Peng Kun's theory: Others are hell.

To tell the truth, it is not easy to chew with and without.

Books are obscure, separated by cultural differences between the East and the West, and superimposed in this era of information flooding. Few people can really challenge success except those who specialize in research.

According to Peng Kun's theory, ordinary people should not stick to the original works at first, but should choose the thinnest or most introductory books first.

Who didn't start with babbling, toddler and ignorance?

As "From this shore of existence to the other shore of nothingness" shared-without these nothingness, how can people exist!

Therefore, even reading comics is not shameful.

These are tools and processes. All roads lead to Rome. What we want is that nothingness is filled, and learning is the purpose.

A flexible life is sincere.

And a good life can only be achieved with sincerity.

I. Me and others

People are always in the relationship with others.

Others is one of the main concepts in Sartre's philosophy.

Sartre believes that human freedom must be realized in the relationship with others.

Individuals who are completely isolated from the world cannot survive at all, let alone be free.

And man himself is a concept relative to others.

Just like the life and death relationship between subject and object.

Without others, people are no longer people.

Therefore, people need others and cannot do without others.

Understand the above, and then look at Sartre's related thoughts, we will understand more.

Sartre's existentialism is about how people exist, and people exist in society and others, so others are an important theme that existentialism cannot avoid.

Sartre described such a scene in Being and Nothingness:

A man is peeking at a woman through the keyhole. Suddenly, this peeping tom felt someone coming behind him. He was ashamed and felt that he had changed from the subject of observation to the object of observation.

Through the detailed description of the above scenes, Sartre confirmed that "being with him" and "being for him" are inseparable parts of consciousness.

When a man peeks, he is completely attracted by what he sees.

In this mode of consciousness, he didn't realize that he was a "self", but the woman he saw.

His thoughts are exactly the same as the house behind the door.

Sartre believes that people always regard others as an object.

This rudely deprives others of subjectivity and subjectivity, and turns living people into "things"

I, in the eyes of others, am just a comfortable existence.

In other words, it is the existence of a thing, like a chair or a stone.

In this sense, others restrict or even deny a person's autonomy.

So Sartre said, "one's freedom is bound by the freedom of others."

The eyes of others not only turned me into a rigid object as a free subject.

But also forced me to judge myself according to their point of view, disguise myself and concentrate on modifying my consciousness.

Of course, I do the same thing for others.

So, "I tried to free myself from the domination of others, and in turn tried to control others, while others tried to control me."

What people are most afraid of is being treated as "things" by others. This materialization means that others use his conscious role to deny my subjectivity.

People are subjective, and the most unbearable thing is being treated as objects (things).

After this happens, people are either ashamed or angry.

For example, when we concentrate on our work, we hate people staring at us all the time We often get angry and take a revenge action, that is, stare, an eye for an eye and look back.

This kind of thing often happens.

For example, quarrels and fights between strangers, which often occur in public places, may be trivial at first, but in the process, there will inevitably be eyes staring at them, and then the conflict will escalate.

Another example: two young people may have touched each other in the street, but after staring at each other, they are likely to fight.

Sartre's explanation is the negative effect of consciousness.

Especially when a person lacks self-knowledge and understanding of human nature, he can only seek the way of "my eyes are fiercer than you and stronger than you" to suppress others at this moment.

Since ancient times, staring at this is definitely more complicated than we thought.

Master and servant, superiors and subordinates, elders and juniors, the most taboo is that the latter looks directly into the eyes of the former and must bow their heads and endure.

So staring can be used to express affirmation and negation of one's own consciousness.

Generally speaking, Sartre's philosophy may be too optimistic about human freedom, but the description of interpersonal relationship is extremely pessimistic.

In his eyes, we are constantly hovering between two practices:

First, turn others into an object, a comfortable existence;

Or,

Second, try to turn yourself into his (her) object.

Second, others are hell.

He is hell.

In those years when existentialism burned to everyone's armpit, this famous saying attracted countless young people all over the world to discuss it all night.

However, Sartre said, you all guessed wrong what I meant-"People think that our relationship with others is always bad, and communication will always be difficult."

To this end, Sartre wrote an article entitled "Others are Hell" to explain.

From this short passage, we know that the source of this sentence is the script Guan, which was originally called Others.

Sartre wrote this play for three purposes:

First, the concept of "others" occupies a quarter of the length of Being and Nothingness.

After writing this book, Sartre was still thinking about the philosophical problem of "concrete relationship with others". As a result of thinking, he wrote the play in a few days.

Secondly, the inspiration of the play is largely from his feelings in the German prisoner of war concentration camp.

At that time, he was always under the gaze of others, which naturally formed hell.

Third, the accidental reason is that he wants his three friends to play a play he wrote. They should be treated equally-stay on the stage forever, and don't want anyone to leave the stage, because those who leave will think that others will have better roles in his absence, so Sartre wants them to be inseparable from each other.

Confinement is a typical philosophical drama.

Scene: Hell.

Three characters: coward Garcin (newspaper editor), gay Innes (post office clerk) and baby killer estelle (Parisian lady).

In addition, there is a hell page belonging to the scene.

Story plot:

When three people first meet in the secret room of hell, they guard against each other and hide their evil deeds:

Garsin tried his best to convince others that he was a hero. In fact, he was a coward who was executed for running away in World War II. At the same time, he is a sadist, indulging in debauchery and torturing his wife.

Estelle concealed her erotic identity and infanticide, pretending to be a chaste woman and ruining her youth for her old husband.

Ines remembers the existence of "others" with hostility, in order to cover up his gay past as much as possible.

They not only shut themselves off, but also "torture" others.

Everyone exists in the eyes of others all the time, and is examined and supervised.

Because their bad habits didn't change in their lifetime, their true colors were soon exposed.

Once exposed, without scruple, the three people form a two-way triangle relationship that pursues and repels each other:

Garcin wanted Ines, but rejected estelle;

Ines hoped to get estelle, but rejected Garcin;

Estelle wanted Garcin, but rejected Ines.

Just like sitting on a merry-go-round, three dead people are always trapped in a congenial, intrigue, but never catch up with each other.

Cycling endlessly, no one can get it, no one can have peace, and no one can live without it.

Finally, Garcin realized that there were neither torture devices nor executioners in hell: "In your impression, there should be sulfur, blazing fire and branded iron bars in hell! What a big joke! Without bars, others are hell. "

There is torture here-mental and spiritual torture; There are executioners-there are others.

The play ends with a sentence from Garcin: "All right, let's move on." .

Confinement was a great success in its first performance.

However, as mentioned above, people actually don't understand Sartre's profound meaning, and there are misunderstandings.

The profound meaning of this play is as follows:

First of all, if you can't treat others correctly, others are your hell.

In other words, if you are the main reason for the deterioration of relations with others, then you have to bear the responsibility of going to hell.

Sartre wrote in the article "Others are Hell":

"People think what I want to say is that our relationship with others is always bad and communication will always be difficult. However, this is not my intention at all. What I want to say is that if the relationship with others is distorted and corrupted, then others can only be hell ... For us, knowing ourselves and others is our most important factor ... "

According to Peng Kun's theory, the last sentence "others are our most important factor ..." is the core.

People are social animals, and society is-people are each other's mirrors.

If you break someone's mirror about you, then you are naturally fragmented and bizarre.

As Sartre said in the play: If you sacrifice the freedom of others by any means to realize your selfish and despicable desires in your relationship with others, you will push others into hell.

However, other people's lives are the projection of your life, so if you hurt others, you will also fall into hell.

All hell begins with selfish choices, and then the fish in the pond are affected. The result can only be that everyone lives in a hell of "no one is better".

Secondly, if you can't treat other people's judgment correctly, then other people's judgment is your hell.

The judgment of others is important, but it can only be used for reference and cannot be relied on. It is not the highest ruling, nor is it the ultimate goal of one's actions.

Anyone who pursues others' praise for himself is bound to fall into a mental dilemma.

This is the highest purpose of existentialism-to be yourself.

As Sartre said: "My intention is to show through this absurd play how important it is for us to strive for freedom, that is, it is extremely important for us to change our behavior. No matter what hell we live in and imprison us, I think we have the right to smash it. "

My life is my own decision, not God, not God, not others!

There is pride in people's bones.

Some people turned it into a struggle.

More people turn it into a distortion-despise people who are not as good as themselves and envy people who are better than themselves.

Therefore, in this world, no one can really accompany you through the darkest hours except your parents who can be selfless whenever and wherever you are.

This is nobody's fault, and neither will you.

Then, we are all the objects of others, just like others are here.

The biggest problem with the object is that it is a comfortable existence for the subject, and no matter how * * * you feel, you can't escape the subject's attitude towards things.

What * * * feeling, empathy, is actually just exaggeration, comfort, and even deception.

Relying on others, being influenced by others, and taking others' opinions as your own survival judgment is to completely turn yourself into an object, and your subject is oppressed and tortured in hell.

In today's era of big data, in today's era of more and more expensive privacy, in today's era when we are more and more like marionettes manipulated by others, nothing is more meaningful than "others are hell"!

Third, if you can't treat yourself correctly, then you are also your own hell.

In the journey of life, every time something goes wrong, it is easy for people to look for social reasons, objective reasons and other people's reasons, and often they can't see their own reasons. We often neglect to treat ourselves correctly.

In Sartre's philosophy, this is extremely important.

Like Sartre's other plays, the concept of "confinement" is positive.

Moreover, the dead in the play is also symbolic, Sartre said:

"I want to take this opportunity to point out that many people are trapped in a series of stereotypes. They have their own painful views on themselves, but they don't try to change them ... If anyone is always worried about his views and behaviors and he doesn't try to change them, then he is a living dead man.

In fact, since we are all alive, I want to use absurd ideas to reveal the importance of our freedom, that is, to change the importance of our painful actions through other actions.

No matter what hellish environment we are in, I think we have the freedom to break it.

If someone doesn't break it, it is that they can stay in it freely, that is, they can put themselves into hell freely ... "

"Confinement" puts the distorted relationship between people under a magnifying glass with absurd ideas, making people see decay and evil.

Being and nothingness come down in one continuous line, and "Confinement" once again reveals the importance of action and freedom: through action, we can change our painful environment, prejudice and relationship with others, and we have the freedom to break it no matter what terrible situation we are in.

There is no doubt that "confinement" fully shows Sartre's unparalleled dramatic genius.

1947 won the honor of best foreign language film in America.

Today, countless national theaters have staged the play grandly and become a world classic.

People all over the world are repeating the famous saying "others are hell", no matter what they think.

However, every thunderous applause proves that:

The main theme of Sartre's philosophy-others, imprisonment and freedom is playing in people's hearts again.