most influential person in the history of science", and Newton was considered to be more influential than Albert Einstein. Walter james watt is a famous British inventor. He was an important figure during the industrial revolution. He is a member of the Royal Society and a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences. He made a series of major improvements to the original prototype of the steam engine that had appeared at that time, and invented single-cylinder single-action and single-cylinder double-action steam engines, which improved the thermal efficiency and operational reliability of the steam engine and made outstanding contributions to the development of social productive forces at that time. He improved the steam engine and invented the barometer and power hammer. In memory of him, the unit of power is called Watt, which is usually represented by the symbol "W". Watt is the unit of measurement of power and radiation flux in the international system of units, which is often represented by the symbol "W". Watt was born in Glasgow, England on10.9. Watt went to grammar school as a child, but he didn't receive a systematic education. Watt learned a lot about mechanical manufacturing in the factory where his father worked. Later, he became an apprentice to a watch shop in London. 1763, Watt worked in Glass University, repairing teaching instruments. In college, he often discussed theoretical and technical issues with professors. 178 1 year, watt made a double-acting steam engine that pushed the piston from both sides. 1785, he also made great contributions to the improvement of steam engines. Elected as a member of the Royal Society. 18 19 Watt died in Heathfield near Birmingham on August 25th. In Watt's obituary, he praised the steam engine he invented: "It armed human beings, made weak hands strong, and perfected the human brain to cope with all problems. It laid a solid foundation for mechanical power to create miracles in the future. Edison Edison (1847~ 193 1) is a world-famous American electrician and inventor, and is known as the "king of inventions". Besides his inventions and contributions to the phonograph, electric light, telegraph and film, he is also famous in mining, construction and chemical industry. He has made great contributions to human civilization and progress. Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1879, Edison founded Edison Electric Lighting Company. 1880, incandescent lamps went on sale. 1890, Edison merged its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. Houston Company and Edison Electric Lighting Company merged into General Electric Company, and since then, General Electric's dominant position in the electrical field has continued for a century. Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 955 18), a world-famous German-American scientist, was the pioneer and founder of modern physics. 1999 12.26, Einstein was selected as "the great man of the century" by American Time magazine. Einstein 1900 graduated from Zurich University of Technology. Incorporate into Swiss nationality. 1905 received a doctorate from the University of Zurich. He used to work in the Berne Patent Office. He is a professor at Zurich University of Science and Technology and Deutsche University in Prague. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 was persecuted by the Nazi regime and emigrated to the United States. Professor of Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, became an American citizen from 65438 to 0940. /kloc-The late 20th century was a period of change in physics, and Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics according to experimental facts. He made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics, stellar atmosphere theory, is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully reveals that the Welch relationship between energy and quality is human feelings and sins. It solves the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the most basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and inferred the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified. It also became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later. Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmological theory. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy. Stephen stephen william hawking, born on 194218 October, graduated from Oxford University and Trinity College of Cambridge University successively, and obtained a doctorate in philosophy from Cambridge University. He has been in a wheelchair for 40 years, and only his facial muscles can move, so his speech and question-and-answer can only be completed by a speech synthesizer.