To what extent did the economy, armaments, policies and culture of the Song Dynasty reach?

Classification: Education/Science >> Science and Technology

Problem description:

I want specific figures, detailed, and preferably comparable to other dynasties. For example: national taxes, business data, overseas trade. ...

Analysis:

Song dynasty economy

In the eyes of many people, the Song Dynasty is probably one of the worst dynasties in the history of China. The word "weak Song" seems to be the final conclusion of this dynasty that has ruled more than half of China for more than 300 years. Indeed, according to China's traditional evaluation criteria for dynasties, the Song Dynasty was indeed quite shameful. First of all, there must be a strong centralization-this seems to be passable in the Song Dynasty; Secondly, just having "Let the world be the king's land"-the western regions, it is better to get Moscow-is worse in the Song Dynasty, not to mention a corner of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as "Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou a border state", which is the Northern Song Dynasty. Dust? Frequency craftsman and Huang who came here quickly? Just for a moment, not to mention the northwest; Finally, it is necessary to publicize the prestige of the country outside the country-"People who commit crimes against Han will be punished even if they are far away!" It is best to seal wolves once a year. What is Tiankhan? If you want the universe to be Khan, it will be even worse in the Song Dynasty. Not to mention driving a long way to Mobei and Huanglong. I can't even keep myself. You keep sending money every year, and people who call uncles are always beaten. The two emperors were captured and could not stay on the mainland and go out to sea twice-these are unprecedented glorious deeds. However, if we change our own perspective and try to look at history according to another standard, we will not only look at the "achievements of future generations" of governors, but also look at the social and economic development and people's lives. Maybe things will be very different. There is a striking figure-the highest fiscal revenue in the Song Dynasty reached 65.438+0.6 billion, and the average annual income in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty reached 80-90 million. Even in the Southern Song Dynasty, which lost half of its territory, the fiscal revenue was as high as1100,000. What kind of concept is this? Let's compare it with other figures. In the five years of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (157 1), the state revenue was 2.5 million taels of silver. Twenty-eight years after Zhang's political reform (1600), his revenue was 4 million taels (although Zhang died, the financial reform suffered relatively little, and it was only ten years before Zhang's death, so it is estimated that his revenue is not less than when Zhang was in office). There was chaos in the late Ming Dynasty. Under the attack of the late Jin Dynasty and the peasant uprising, Ming * * * successively increased the collection of "A", the suppression of salary and training, which was the famous "three salaries plus faction". As a result, people's grievances are boiling and smoke is everywhere. So how much income did this method, which was rated as "drinking poison to quench thirst" by people at that time, bring to the country? A year is about10.2 million. In other words, the total fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty was about150,000 taels of silver. If we think that the general exchange rate of money is 1 two silvers = 1 copper coins, then the fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty is less than110 in the Northern Song Dynasty and less than 1/6 in the Southern Song Dynasty, although this is more than 300 years after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the territory of the Ming Dynasty is far greater than that of the Song Dynasty. The financial situation of the Qing Dynasty was better than that of the Ming Dynasty, and the initial income in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650)14.85 million yuan. Xianfeng years (1850 or so) revenue is about 30-40 million Liang. The population is far less than that of the Song Dynasty 600 years ago, when the population of China exceeded 3 million? Branding? More than 2-3 times the population of Song Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the national fiscal revenue reached the level of the Song Dynasty. The income of the Song Dynasty may be overestimated because of the exchange rate and color conversion rate, but even so, it is an indisputable fact that the income of the Song Dynasty is much higher than that of any other feudal dynasty. )

So where does the huge fiscal revenue come from? Just look at the following set of figures. In Xining 10 (1077), the total incOme of northern om was 70.7 million, of which agricultural tax was 216.2 million, accounting for 30%, and industrial and commercial tax was 49 1 1000 (how big is this figure? You can compare it. This figure shows that the main body of national fiscal revenue is no longer agriculture, but industry and commerce, and the agricultural society has begun to move towards an industrial society. The huge financial revenue of the Song Dynasty was not the result of aggravating the exploitation of farmers, but the rapid development of the national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce, and the improvement of productivity. As a traditional agricultural country, directly collecting agricultural taxes from a large number of small farmers has always been the basis of state rule. It was really unique in the Song Dynasty, and it was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the industrial and commercial income exceeded the agricultural tax again.

Because a large number of independent small farmers are no longer the foundation of the country's survival, the Song Dynasty was able to adopt a completely different land policy from other dynasties-"not restraining mergers". For thousands of years, China has traditionally regarded land annexation as a national disaster and tried every means to contain it. So that a cycle was formed-the land was redistributed when the dynasty was established, resulting in millions of small farmers; After hundreds of years of accumulation, the land is concentrated in the hands of a few people, and the country has lost its tax source. Some farmers who have lost their land are desperate. A large-scale peasant uprising broke out, * * * collapsed, a new dynasty was established and land was redistributed. This practice is the product of natural economy, which can ensure that most farmers can have some land for farming, but on the other hand, it also limits the division of labor, the development of intensive economy and the rise of industry and commerce, and firmly binds China society to the natural economy. Moreover, this can not completely stop the trend of land concentration, and land must be redistributed every once in a while, and every redistribution of land is almost accompanied by large-scale war and destruction.

The practice of Song Dynasty made it successfully jump out of this strange circle. On the one hand, the merger was not suppressed, so that the land was intensively managed and a large number of surplus labor forces were liberated (it was estimated that less than 1% of the population occupied 70% of the country's land at that time, while the land entering the circulation market accounted for 20% of the country's total area every year); On the other hand, it has successfully developed industry and commerce, not only absorbed a large number of rural labor (only a copper-lead mine in Xinzhou Lead Mountain often employs hundreds of thousands of miners and mine owners day and night), but also promoted the rapid improvement of social economy and productivity. This can not help but remind people of the phenomenon of "sheep eating people" in the early days of the British industrial revolution, and how similar the social and economic development directions are. The only difference is that the Song Dynasty was many times larger than Britain, hundreds of years earlier than Britain, and the people suffered much less. At the same time, * * * has an emergency measure for the intensification of class contradictions caused by sudden disasters or wars-a large number of conscription. Because of its strong economic strength, the Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in China history that insisted on the recruitment system for a long time. The officers and men in Song Jun were generally treated well, so that they often became the cause of class conflicts in other dynasties? Soldiers, in the Song Dynasty, became the release valve of class contradictions. Whenever something goes wrong in a place and people can't survive, * * * recruits a large number of soldiers there. "Every time you recruit one person, the court will have one more soldier, and Shan Ye will have one less thief." This is also one of the important reasons for the lack of peasant uprisings in the Song Dynasty. Of course, one of the sequelae of this practice is "redundancy". During the Qing Dynasty, the total population of Song Jun actually reached 654.38+0.25 million, considering that the population at that time was at best 654.38+0. @ is really an astronomical number. The terrible thing is that 1.25 million people are mercenaries, so military spending has repeatedly created miracles. In the first year of Renzongbao, Shaanxi was the only place, with a military expenditure of 20 million in peacetime and 33 million in wartime! The huge military and other expenditures made the financial expenditure of the Song Dynasty unique in the history of China. Even such a huge fiscal revenue sometimes has the problem of making ends meet, which is sarcastically called "accumulated poverty" by some scholars. However, we must see that such expenditure is not entirely "military expenditure", but largely belongs to transfer payment or social security. Qin Yu studies? Credit, r industrial society turned to industrial and commercial society to pay the price. This method of using deficit economy to ensure social stability and economic development is quite modern. If I am a person who specializes in searching "China is the best in the world", I can even say that the Song Dynasty was the first country in the world to adopt Keynesian macro-control measures. (Of course, I'm not. Although this seems to be just a small joke, I am not the only one who thinks that Wang Anshi is the first person in the world to carry out macro-control on the economy, and I am not kidding. As a result, the economy of the Song Dynasty, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and the people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In Outlaws of the Marsh, we can see that a middle-ranking officer of the imperial army can pay 1000 yuan for a knife (Lin Chong buys a knife), while in Sanyan Erpai or Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, we can also see that "Hundred Gold" was already a family property at that time. In middle school textbooks, we once read that a minister in the Northern Song Dynasty complained that the world was cold and said: Nowadays, peasant pawns actually wear silk shoes. No wonder some western scholars say that the living standard of a European monarch at that time was not as good as that of Fang? ┿≥? Breaking into the neon investigation? 5 vinegar-edged pen cover? Kyle Polo, a businessman from Venice, the most prosperous city in China, came to the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, which absorbed only a little Song civilization. It was like being in a paradise on earth. Whether Kelpolo exists or has been to China is still controversial, but it is generally acknowledged that The Travels of Marco Polo's description is that European businessmen met fireflies at that time. Take temminick? What happened?

If those descriptions are not specific enough, we can also look at the following facts.

Paper money and bank credit first appeared in the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, three of the four great inventions were invented or began to be widely used. Among them, movable type printing was invented in the Song Dynasty, and block printing was widely used in the Song Dynasty (the earliest known printed matter was the Diamond Sutra paper in the middle and late Tang Dynasty); Large-scale use of gunpowder and firearms began in the Song Dynasty (the first use of gunpowder in the war was recorded in the late Tang Dynasty); Compasses began to be equipped with a large number of ocean-going ships in the Song Dynasty. The symbol of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition (Meng Qian Bi Tan) appeared for the first time in the Song Dynasty, which was the forerunner of the great development of modern western science. The Song Dynasty had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to * * *, * * and? "Caries │ South Asia and"? Jinnah thinks nine c North Korea. In Song Dynasty, the number of cities with more than 100,000 households increased from 10 in Tang Dynasty to 40. Bianjing and Lin 'an have become the fourth and fifth cities in the world with a population of over one million after Chang 'an, Luoyang and Nanjing.

In the Song Dynasty, "there were millions of households in the capital, and none of them burned their salaries."

In Song Shenzong, the country minted 5.06 million coins every year, while Xuanzong, the most prosperous emperor of the Tang Dynasty, minted 320,000 coins every year.

During the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (104 1- 1048), the annual business tax income reached19.75 million yuan, and the business tax in the Song Dynasty was very light, with 3% residential tax.

2%, with an average of 2.5%, the amount of taxable goods will reach 800 million yuan a year, which is more than 8 yuan per person.

In the last years of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 162), the tariff revenue of shipping companies in Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Zhejiang alone reached 2 million yuan, while in the Song Dynasty, only 7%- 10% tariff was imposed on imported goods, that is to say, only 2,000-3,000 taxable goods were imported from the above three shipping companies every year.

With the great development of economy and society, the political situation in Song Dynasty was generally clear. Eunuchs and consorts have no authoritarian power, empresses are in charge of government, and there is no local power to separate them. Under the tradition of "killing people without words", culture has developed by leaps and bounds. Those who were rejected or attacked because of "ambition" were exiled to Lingnan at most, and no one was actually executed for it.

We can boldly say that the Song Dynasty was actually on the eve of the development to capitalism. If there is really an opportunity to develop capitalism in China's history, I think it must be the world depicted in Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, not the mechanic waiting for his employer on Suzhou Bridge.

However, this budding bud, all this, was blown away by the cold wind from the north!

The destructive power of Mongols is extremely amazing. We have described this point before, and here are a few more pictures.

There were 7.68 million households (1207) in the heyday of the golden power, and only 870,000 households (1235) when the Jin and Yuan Dynasties perished. In just 28 years, the registered population has decreased by 89%! There were12.67 million households in Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1223), and 9.37 million households were acquired in the Yuan Dynasty when the Song Dynasty was destroyed, which also dropped sharply by 26%. This does not include the Yuan Army and the remaining three years of killing in the Southern Song Dynasty. Of course, some of these tens of millions of households and tens of millions of people escaped, but most of them died under the butcher's knife of Mongolian cavalry.

Resolutely refusing assimilation and trying to rule the Mongolian aristocrats in China by controlling the grassland desert immediately brought the Song Dynasty society to an abrupt end. Nearly a hundred years later, although the Han Rebels regained the state power, Zhu Yuanzhang mistakenly learned the lesson of Wang Anshi's failure in political reform, turned back the clock and sent China society back to a self-sufficient natural economy. This situation continued until British warships entered the Pearl River Estuary.

Armament in song dynasty

Throughout the ages, the Song Dynasty was the most incompetent, and almost every war ended in peace. Losing money or even begging for mercy and surrendering was simply the biggest shame since the ages. This ending was normal at that time. It took only five days for Zhao Kuangyin to send troops back to Bianjing and receive the "Zen position" of the Zhou master. Probably it is too easy to get this dragon chair, and it is always easy to worry about its loss. So I discussed with Zhao Pu that "stopping the soldiers in the world and building the country for a long time". Zhao Pu played it by ear and suggested that the head of the imperial army "slightly seize its power". Cut off the minister's real power, regardless of the actual situation, and only live a leisurely official life with Lu Feng.

After relieving the minister of military power in Beijing, Zhao Kuangyin was not at ease, but also made a fuss about the military system, and implemented a series of reforms, changing the national army into four types, divided into imperial, private, township and Francisco. The imperial guard is the emperor's escort. Some of them are stationed in the capital, but they have to eat in other counties, while others are guarding the frontier. However, they have to move their positions frequently. It is nominally "study hard and work hard". In fact, it is to consolidate and implement the real power of the central government, making it impossible for other generals to contact and pose a threat to the court, and achieving the goal of "no soldiers will be fixed." Xiang Bing is the commander of each state, who only works for the court and never practices martial arts. Rural soldiers are strong men selected from farmers. They are nominally local defenders, but they have no fighting capacity. Francisco soldiers were recruited to guard the border, but most of them were empty. Rural soldiers and vassal soldiers are neither frequent nor trained, and they are all nominal. How can such military equipment compete with foreign countries? No wonder it was often violated by the Khitan, Xifu and Liao Jin, and almost ended in failure and loss of money.

In order to consolidate the central government and implement the nature of internal defense, Zhao Kuangyin naturally developed internal decay and foreign aggression was the strongest. "The right to quench thirst by drinking poison" made the officials of Wu Zhi a dummy, which saved the history of defense in name. Regardless of the real reasons, the officials in charge of military and political affairs were all temporarily sent by the imperial court. It is because of the temporary dispatch that they walk like a lantern. Can they calm down and do something practical for the people? I can't. Military commanders are like this. What about civil servants? The Song Dynasty followed the official system of the Tang and Five Dynasties, and set up officials in Taiwan, province, temple, prison, hospital and ministry. In addition, there are other officials, such as Pi, Xun, Jue, etc. They are clean and honest, and only take their own salaries seriously for private affairs, while those who are actually in charge of things are called job posts, and their mobility is great, just like Wu Zhi's "temporary job". The Song Dynasty adopted such a bureaucratic system to safeguard the central government, which greatly weakened or even did not have the defense capability of military equipment. Numerous, huge and overlapping bureaucracies directly increase the financial burden of the country. The names of official salaries in Song Dynasty include official salaries, Lu Su, official salaries, public funds, professional fields, tea and soup money, vouchers, kitchen materials, firewood, clothing and food for servants and so on. At that time, anyone who could find a part-time job was well-fed and enjoyed it for life.

Zhao Kuangyin implemented the above reorganization in order to maintain its own rule, so that they could not become a force threatening and rebelling against the imperial court. On the other hand, in order to win the support of officials, landlords and wealthy businessmen, vigorously protect their interests, let them bully and exploit the working people, never severely punish them, and even form a public selling of officials and titles, and officials openly ask for bribes and accept bribes. They will not be held accountable. If it causes great public anger, it will only be demoted or diverted, and few people will be sentenced to death or have no family wealth. Therefore, although the Song Dynasty was not threatened by the mutiny of princes and kings in various dynasties, the situation formed "the soldiers were out of control, the use was unrestrained, the country spent nothing, and everything was just embarrassing."

The policy of the Song Dynasty,

Song's state-owned industrial and commercial policy is of course conducive to the development of handicraft industry and commodity economy objectively, but it must be noted that its original intention is to compete with the people for profits, expand the sources of exploitation, and use unequal status to extract industrial and commercial wealth. This is not true mercantilism, not a normal market economy measure, but a deformed product under the feudal state system. This policy also has a great destructive effect on the development of industry and commerce and commodity economy. In this soil, it is impossible. Facts have proved that when the * * * financial crisis occurred, the Song Dynasty did not expand production and market by actively developing industry and commerce, thus increasing normal taxes, but blatantly occupied the people's wealth by increasing exorbitant taxes, issuing a large number of currencies, changing banknotes or even printing money directly. In the Outline of National History, Qian Mu concluded: "The Southern Song Dynasty was * * *, so those who took it from the people were like this. Their people won't be trapped, and their country won't die! " The peasant struggle in the Song Dynasty never ended. Careful analysis shows that almost all the civil uprisings were caused by the excessive feudal burden. In the end, there was no nationwide peasant movement in the Song Dynasty, nor did it die out in the people's uprising. On the one hand, it attaches great importance to internal affairs. On the other hand, it alleviates social instability by recruiting soldiers and turning them into soldiers. On the other hand, it can ensure strict control and repression of the people. Second, the Song Dynasty has always faced huge foreign invasions and huge ethnic contradictions. In this context, ethnic contradictions and external crises may surpass internal class contradictions to a certain extent and for a certain period of time. When the Liao people invaded the south or the Jin people ravaged the Central Plains, the general public, under the historical conditions at that time, could only choose to do their best to support a * * * that could organize resistance. This was particularly evident in the Southern Song Dynasty. Looking up the historical materials in the early days of the founding of the Southern Song Dynasty, we often marvel that such an autocratic court can still be maintained. It can be said that if there was no huge threat of foreign invasion at that time and internal contradictions were diluted for a certain period of time, such a * * * aroused great changes in the country, and even a fragile collapse like the end of the Han Dynasty was entirely possible. Finally, the regime was so bad that it could not fulfill its obligation to save itself and protect the people who had placed their hopes. It was destroyed by foreign enemies, and it was too late until the internal contradictions were completely destroyed-although in the end, the trend of internal disintegration was irreversible. -It is totally nonsense to think that the country was running well in general at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. I often have unrealistic fantasies about the Song Dynasty. What are "the earliest sprout of capitalism in the world" and "the unprecedented peak of social development in China"? In fact, throughout the history of the Song Dynasty, its national policy was: to gather wealth in officials and to gather wealth in the central government. The people are poor and the officials are rich, and all the wealth of the government is concentrated in the central government. However, the capital of the whole country, the capital of the whole people, cannot support the huge expenses of emperors, imperial families, bureaucrats, redundant officials and redundant soldiers. A regime that has plundered the wealth of the whole country has been experiencing financial and economic crises almost all the time during hundreds of years of rule, and it is even difficult to maintain its operation. Such a * * * itself is a huge irony, a big joke, and the absurdity of countless people's blood and tears! This is my basic understanding of the Song Dynasty.

2? Another topic that the author relishes is the huge income of industrial and commercial tax in the Great Song Dynasty. This is also the place where the internet brings the most illusions to netizens. He said: "Where did such a huge fiscal revenue come from? Just look at the following set of figures. In 10 (1077), the total income of the Northern Song Dynasty was 70.7 million, of which two taxes on agriculture were 21620,000, accounting for 30\%, and two taxes on industry and commerce were 4911000,000 (how big this figure is, you can compare it.

Song dynasty culture

The Song Dynasty is an era of gathering stars. A large number of people such as Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Shen Kuo, Yue Fei, Zhu, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang and so on are dazzling in China and even in the world history. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to culture and education, and achieved great academic and cultural achievements, China's culture became more profound and mature, so more talents emerged. Amin Song Lian said, "Since the Qin Dynasty, civilization has flourished in the Song Dynasty." There were eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and six in Song Dynasty. Besides Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe, there are also Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong and Ouyang Xiu. Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Neo-Confucianism in Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu. Four Great Masters in Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. It is important that many celebrities in the Song Dynasty were born in poverty. Both Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu were born in single-parent families and grew up poor. Fan Zhongyan's father died when he was one year old, and his mother Xie took Fan Zhongyan, who was still in infancy, and remarried to Zhujiajian. Fan Zhongyan had a hard time since childhood, drinking porridge and studying hard. Ouyang Xiu couldn't afford a pen and paper at home when he was a child, and his mother taught him to read with a reed pole. In the end, through their own efforts, both of them became masters of culture, courtiers and pillars of the country. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu may have similar fates, and they became real friends. Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi and Ceng Gong are all cultural masters trained by Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi also trained four famous Su Men Bachelor: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao He. Lu You is a student in Ceng Gong, and Lu You and Xin Qiji are good friends. Their gathering together formed a cultural salon and a literary club. Many literary societies appeared in the Song Dynasty. In a word, Song Dynasty was a paradise for intellectuals.

Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Many famous painters appeared in Song Dynasty, including Fan Kuan, Guo, Zhou, Zhao, Xia Gui and Zhang Zeduan. What best represents the highest artistic level of Chinese painting is the broadness and artistic conception of landscape painting in Song Dynasty! There were many talented landscape painters in Song Dynasty, each with his own expertise and creation. Lin Yuan in the Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan's Mountains and Snow Scenery, Xu Daoning's Trees and Waters, Guo's description of the subtle changes of the four seasons, Zhao Lingxiang's Lyrical Scenery, Mi Fei and Mi Youren's Yunshan Ink Painting, and Xia Gui's Landscape all reflect the art of landscape.

Song Dynasty is a country of poetry. Song poetry is a huge treasure house. All aspects of knowledge are very rich. But this treasure house, our cognitive development is very little. Song poetry is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. There were more poets and more poems in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty enriched the types and forms of poetry. The number of Song poetry creations is unprecedented. Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9,000 authors, four times as many as the whole Tang poetry. The Collection of Song Ci has more than 1,300 poets and nearly 20,000 chapters. Confucius added hundreds of poets and wrote more than 400 poems in Complete Song Poetry Supplement.

Lu You, a prolific poet in the Song Dynasty, claimed to be "10,000 poems in 60 years". Lu You now has more than 9,300 poems. Yang Wanli wrote more than 20,000 songs. But now there is only a small part left. You Mao, one of the four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, left even fewer poems. So many great poets have written so many poems that more of us can only have a chance to read a few of their poems. It can be said that we haven't even touched the fur, let alone experienced their fine bones. Song poetry reflects the expansion of social horizons and the deepening of efforts to cut into life. The climate and atmosphere of Song and Tang are different, and the poet is brave in innovation, thus forming a "Song tune" which is completely different from "Tang Yin". As a new type of symphonic poem, Song Ci can not only be recited on the desk of literati, but also spread to the voice of musicians, which enhances its entertainment and communication, and has a large audience.

Song is the second wave of China civilization. It not only makes the verve civilization develop to absoluteness, but also makes the civilian culture develop. Traditional Chinese opera, including burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, shadow play, rap, zaju, etc. There are hundreds of acrobatics among them. Petty bourgeoisie was serious in Song Dynasty, and most of the feelings expressed in Song Ci were to express the leisure of drinking lightly and singing low. Song Ci embodies the stable political situation and the prosperous, rich and superior social life in the Song Dynasty. The prosperity of prostitution originated from the high prosperity of urban economy in Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in Song Dynasty was more clearly divided into four categories: official prostitutes, geisha, geisha and commercial prostitutes. The "prostitute" in the Song Dynasty is not a "prostitute" in the modern sense. Most people can buy works of art, not bodies. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and art workers. They are usually talented and beautiful. Some people have profound attainments in piano, chess, songs, poems, books and paintings. Some can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitute" is the most admirable. They are not only outstanding in appearance, but also brilliant. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are outstanding. Nowadays, actresses and stars, or women who are engaged in literary and artistic work, are hard to compare with them, because the women in the Red Chamber were cultivated from childhood and constantly edified, but now some women in the entertainment circle may become stars if they are beautiful and have only studied for two years ... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than a modern female star.

Tea culture didn't reach the artistic level until the Song Dynasty. Tea in Song Dynasty is not tea in the present sense, but a kind of tea beverage. Some need sugar, some need salt and all kinds of tea. This is a kind of tea and tea culture with countless ways of drinking. Unfortunately, it, like most of the crafts and cultures of the Song Dynasty, has not survived until now. In the Song Dynasty, all kinds of petal tea were very popular. Song also has the wind of fighting tea. Cai Xiang introduced Jian 'an Doucha in Tea Classic, especially a semi-fermented white tea produced locally. Song people used all kinds of exquisite porcelain bowls to drink tea, among which Millie lamp and Tianmu bowl of rabbit were famous tea sets at that time. According to the subtle differences in the color of the rabbit's Millie lamp, people also call it "Millie the Golden Rabbit" and "Millie the Silver Rabbit". Tea cups in Song Dynasty were divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. "Light and beautiful horses, flowers in Chengdu, bowls of ice and snow, tea in Jian Xi." "Short paper is inclined to be grass, and the window is clear and the milk is divided into tea." "Three crows make the sky clear, arrange rice bowls and set tea bottles." "There are two or three thatched cottages on the roadside, and you can see the guests patting the horses and ordering tea." Tea culture is often permeated in the poems of Song Dynasty. "Seven sweet mixed core tea, colorful Yu Xia. When you first start drinking, you feel that your kindness is very heavy, so don't praise it. " Mei, a famous realist poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote such leisurely tea poems with the flavor of petty bourgeoisie plot. Twenty articles in Song Huizong's Daguan Tea Theory introduced tea culture. Tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.

Jade culture began to flow to the people in the Song Dynasty. Because Song Huizong likes jade so much. Jade carving that led to the unprecedented development of jade articles in Song Dynasty and the unprecedented development of secularization tendency. Jade articles in the Song Dynasty are much more interesting and less ceremonial. In the Song Dynasty, jade carving markets and shops specializing in selling jade appeared. Citizens become appreciators and owners of jade articles. Wearing jade is sought after and loved by the general public and literati. Besides jade carving, there are wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquer ware, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, tablet, seal, pen, ink, paper and inkstone. They all had high attainments in the Song Dynasty. All these show that the culture and art of the Song Dynasty are superb and profound. Although the song dynasty opened