Why are Hakkas called Hakkas?

As for the origin of Hakka, it is generally believed that it comes from northerners who moved south. In history, wars such as "May 5th Rebellion" and "An Shi Rebellion" caused many civilians to be displaced, and some refugees fled to the south. Therefore, Hakkas are generally distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces. Of course, there are many Hakkas overseas now.

To put it bluntly, Hakkas mean "outsiders", because only aborigines are our own, so after arriving in the south, they live very cautiously. For example, the famous Fujian Tulou is the masterpiece of Hakka people. Earth buildings can be used as defensive castles and people's residences, which reflects their difficult situation as outsiders.

Hakka people are constantly moving, and sometimes it is inevitable that their wives and children will be separated, so their ancestral home concept is particularly strong, they pay attention to the family system, and their genealogy is particularly detailed and well preserved. For example, the Hakka surnamed Zhang in Jiangxi and the Hakka surnamed Zhang in Fujian can be linked by genealogy. It is possible that their ancestors were a family, so we can often see hundreds of tables at family banquets in a certain place in the south.

Due to the difficult living situation, Hakka people are hardworking and innovative, so they are quick-thinking and have achieved great success in business, politics and culture. For example, revolutionary pioneer Sun Yat-sen, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck, Singapore Lee Kuan Yew and Lee Hsien Loong are all Hakkas.

Hakka dialect is difficult to understand, but according to research, Hakka dialect is the official language of ancient China, and Hakka brought the official language of the Central Plains to the south, which has been passed down to this day, so some ancient poems are more harmonious to read in Hakka dialect. Therefore, Hakka dialect has also provided great help for the study of ancient Chinese.

In a word, Hakkas are a group of people caused by historical reasons. Wherever you go, you are descendants of China.

Hakkas, known as "Hakkas", have a short history and began in the Qing Dynasty.

Hakka people have a tough tradition and have a strong migration of plums. However, compared with the ethnic groups around the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi where the Hakkas live, the Hakkas are too "young", and this character is easily out of place.

First, Hakka settlement: "Embattled."

To the north of Hakka, there are Jiangyou people (Jiangxi people) known as "a good place in the south of the Yangtze River", which can be traced back to the Han Dynasty at the earliest. Its east is the descendants of Bamin, which began in Jin and became in Tang. To the south is chaozhou people, "Zou Lu by the Sea", which was founded in Qin and Han Dynasties, civilized in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. The west is a towering mountain, and the southwest is Lingnan, which has been in the same strain since Qin and Han Dynasties.

These powerful neighbors, in the process of thousands of years' evolution, have always adhered to the task of spreading Chinese culture to the south, and have also self-rendered the color of "a branch of Central Plains culture".

Originally, in the process of self-development, the four sects enjoyed themselves because of the buffer in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and always got along well. But I don't know when such a group of new people appeared in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and no one knows where they came from and what their attributes are.

Second, showstopper: chaos began to appear in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

Jiangyou people's ancient imperial examination culture was the most prosperous, with many literati and celebrities. They own vast private land and countless money. Under the feudal exploitation, countless tenants had to take risks and enter the mountainous areas to earn their own living. Together with the refugees who came from the war and evaded taxes, these people became the "customers" of Gannan at that time. They have no household registration and no place for scientific research, so they have to hide in the mountains and forests, seek happiness in many ways, and die.

Therefore, Ganzhou became the cradle and original shelter of Hakka people, about before the Southern Song Dynasty.

With the retreat of the Southern Song Dynasty, customers in southern Jiangxi began to cross Wuyishan and enter Tingzhou, the southernmost part of Fujian. There is a mountain plain formed by the erosion of Tingjiang River, and enough people have settled down. Over time, Tingzhou began to gather population and began to have a prosperous image.

The population growth of Tingzhou is first impacted by the neighboring Minnan people in Zhangzhou, and this process will inevitably lead to the harassment and erosion of Zhangzhou people by Tingzhou tourists.

In the impression of Zhangzhou people, their ancestors were Heluo people who went south from the Central Plains because of the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi rebellion. By word of mouth, their impression of the border region of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi is still in the initial state of "barbarian", "She nationality" and "She nationality guest", so they also recorded these names in their usual exchanges.

Especially before the Southern Song Dynasty, the She people living in mountainous areas were a group of foreigners who were good at slash-and-burn cultivation and did not have to pay taxes. Of course, Zhangzhou people will regard these customers and refugees as the same kind.

It is enough to prove that at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, these snakeholders also helped the government forces of the Southern Song Dynasty to fight against the Yuan soldiers together, and after the defeat, they retreated to the mountains to avoid life.

Perhaps Minnan people are too tough, and Tingzhou customers who have been going east have begun to change direction and go south. The first place they arrived was Meixian, a mountainous county under Chaozhou. After a long time, almost all the counties in the north of Chaozhou were occupied by tourists, so the court set up Jiaying House here, which made the Hakka ancestors have a happy and beautiful future base.

Third, the expansion of Hakka people.

I have to say, Hakka ancestors were really skilled. On the one hand, the population explosion came from a steady stream of refugees and tourists in the Central Plains, on the other hand, high-yield crops such as sweet potatoes were introduced from southern Fujian and Chaoshan, which solved the problem of rations needed for population reproduction in mountainous areas.

As a result, the Hakka ancestors who were good at migration, based in Jiaying Prefecture, continued to expand westward and southward. Soon, many "part-time" customers gathered in Raoping and Hailufeng areas at the junction of Chaoshan and Minnan, Hailufeng at the junction of Chaoshan and Guangfu, and on both sides of the Pearl River, the traditional site of Guangfu. Their population has increased at an alarming rate. Finally, there was a conflict with Guangfu people, and a large-scale "struggle between locals and outsiders" broke out.

At this time, "Hakkas" are still not Hakkas, and should still follow the concept of "Hakka" and the role of Hakkas in Song Dynasty, but in the end, Guangfu people gave the name of "Hakkas", which was finally accepted by all Hakkas.

The conflict ended in the failure of the Hakkas. As a result, a large number of Hakkas living on both sides of the Pearl River retreated to northern Guangdong or continued to enter Guangxi, Sichuan and even directly changed to Southeast Asia, thus setting off another big scene of Hakkas migrating thousands of miles.

In this process, people of insight among Hakkas, such as Luo Xianglin, played a key role in correcting the appellation of Hakkas, so that when we talk about the Han nationality today, everyone will think of "Hakkas"; If a similar scene happened before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hakkas would always feel "beautiful".

Fourth, the essence of Hakka.

Hakkas are called "Hakkas", which is really related to their repeated migration for hundreds of years. They have no fixed place and are the closest to "Hakkas".

The reason for visiting is that neighbors are all mature nations and have their own customs. When new people who are out of place migrate to form dialect islands or cultural islands, it will inevitably cause resentment among local people and even lead to conflicts.

As for Hakkas, what is it? Whether it is a minority or not, this should not be too controversial.

Powerful people, such as Hakkas, have great ability to expand outward. About half of the surrounding ethnic groups in Chaoshan have become Hakkas, and some towns in Zhangzhou mountain area in southern Fujian have also become Hakkas. As for Guangfu, both the east bank of the Pearl River and the north of Guangdong are Hakkas.

It can also be speculated that although there are a large number of She people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, under the oppression of Hakka people, she people are either assimilated or migrated, so we can see that the descendants of She people in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi have become Hakkas, some of whom have recovered their identity after liberation, while others have to continue to be assimilated unconsciously.

Almost at the same time of Hakka expansion, a She nationality from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi moved eastward to eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang. They are survivors of the She nationality.

Therefore, after the Southern Song Dynasty, Hakka people are still mainly from the Central Plains, mainly composed of land-lost people and refugees fleeing from the war. They inherit the tradition of the Han people, but they don't want to abandon the words and customs of their ancestors, but they are integrated into a group with some characteristics of the She nationality, so they are incompatible with the descendants of the Central Plains who arrived in advance, so they are called "Hakkas".

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Text/Four Records of Guihai

Secondly, talk about the origin of Hakka. Hakka is one of the many ethnic branches formed by the migration of Han nationality in various historical stages. With the looting of Lingnan by the Qin Dynasty, the five chaos in the late Jin Dynasty and the difficulty of pacification and restoration in the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people moved or fled from Henan, Shanxi and Shandong in the Central Plains and settled in Guangdong, Guangdong, Fujian and Hubei. In the Southern Song Dynasty, official residences were divided into main residences and guest residences, and the settlers were Hakkas. The original immigrants in China also called themselves Hakkas and regarded people as strangers from other places, which is also the source of the name "Hakkas" 3. After that, the Hakkas experienced several migrations due to the war, forming the present distribution pattern.

According to statistics, there are 80 million Hakkas in the world, more than 50 million in China and 25 million in Guangdong (data source: Baidu Encyclopedia). Hakkas are hardworking, flexible and adaptable, living in more than 80 countries and living well all over the world. After thousands of years of migration, Hakka people have formed their own unique culture, which not only retains a large number of cultural traditions in the Central Plains, but also absorbs the cultural characteristics of the region and Baiyue people. Wailou, Wailong Building and Hakka Earth Building are all famous folk buildings. Hakka culture is not only an important branch of Chinese culture, but also an important part of southern China culture.

Finally, Hakkas came from the northern Central Plains, where economy and technology were developed at that time. Some nobles moved their families to avoid disasters or fled, bringing craftsmen and artists from all walks of life, objectively spreading advanced manufacturing and farming technologies and concepts, and promoting the civilized development of Baiyue region in the south, which is also one of the vivid historical evidences of the great integration of the Chinese nation.

That's all I know about Hakkas. Write it for your reference.

Hakka people have a unique cultural system. Hakka people's living habits and customs are obviously different from those of other nationalities. In particular, eating habits, language, culture and economic conditions are all dominated by Cantonese and Hakka in China! Hakka people are warm and generous, and their cultural literacy is generally high; Hakkas are widely distinguished, all over Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces. Hakka cuisine and Cantonese cuisine have the same dishes and tastes. As we all know, it is eaten in Guangdong. I am a Hakka. ...

Why are Hakkas called Hakkas? First of all, talk about the origin of Hakka.

In the Qin Dynasty, the first emperor sent Zhao Tuo and many other Qin people to conquer Baiyue, and even if Qin died, he couldn't come back. Zhao Tuo later established South Vietnam until the Han Dynasty, and many Chi soldiers had brought some Hakkas into Lingnan area. Coupled with the construction of the first emperor, many Hakka ancestors were sent to chop wood. In the true sense, the first large-scale migration of Hakkas was during the Five Chaos, and it was Hakkas who crossed the crown and went south, bringing advanced farming culture. According to the local topography, Hakka folk houses will be established to live together and resist foreigners. The second migration was from An Shi Rebellion to Tang and Song Dynasties. The third migration was the Battle of Yashan, and there was no China since then. At this time, all the Hakkas have moved to the Central Plains. At this point, Wen Tianxiang and other heroes have risen up against foreign countries. The fourth migration was in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, when the Hakkas moved south, the ethnic groups grew steadily, and they began to migrate to the coast and Sichuan, and there was also a phenomenon of backflow. Because the Hakkas in the imperial examinations of past dynasties were not local residents, there was a special examination quota called Hakkas, who called themselves foreign guests, that is, "The road of Peach Arc has moved, and the south of the Millennium is far away." Dialect fully proves the original rhyme, and the customs and habits still remain as they were three generations ago. "Huang Zunxian once described the Hakka people like this. The fifth great migration was the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by 80% Hakkas in the late Qing Dynasty. Many Hakkas emigrated overseas for fear of genocide, which laid the foundation for the global distribution of Hakkas. Hakka people who emigrate overseas claim to express themselves in English in Hakka dialect, representing Hakka people and Hakka culture. Hakkas are not ethnic minorities. We are a clan with the largest population and the widest distribution of Han nationality. We never forget where we came from. The voice of Heluo still exists today. Hakkas are not representatives of a region. They claim to be more than1.800 million Hakkas in the world. Hakka culture is not only Hakka, but also an indispensable part of studying China culture. Hakka architecture is not only a building used by Hakkas to resist foreigners, but also one of the four ancient buildings in China.

Hakka traditional dress is the improvement of Hanfu by Hakka people, which is not so bound by robes and robes, and is very close to the clothes worn by Ming Dynasty adherents in green. Some people say that Hakkas are descendants of Yao, Miao, She and Han, which is undeniable after the founding of New China. Hakka people have not merged with Miao and Yao before, only a small number of She people have merged with Hakka people, and the She people have been sinicized by our Hakka people. After the genocide in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, millions of She ethnic groups were wiped out, and the remaining She ethnic groups could only integrate with Hakka people and abandon her culture. Now the She people in Hakka areas can speak the She language. Hakka dialect, as an ancient sound, rhymes with Guangfu dialect to read poems.

Let's try to read it in Mandarin. Doesn't this poem rhyme? But in Hakka dialect, the words "Xie" and "Xia" at the end of sentence 2.4 rhyme with the words "home" and "flower". In the ancient sound, "Xie" is also pronounced as "gorge", which is exactly the same as Hakka dialect.

This is a poem written by my ancestor Zhang Zishou Gong, which is more attractive to read in Hakka dialect.

Xijiang nocturnal

Tang Dynasty: Zhang Jiuling

Where are people at night? Visit the moon in Chengtan.

Long and spacious, longing for home.

Foreign objects are quiet and undisturbed, and the flow is clear.

Thinking of returning to the forest for a change of leaves, I am worried about sitting on Watson.

There are Tingzhou cranes, which ring at night.

This is part of my Hakka expression.

Hakka is neither a national concept nor a regional concept, but a national branch within the Han nationality: there are about 80 million Hakkas in the world at present. Among them, about 50 million people are distributed in more than 80 cities and counties in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hainan provinces. The number of local Hakkas in Guangdong Province is about 25 million, accounting for one third of the local ethnic groups in Guangdong. The three major dialects in Guangdong are Cantonese, Chaoshan dialect and Hakka dialect. About 6 million people live in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, and about150,000 people live in more than 80 countries and regions such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, the United States, Peru and Mauritius. Hakka dialect is also an important part of the local language. Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Ganzhou, Longyan, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Hezhou, Sabah and Hsinchu are important Hakka cities, and Meizhou, Huizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou are called "four Hakka States".

To put it bluntly, Hakkas mean "outsiders", which is relative to aborigines. Strictly speaking, several major ethnic groups in Guangdong are mixed and assimilated with Baiyue ethnic group, the earliest indigenous people in Lingnan, and the final Hakka ethnic group is not later than other ethnic groups in Guangdong. Because Hakka dialect was originally elegant in the Central Plains, it only absorbed some indigenous languages in the South, but the main body in the Middle Ages was still elegant. The earliest Hakkas who moved to Guangdong were descendants of Qin Jun when Qin Shihuang marched to the south for a hundred miles. These people merged with the local Baiyue ethnic group and gradually formed the Hakka clan in Guangdong. Since then, people from the Central Plains have moved southward one after another and merged into the Hakka people.

The Western Jin Dynasty perished because of the Eight Kings Rebellion and Five Rebellions: the Central Plains became the battlefield of Wuhu tribes, a large number of farmland was abandoned, and Han people were taken into slavery. Years of war have made life difficult for people in the Central Plains, and cannibalism has begun to appear. In order to survive, some unbearable people in the Central Plains entered Xiangyang from Nanyang, Henan Province, flowed into the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River and moved eastward to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the south, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or enter the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi along the Ganjiang River. Its vanguard has arrived in Tai Po, Meizhou and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and established Zhao Yi County on the basis of "floating private enterprises". At this time, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, overseas Chinese states, counties and counties were set up specifically for the resettlement of immigrants from the Central Plains, and various preferential treatments were given. This trend has continued for more than 70 years, with a population of12 million.

After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime in the buffer region, coupled with successive years of famine in the Central Plains, government extortion and exploitation, poverty in people's livelihood, and many fireworks in urban and rural areas were cut off, finally aroused the Huang Chao Uprising. Huang Chao moved to most parts of China, but Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong were less affected by the war, so a large number of Zhongyuan people went up the Ganjiang River from Jiujiang and settled in today's triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, there are also many immigrants who avoid living in Shibi Cave in Ninghua, Fujian. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years and lasted until the Five Dynasties after the Tang Dynasty.

In A.D. 1 126, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was attacked by Jin Jun, and Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong, crossed the river south, and millions of subjects moved south with Emperor Gaozong. After the nomads from Central Plains entered, a large number of Central Plains people crossed the river and went south. Later, Mongolia destroyed gold and went to war with the Song Dynasty. The border between Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong became the battlefield of Song and Yuan Dynasties. In the process of resisting Yuan Dynasty, many Hakkas' children joined the army, and some Hakkas entered Meizhou, Huizhou and other places in eastern Guangdong to escape the war. Because the household registration at this time is divided into "subject" and "object", all immigrants and naturalized people are included in the "object". And "Hakka" calls itself "Hakka".

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, some Hakka Rightists followed Zheng Chenggong and moved to Taiwan Province, while others moved to northern, central and western Guangdong. Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan. At the same time, because the high-yield crops such as Gansu and potatoes imported from the United States landed on the southern coast first, the local population began to expand: after more than 200 years of development, the population of Hakkas in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong increased greatly, while the local Shan Ye was scarce, and the contradiction between people and land became increasingly acute. At that time, after the war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the population of Sichuan was almost extinct on a large scale. The imperial court hoped to immigrate to Sichuan to solve the contradiction between man and land, so a large number of Han people moved to Sichuan from the Central Plains: the ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han Yin Su were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian. Due to the great influence of Huguang in Sichuan in history, there is still a legend among Hakka children in Sichuan today: every Hakka child in Sichuan has traces of his ancestors being tied by ropes when they entered Sichuan.

However, the population migration in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties did not fundamentally solve the contradiction between man and land in Lingnan area. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there was a struggle between Hakka children and local aborigines for fields and water sources from time to time. This kind of struggle was sometimes called the struggle to come to the soil-people from afar were both Hakkas, locals and aborigines. After the rise of the Heavenly Kingdom Movement in Tian Ping, Hakkas took advantage of the sharp contradiction between man and land at that time and moved south for more than ten years. After the failure of the Kingdom of Tian Ping, these Hakkas moved to Hainan and Guangxi respectively, and even crossed the ocean to make a living.

In addition to domestic migration, since the Song Dynasty, Hakka ancestors have been migrating overseas to escape the war. "Water Margin" records that Ruan, Zhu, and others later went down to Nanyang to stand on their own feet as kings. Although this is a novelist's statement, it also reflects the experience of ancestors from the southeast coast of China who moved overseas at that time. In the second year of Xiangxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1279), Zhang Shijie was defeated by the Song Dynasty, and the left prime minister Lu Xiufu (a native of Yancheng, Jiangsu) died when his young emperor jumped into the sea. His youngest son, Lu (No.Fu Song) and other adherents of the Southern Song Dynasty fled to Nanyang, Java Island by boat. Lu was elected as the leader and stood on his own feet in the kingdom of Shunta in Java. Since then, China people have successively established Boni Kingdom, Kingdom, Natuna Island, Malaysian Kingdom of Wu, Siam Dynasty, Dorian Republic and Kingdom in Southeast Asia, and many settlers have also done business in Southeast Asia. Among them, a large number of Hakka children migrated overseas by sea and land: by sea, they set out from Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Tongjiachong in Chixi, Taishan, and ventured to various parts of Southeast Asia by boat. Land enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. Among them, there were volunteers who fled overseas after the failure of resisting Yuan in the late Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing" in the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty and various armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen in the early period, and a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor who either sailed by boat, or were robbed, tricked and hired as "contract Chinese laborers" to work in Nanyang and other places. Since the mid-20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, America, other countries and even other parts of the world. Now Hakka descendants have spread all over more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is sea water, there are Chinese, and where there are Chinese, there are Hakkas".

Hakkas are the purest Han people, not ethnic minorities. Hakka dialect is a living classical Chinese, and many ancient Chinese still appear in daily sentences. On the ancient graves of our Hakkas, there is a row of words (tablets) that can prove that we are Han Chinese, even hundreds of years ago, especially the first word "China", and the public word is generally "China is great, looking forward to xxx." . . . ",the grave; The fact that women are "the tomb of China's righteous virtue xxx" shows that people living in this land are Han Chinese.

Hakka, or Hakka, Hakka ethnic group and Hakka ethnic group, is called Tukan people in Sichuan, which is an important branch of Lingnan Han nationality and one of the most influential Han ethnic groups in the world. Hakka dialect originated in Siyi area of Guangdong Province. In the early Qing Dynasty, Meizhou people moved to the Pearl River Delta and were called Hakka by Guangfu people, moved to Guangxi, called Lairen, moved to Jiangxi, and later changed to Hakka. Up to now, the Hakkas in Jiangxi and other places are called Hakkas, who are the main force of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Red Soviet Revolution. It has played an important role in establishing a new China with equality among all ethnic groups. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka community is a community produced by the mixture of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. "Hakka Capital" is Jiaying House.

What is "pure Hakka residence" and what is "non-pure Hakka residence"? So far, there is no recognized exact definition standard, which can only be said relatively. On the basis of extensive investigation, Luo Xianglin roughly divided the distribution areas of Hakkas in China. Hakka people in China mainly live in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province and other places, including 33 pure Hakka counties and 44 non-pure Hakka counties/kloc-0. In foreign countries, Hakkas are more widely distributed. The so-called "where there is sea water, there are overseas Chinese, and where there are overseas Chinese, there are Hakkas".

To put it simply, Hakka is a Han nationality with its own unique culture, which was formed when northerners moved south to the border of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces (from Jiangxi to Fujian and then to Guangdong) because of the war. Therefore, Hakkas are Han people, not ethnic minorities. The word Hakka appeared relatively late, and the Hakka clan was not called Hakka when it was formed. So some people don't quite agree with the name Hakka. Hakka's base camp is in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, as well as western Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and overseas.

The so-called "Hakkas" refers to the unique Hakkas formed in the southern provinces after five large-scale migrations of the Han nationality from the Central Plains. It is an important branch of the eight Han nationalities in China.

To put it simply, Hakka is a Han nationality with its own unique culture, which was formed when the northern Han nationality moved southward to the border of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces (from Jiangxi to Fujian and then to Guangdong) due to the war.

Therefore, Hakkas are Han people, not ethnic minorities.

The word "Hakka" appeared relatively late. Hakka clan was not called Hakka when it was formed, so some people don't quite agree with the name "Hakka".

Hakka's base camp is in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, as well as western Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and overseas.

In the process of the gestation, growth and outward spread of Hakka culture, Hakka culture has experienced repeated integration, and in the process of integration, it has continuously absorbed the nutrition of surrounding cultures and continuously developed and expanded itself.

Therefore, Hakka culture, like other cultures in China, is also a constantly developing culture.

With the progress of society, some consciousness or habits formed in Hakka culture in the past to meet the needs of their own survival and development, such as small-scale collectivism and related living habits, may seem a little old and some are out of date in today's increasingly perfect market economy.

Therefore, today, they should jump out of the Hakka circle and correctly understand and evaluate Hakka culture with the momentum of "reaching the peak and the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.", so as to carry forward Hakka excellent cultural traditions and bravely abandon outdated factors.

Mr. Luo Xianglin is the founder of Hakka studies. According to Mr. Luo's theory, Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality (that is, the concept of "clan system" in the book). Just as the clan is divided into several branches, the Han nationality also has many branches, such as the southern branch and the northern branch. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Branch was divided into overseas branch, Hunan branch, southern branch (native to Guangdong and Guangxi, also known as Guangfu branch), Minhai branch (also known as Fulao branch) and Fujian branch. Therefore, according to Mr. Luo's theory, Hakkas are not ethnic minorities, but a part of the Han nationality. Although this conclusion has been controversial since then (for example, Fang believes that the main ethnic origin of Hakka is Yue people, see his book "The Origin of Hakka"), it has basically become the consensus of academic circles. However, AARON Li of Fudan University in Shanghai made a genetic analysis of 48 Hakka men in Changting/Kloc-0, Fujian. The results showed that the Y chromosome inherited by Hakka paternal line was the closest to that of Han nationality in Central Plains. Through mixed analysis, it is found that Hakka data structure accounts for 80.2%, She data structure is 13%, and Dong data structure is 6.8%. The research results further prove that the main source of Hakkas is the Han nationality.

refer to

Luo Xianglin: Introduction to Hakka Studies and Textual Research on the Origin of Hakka.

Zhou Yunzhong: A New Investigation on the Origin of Hakka.

Genetic analysis of the origin of Hakkas by AARON Li and Pan Wuyun.