On the Real Poet-Zhu Xiang

Edit this paragraph, Zhu Xiang

Zhu Xiang (1904 ~ 1933), a modern poet, was born in Yuanling County, Hunan Province, where his father was an official. Gifted at an early age, he began to study at the age of 6, studied composition at the age of 7, entered primary school at the age of 1 1, and studied at the primary school affiliated to Nanjing Fourth Normal University at the age of 13. 19 19 entered Nanjing technical school for one year. Influenced by New Youth, he began to identify with the New Culture Movement. 1920 entered Tsinghua University to participate in the activities of Tsinghua Literature Society. 1922 began to publish new poems in Novel Monthly and joined the Literature Research Association. Since then, I have devoted myself to poetry creation and translation. 1927 studied in the United States in September, and studied English literature at Lawrence University in Wisconsin, University of Chicago and Ohio University. The ethnic discrimination there inspired his national pride and patriotic enthusiasm; He dreamed of opening an "author bookstore" after returning to China, so that a group of scholars could "create more and be happier". For the sake of family life, he didn't finish his studies in order to return to China in August 1929, and was employed as the head of English literature department of Anhui University in Anqing. /kloc-he left his job in the summer of 0/932 and drifted to Beiping, Shanghai, Changsha and other places to write poems and sell articles for a living. Finally, because of the embarrassment and frustration of life, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the river on a ship from Shanghai to Nanjing on the morning of February 5, 1933. According to witnesses, before committing suicide, he recited a poem by the German poet Heine.

Zhu Xiang was called "Keats of China" by Lu Xun after his death. Luo Niansheng said: "Keats in Britain is immortal, and Keats in China is immortal."

Zhu Xiang was one of the four major student poets in Tsinghua campus in the 1920s. Together with Rao Mengkan (son), Sun Dayu (son) and Yang Shien (son), he was called "the four great poets in Tsinghua", and later became an important poet in China modern poetry circle together with three other poets. During his school days, his artistic talent has been fully revealed, and he was a literary celebrity on the campus of Tsinghua at that time.

Zhu Xiang 192 1 began to write new poems while studying in Tsinghua. Most of his early works are included in Summer (1925). The work "River" is slender and beautiful in style, but its skills are still relatively naive. After 1925, people who sorted out and consciously pursued the new poetic meter participated in the supplement of Morning News founded by Wen Yiduo and Xu Zhimo in 1926. Poetry edition, advocating the movement of metrical poetry, publishing the advertisement of "My Poetry Reading Club", trying to practice the proposition of the beauty of poetry music. His second book of poetry, Collection of Grass Mang (1927), is neat in form, soft in tone and beautiful in style, while the rhythm of Cradle Song and Lotus Picking Song is slow and beautiful. His famous long poem "Mong Kok" focuses on the integration of the advantages of ancient China lyrics and folk drum books. This collection of poems marks the maturity of his poetry creation. Zhu Xiang's creation before and after going abroad was more influenced by foreign poetry, and he tried various western poetic styles. Later, he poured out his life sigh with western poems and meter. Among them, more than 70 sonnets collected in Shimen Collection (1934) are called "the most valuable part" in his poetry collection (Sonnets of Zhu Xiang by Liu Wuji). In addition, in his other works, there are also some strange forms, such as huandiao, baliqu, shanglaiti, prose poems, poetic dramas, etc., which are in sharp contrast with the styles of previous poems.

Zhu Xiang's poem "emphasizes metrical rules, is concise, Zhuang Su is stern, full of philosophy of life, concise and profound."

Among them, Entertainment, the masterpiece, achieved the "three beauties" advocated by Wen Yiduo-the beauty of music, painting and architecture.

Zhu Xiang also wrote many essays and poetry reviews, and translated and introduced many famous foreign poems. He opened a "desk column" under the pseudonym "Tian Yong" in 1924 Literature Weekly and published book reviews in Scream and Red Candle. His other works include: poetry anthology (1936), China book criticism anthology (1934), literary chat (1934), overseas letters to Prince Ni (1934), and.

Zhu Xiang is a poet with unique personality and artistic dedication. His six-year student life in Tsinghua was not smooth. He was ordered to leave school because he remembered three major mistakes. 1926 repeat reading, and read for another year before graduating. However, this does not mean that Zhu Xiang's academic performance is not good. He is always superior in Chinese and English, and all objective moral obstacles, such as whoring, gambling, alcohol and tobacco, have never crossed. Because I like reading literature books, I often skip classes and am expelled from school, so that I can only go to the United States for half a year. " In a letter to Gu of Tsinghua Literature Society, he said that the reason why he left school was to "declare war on disappointment". This disappointment is manifold ",but he has infinite nostalgia for Tsinghua campus:" There are many things in Tsinghua that I can't give up. This dilemma is the most embarrassing. " On the contrary, Tsinghua has nothing to miss. His dissatisfaction with Tsinghua lies in: "Life is a struggle, and Tsinghua only gets a drill score;" Life is changing, but Tsinghua is just monotonous; Life is hot and spicy, and Tsinghua is just scratching his boots. "Strict campus life, for a romantic poet, can not help but feel depressed; However, Tsinghua's natural and humanistic environment, after all, influenced and cultivated him and made his later creative path more solid.

It has been more than 70 years since the birth of new literature, and as one of its important components, new poetry has made great contributions. Among the dozens of outstanding poets in the early period of new poetry, four are indispensable. They are Guo Moruo, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo and Zhu Xiang. As far as the style of poetry is concerned, I have compared Guo Moruo's poems to unruly fire (but Guo's poems are rare and mostly limited to early works). Xu Zhimo's poems have bright gems, Zhu Xiang is like flawless jade, and Wen Yiduo is a surging river. As far as the achievements of Guo Moruo, Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo are concerned, most people have heard of them, if not all. But no one knows about Zhu Xiang. This is an important poet who perfectly combines the form and content of new poetry with nationality and creativity. For this poet who has made many creative contributions to the development of new poetry, isn't it the greatest sorrow to be born at an untimely time and die at an untimely time? Perhaps this is also the echo of the poet's suffering.

When there is wind, poplars rustle,

When there is no wind, poplars rustle,

I can't hear anything but rustling.

Wildflowers bloom quietly,

The wild flowers quietly thanked,

There is nothing in the garden quietly.

It seems that this poem is a complete description of the scenery. However, the scenery contains "love stories": in the lifeless "abandoned garden", nothing can be heard or seen except the rustling poplars. In silence, years pass and youth passes. This is actually a symbol of the lifeless campus in the poet's mind. Implicit form reveals dissatisfaction and depression, of course, this kind of dissatisfaction is still hazy, unlike this song "Winter Night Song" which directly stated the subtitle "Respect and encourage weekly production materials and reform the curriculum":

The purple western hills in the evening sky,

The top of the mountain is covered with snow;

Tsinghua's flag flutters in the mountains,

But how dim the color of Tsinghua's national flag is!

Sunset is the soul of Tsinghua.

Dark clouds in the sky swallowed him up;

Leave the body,

There is a hall as the tomb of Iraq.

Xuan Bing seems to be studying,

Hold down the lively river,

The moonlight only reflected his gloomy face,

There is no more laughter in the wind.

Poets use symbolic metaphors to describe a campus full of material flavor, which devours aura like a grave and lacks self-awareness and rigid dogma like a stone statue. In fact, it does not lack a beautiful environment, just as it does not lack lively teenagers. However, dark clouds suppress the beautiful scenery, and homework kills the students' nature. The poet couldn't help shouting: Drive away the winter nights and let the spring scenery return to the campus.

Zhu Xiang's independent and uninhibited thoughts are also reflected in the papers of this period. In Lessons Learned, Zhu Xiang advocated free development, reduced class hours, changed to self-study and replaced the traditional examination mode with experience. In the article "Spiritual Education", we even put forward "natural education", that is, spiritual education, to improve the aesthetic taste of young people, rather than always immersed in the secular.

Zhu Xiang's personality has been eccentric and anxious since he was a student, but his poems are rarely calm and harmonious. It seems that he washed away all his troubles inside and outside before he started writing, leaving a sacred and harmonious garden for his poems. From the beginning of his creation, he paid great attention to tempering the emotion and form of poetry. His heart is noisy, but his poems are quiet and gentle:

The flowers in spring are really intoxicating,

A warm breeze blows on people,

Look at how slowly the sun moves,

Listen to the buzz of bees outside the window:

Go to sleep, baby,

Bees fly so lightly.

……

The soothing melody, melodious rhythm, scattered poems and lively and fresh images inadvertently create a harmonious world, giving people the double aesthetic feeling of reading and listening. Zhu Xiang tirelessly explored the new meter, and he especially pursued the aesthetic principle of "rational control of emotion" with oriental charm. From the emotion of poetry to the composition and wording of poetry, he has been practicing tirelessly, paying attention to the neatness and symmetry of form and the integration of poetic rhyme with content and emotion. These efforts left a deep impression on Zhu Xiang in the history of new poetry creation.

Edit this poem about Zhu Xiang.

Poetry School magazine is the most contributing literary and artistic group in the field of new poetry. Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo are the mainstay of this school, in addition to Zhu Xiang, Sun Dayu, Rao Mengkan, You, Liu and young poets Chen and Fang. Zhu Xiang published Summer on 1922, which is a very thin collection of poems with few mature works. However, his beautiful and elegant poetic pen shows a unique style. 1927 published "The Grass Mang Collection", which is more amazing than "Summer". Strangely, the art of The Collection of Grass Mang is not only far superior to the poetry collections of Kang, Yu Pingbo and Wang Jingzhi before and after the May 4th Movement, but also inferior to Guo Moruo's Goddess, which is famous in the field of new poetry. However, the literary and art circles did not pay much attention to this, which surprised us. Or that's why poets are not good at flaunting themselves. Wen Yiduo's Dead Water only looks at the highest level of new poetry, but it still exists in a lonely state, not to mention the Collection of the Grass Mang. I say this is partly the reason, and the biggest reason is that The Collection of Grass Mang was published too late. After the May 4th Movement, we had an unusual curiosity and expectation for new poetry, so many rambling works were warmly welcomed by readers, while The Collection of Grass Mang was published when readers were indifferent to new poetry. A child can't be born when his parents are eager for rest, and even the stone forest in heaven can't be deeply loved.

The Collection of Grass Mang is not as wild as Xu Zhimo's genius, nor as deep as Wen Yiduo's style, but its skillful technique, delicate expression, rich aesthetic feeling and refined charm also make it an unusual poetry collection. The characteristics of Zhu Xiang's poems;

First, be good at fusing old poems.

He can use the words, styles and meanings of old poems at will and arrange them well. He is very much like Zhou Bangyan in the Northern Song Dynasty. Liu Qianfu said, "Mei Cheng is quite a thief." Chen Zhi Zhai Yun said, "Most of Meicheng's poems are written in the Tang Dynasty, with implicit laws and natural beauty." Zhang Yun: "Beauty becomes a negative pronoun, and her words are rich and elegant, and she is good at blending poetry." So it doesn't matter whether you steal or copy, just see if it can be melted. Zhu Xiang Sunset: "Desolation, desert sunset, straight smoke and clouds, dead horses whine, and the north wind drives sand."

In Wang Wei's words, "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." Han Yuefu: "The owl rides and fights to death, and the angry horse roars." Cen Can's "The ninth month's night is blowing cold in the wheel tower and valley, full of boulders that are like pecking measures, falling down, upside down and broken by the wind."

Enthusiasm: "We shoot ugly toads and dogs with the white arrows of meteors, we sweep away all filth with the broom of comets, and wipe away all rot with the dustpan of the south ... We hang up all the nine suns, and we drink the water of Tianhe with Beidou ..."

In a trance, I remembered "The Songs of the South Nine Songs". "Yun Lan dressed in white, shot Sirius with a long arrow, and the arc fell, helping Beidou drink cinnamon pulp." There is also "The Book of Songs Xiaoya" "Weinan has a dustpan and cannot be blown; There is a fight in Weibei, so we can't scoop wine. "

And everything in Lu Tong's eclipse poems. But this poem has changed a lot compared with the last one-as far as the above part is concerned.

"Makeup Song": "Thrush is singing on the apricot branches. Why can't thrush afford it? The tip of the far peak is dripping with new clothes, which have just been dipped to describe the double moths ... get up! " Beads hang in the grass, and the yellow forehead of Chunying returns.

"Sunset, microwave, gold thread flashing across the river ... among streams, picking lotus flowers, water drops sliding over lotus money ..." In the song of picking lotus flowers.

It's all like the tune of an old word. "Zhao Jun goes to the castle": "Pipa accompanies me. I remember that when I chose Beijing, I was often sad about Nantian. " I don't know that there is still a long way to go to get married now, but watching Zhaoyang is a long way to go. "It's like the tune of an old song-the above belongs to the tune.

Xiao Chao Qu is solemn, elegant and atmospheric, all based on poems in the early Tang Dynasty. The Return of the Native describes a soldier who died after a long battle, and his mother cried blindly. The scene is miserable, but most of them are beyond the poem Dongshan.

But this is just a reversal. "Love Song" is divided into four sections: spring, summer, autumn and winter. It has the meaning of four seasons songs in the Six Dynasties and ten poems and ten paragraphs of memories by Qi Liang poets-all of the above aspects belong to this meaning.

Second, the coordination of syllables.

Shikan poets pay equal attention to syllables and systems. Zhu Xiang also strongly advocated that new poems could be sung, so most of his poems and syllables were exceptionally successful. For example, his "Cradle Song" is for children to listen to when they sleep. Here are two poems: there are no stars in the sky and no red light on the ground; I can't hear anything but earthworms singing in the yard; Go to sleep, baby, the earthworm has stopped. White clouds go up one after another, like some boats floating across the middle of the lake, rising and sinking for a while, shaking the people lying in the cabin; Go to sleep, baby, you come with those clouds.

I once heard the author recite this song at a literary meeting. Its syllables are gentle and erratic, with unspeakable sweetness and harmony. Your soul is swaying gently in that spring-like tone and drifting to sleep. After he finished reading, everyone suddenly woke up from hypnosis, and some people yawned. The charm of its syllables can be imagined. I also heard that "Lotus Picking Song" will also be read out and sung by the author at a rally, although I don't like it anymore. But the syllables of the whole song are melodious, and the beauty of oe is extremely beautiful. It's like being in a lotus bush: the lotus is like fire, the blue waves are rippling, countless girls are boating among the flowers, white clothes and emerald clothes set each other off, and swaying songs alternate with crows' paddling. This beautiful and leisurely ancient oriental life and mood really fascinates us today! "Xiao Chao Qu" also uses Dongyang rhyme, Huang Zhong and Da Lu, which is magnificent in weather. Try to quote the last paragraph:

Look! A red sun has risen, and apricot flags are flying on the ridge of the temple; Rippling in the blue world of Wan Li, listen! Jingyang Building hits Hong Zhong!

Third, the experiment of creating long poems.

Besides systematic syllables, Poetry Magazine pays attention to the creation experiment of long poems. Death of Li Bai by Wen Yiduo, Revelation of Love by Xu Zhimo, Regret and Return by Chen Hefang, Cat Patent and Wang Jiao by Zhu Xiang. "Cat Patent" wrote a funny text through a dialogue with a father and son and two cats. This poem has no profound implications and lessons, but a pure "game article". China's literature only knows seriousness and spares no effort to reject the spirit of play. Han Yu wrote a biography of Mao Ying, but Liu Zongyuan disagreed. No wonder China literature is not as humorous as western literature. The Patent for Cats is the work of the author's childlike innocence. In addition to lively writing, it is more witty and funny, and the rhyme of the two sentences is extremely light, which is commensurate with the funny content.

There are also many pens that touch the scene and become interesting. For example, when the old cat was giving a lecture, she suddenly jumped up to catch the mouse and swallow it. The teacher said, "Although Confucius didn't know the taste of March meat, and the Buddha also said that killing is anti-human, western science has recently proved that meat is rich in vitamins." He added, "We have made great contributions to mankind, but we didn't expect Cantonese people to eat cats ... so if my master goes to Guangdong, you should remember to attack at that time." "Vitamins" and "strike" are commonly used phrases, so we can use them without worrying about making readers laugh.

The latter part is more interesting. The old cat and his son went to the kitchen to have dinner, and they met a dog: the old cat was really a general with a big belly, and he was particularly energetic when he broke into the donkey pen. Unfortunately, when a dog came to them, they only ate half. He rudely pushed the cat away, and fish and rice were caught in his mouth for a while. The old cat opened its eyes wide with anger, let out a cry at the dog and backed away. The kitten also withdrew from the war. He listened to the old cat's last warning: There is a saying that I can't finish all my life, that is, I said, be brave and be afraid!

Mong Kok was seen in the Ming Dynasty, and Wonders of Ancient and Modern included "A Hundred Years of Hate for Mong Kok Chaos", which is the story. Zhu Xiang turned it into a long poem. The whole poem is 74500 words. It is longer than Kang's Journey to Lushan Mountain, and the journey consists of many fragments, and Wang Jiao is the whole; Ji You is a free poem with Kubinashi rhyme, while Mong Kok is a long poem with rhyme. What I saw on my way to Ji You Miscellaneous Notes was not systematic; Wang Jiao is a story with an ending. Its structure is certainly much more difficult than that of Kangzuo.

The shelf of the original story was changed by the poet's imagination, irrelevant plots were deleted, and many trivial and subtle descriptions were added to the psychological aspects of the characters, which not only made God sleep for hundreds of years, but also made him a graceful beauty with modern spirituality. For example, when his father was widowed, he wrote "Wang Jiao" to remember his dead wife:

How time flies! It's the rainy season;

The gloomy drizzle floated across the phoenix tree, moss climbed the steps all night, and the curtains in front of the bedroom hung for a day.

Sparse eaves are like autumn sounds, and sorrow comes with the cold spring. Besides, his wife died ten years ago, and today is the day when she died.

Ten years ago, it was such a day. At night, earthworms scream in the yard, and occasionally a cool breeze blows and shakes the window. They bid farewell to the dim light.

He still clearly remembers his wife at that time: a red tide came up, suddenly he opened his eyes, and then there was a loud noise in his throat. He was silent-a trembling shadow moved on the wall.

Thirty years of husband and wife finally separated, buried in the cold rain and strong wind; Love is buried with her, but there is no pain, and the pain still comes with the cold spring.

This description is an indispensable way to render long poems. Peacock Flying Southeast is a long poem describing the marriage tragedy of Jiao Zhongqing and his wife, but it is always mixed with descriptions. In the first paragraph, I wrote about Lan Zhi's appearance and talent, his clothes when he was in the next class, and his gifts when he was hired by the prefect. Shen Deqian said: "If a long poem is dull, it will be dull, but it must be colored in the middle to dazzle the readers. "For example, the paragraph" The bride goes out, my concubine has embroidered Luo Luo "is also true, and so is the paragraph" The satrap chooses another day ". Du Fu's Journey to the North is also a work about the itinerary, which describes the scenery seen along the way. When he got home, his children were crazy. Ruoyun Zhang said, "When writing extremely important and busy words, this is a way to reflect the sunset, but old Du Can did it. For example, if Qingyun has a passage about a quiet night, why bother if others can't write it when doing practical things? "There is no such thing as a fairy." I think the practice of old poetry can also be applied to new poetry. Moreover, the descriptions of Peacock Flying Southeast and the Northern Expedition are still hard-inserted, and it doesn't matter if they are deleted. As for Wang Jiao's descriptions, they are all organic, because the writers feel the influence of western literature, so they can do this. Chun Xiang led Zhou Sheng into the room. Wang Jiao was furious and severely reprimanded the girl. The girl's answer is also extremely tortuous and vivid: miss, you forgot: I dressed up for you that morning, and you looked at your face with a bronze mirror. You asked me without turning your eyes: "Chunxiang, who do you think I deserve?" I said, "It's a pity, sir." You blushed and didn't answer a word. One night, I rolled out of bed and was touching my head. Suddenly, I heard you talking in your sleep. I only heard "Zhou ..."

In the sixth season, the Duke of Zhou asked Sun Hu to visit him because he hadn't been home for a long time. Later, Zhou was ungrateful and never married. This is the climax of the tragedy, and the air is extremely tense. So I wrote 320 lines of 3 120 words.

It's really a big drop of ink.

Zhu Xiang's most artistic works, such as Tomb, Bury Me, Crying at Night, Dream and Preface Poem, are not much different from Wen Yiduo's Dead Water.

Edit this passage Zhu Xiang: The Death of a Poet

A poet died, which is not a big news.

He chose to throw himself into the river on a winter morning when the ship was about to sail into Nanjing. It is said that this young man named Zhu Xiang was drinking and reciting poems at the last moment. The two books with him, one is Heine's poems, and the other is his own poems.

Few people know the real reason for the poet's suicide. Liang Shiqiu guessed that it was because of personality quirks, while Wen Yiduo lamented, "Who knows that if he continues to live, it will only be more painful than death?" In any case, this poet, praised by Lu Xun as "China Keats", had no talent before his death, but was just a lonely tramp.

That third-class ticket was donated by relatives, and that bottle of wine was earned by his wife.

As early as 10 years ago, he and four Tsinghua students, including Yang Shien, stood out in the New Literature Movement and were called "the four sons of Tsinghua". Zhu Xiang, who is only 18 years old, is one of the best, and has published many works in well-known periodicals such as Morning Post and Novel Monthly. It seems that the future of young poets should be so great.

However, he seems to be deliberately opposed to the word Mingli. He majored in literature in Tsinghua, skipped classes at will, resisted the breakfast roll call system in fast food restaurants, and was finally fired for remembering three times. When I was studying in the United States, my classmates said "China is like a monkey", but I left school in a rage and didn't get any degree. As a teacher at Anhui University, the school renamed its English Literature Department as "English Department" and vowed never to teach again.

Tsinghua, a "sea returnee", a professor ... some dazzling auras have gone away because of the poet's temporary willfulness. Even the nickname "China Keats" was despised by the poet as the wind of worshipping foreign things and worshipping foreign things in the poetry circle, and he repeatedly said "I'm just a bird in the East" and "I just want to smell the crane between Thailand and Song Yue".

"Why does a person want to break his happiness at once? Why do you want to leave the comfortable environment and embark on the road of hunger, cold and humiliation? " Su, a contemporary female writer, once asked this question.

In this regard, Zhu Xiang's own explanation is "declaring war on disappointment." However, the result of declaring war is a terrible loss. After leaving Anhui University, Zhu Xiang, who has always been lofty, lost his livelihood and wandered around. People recall that this once arrogant university professor, wearing a straight suit, once lived in a dark and narrow pier hotel and humbly asked for money. His son, who was less than one year old, cried for seven days and starved to death because he had no milk to eat.

Poetry writing, for Zhu Xiang at this time, don't say that he is idle and even barely supports his family. Once in Wuhan University, a friend invited him to visit the library and asked if there were any new books published. I saw a sad expression on the poet's face: "Several new manuscripts of poetry are near Changsha's wife, but the publishing house has not contacted them yet."

If it weren't for the publication of Shimen Collection after his death, almost no one knew Zhu Xiang's inner anguish. "I abandoned the world, and the world abandoned me ... give me poems to cheer me up and relieve my troubles." In the poem My Poet God, Zhu Xiang wrote.

As a result, the poet's death was given multiple meanings and became the headline of a literary column for a time. More arguments are "the harm of darkness to intellectuals" put forward by Shenbao. Writer Chen Hexiang even wrote an appeal that Zhu Xiang's death should be a warning to all those who are unwilling to compromise with evil forces, "just to live more tenaciously."

Others praised him for writing poems with his life. Su once said: "Although life is precious to us, compared with art, it is nothing ... I seem to see the poet give his life on the cliff, and a golden light shines on the top. It is indescribable majesty and indescribable magnificence."

On the contrary, his poems were ignored. So that later generations Zhou Liangpei had to suggest that when compiling Zhu Xiang's poems, we should not discuss whether Zhu Xiang is a new moon poet or a patriotic poet, but should read all his poems first.

Not only that, the era of poets no longer exists. According to the contemporary poet Nishikawa, writing poetry is no longer a way of life, especially in the era of consumerism and popular culture. While walking in Zhu Xiang, a campus in Tsinghua, where he was talking about poetry with other young artists when he was young, people could no longer see the students with poems. Most of them are memorizing English words and working hard for GRE and TOEFL. Open the poetry page of BBS Shui Mu Tsinghua Station, and search for Zhu Xiang and "Tsinghua Four Sons" is fruitless, but a post asking netizens to name their children is very popular. More than half a century ago, the poets, poets and poems that sprouted in this garden seemed to disappear with the departure of the poets.

As for Zhu Xiang, except for the news of1February 4, 933, people no longer remember this great poet who is neck and neck with Xu Zhimo and Wen Yiduo.