Who knows Chen's related stories?

-Chen Yinque's sad history

Wu Xiaolong

In recent years, the "Chen Yinque fever" has lasted for a long time, and the articles and works studied and praised are profitable. These arms

It should be a comfort to Chen Yinque, who has been left out in the cold for a lifetime because of her unresolved sadness. However, if we really don't care

Understand his sadness, understand his thinking in this sadness, and understand his firm belief and persistence in this sadness and thinking.

Then, I'm afraid this kind of comfort is what Chen Yinque doesn't need.

Chen Yinque's sorrow is the result of thinking about the historical process of China since modern times. This history really can't let

People are excited, even though they have been sincerely excited. When the Chinese people were excited and even fanatical, Chen Yinque always looked on coldly.

Alone, sit tight and think calmly, his sadness deepened in the fanaticism of Chinese people, which is his greatness;

However, at the end of this tragedy, he still stubbornly adhered to his belief in China culture.

His "independent spirit and free thought" persistently awaited the "great cause" of China's cultural renaissance.

This is his more valuable point-especially when we see some people coming out of their past fanaticism and refusing again and again.

Never reflect, just want to create new fanaticism, self-abuse, or give up all beliefs and stick to it in the ebb and flow.

In the long run, we think this arrogant old scholar is really respectable and admirable.

People nowadays love to interpret Chen Yinque. In my opinion, to really understand him, we must really understand his "independent spirit"

, free thinking ",to understand his thinking and true attitude towards China's history and culture, and, that is, his decisive concern.

The real meaning of the attitude of the two regimes involved in this cultural fate-treating him as a legacy of the former Qing Dynasty or an anti-* * figure is all.

A simplistic and erroneous conclusion obsessed with some superficial phenomena.

Although "independent spirit and free thought" was completely put forward by Chen Yinque in his later years for Liu Lichuan, however,

It accurately expresses the value recognition of Chen Yinque's life, and this recognition shows that Chen Yinque undoubtedly belongs to the May 4th generation.

. On the surface, Chen Yinque and Rainbow Guowei, who have worked in Tsinghua's national studies, are people who insist on standing on the traditional culture.

Conservatives insist on the value position of traditional culture in his position, but he uses it to express the essence of traditional culture.

The idea of "our nation's independent spirit and free thought" is exactly the idea advocated by intellectuals during the May 4th Movement. although

Rainbow Guowei and Chen Yinque were always excluded from the May 4th Movement. He didn't say anything praising the May 4th Movement, but he did.

This "independent spirit and free thought" has been recognized and exemplified, which is obviously the spiritual legacy of the May 4th Movement. Keep the traditional culture.

Chen Yinque, whose spirit is career, didn't say anything when he said this sentence? And reluctantly, this is a deliberate thing that is very worth thinking about.

This smell. Generally speaking, our traditional culture is incompatible with "independent spirit and free thought". However,

Take Chen Yinque as an example. When it comes to being a man, the two are not contradictory.

In our traditional cultivation and life requirements, there are not only these two, but also nothing similar, only cultivation and uniformity.

Home, rule the country, level the world, there are only loyalty, filial piety, courtesy, righteousness and honesty. These principles have nothing to do with free thought. Yes

In the pursuit of the realm of personality, we have the theory of integrity and character-it seems that it is at this point that it is put into practice in life.

On the practical level, the two are interlinked. For the "scholar" in China, perhaps he must first abide by all the above.

Moral and ethical norms, do our best, and on this basis, pursue a personal spiritual realm-integrity, character and charm?

But in any case, Chen Yinque has proved at least one thing with his life of standing proudly: in the tradition of China literati,

Some things can be unified with the tradition of intellectuals in modern western countries in the practice of moral personality of real intellectuals.

Yes Even, some things in the tradition of scholars can at least support the position of China intellectuals when the situation changes dramatically.

Hold on. Since 1950s, China intellectuals, including the original liberal intellectuals, have been scrambling to reform, learn and emulate.

On the situation, keep up with the movement, and even some "leading" figures are vying to express their views. Chen Yinque was unmoved, and he died.

There is such a saying. Is it traditional integrity or western-style "independent spirit and free thought" that supports him? I guess

, both.

It can be said that Chen Yinque belongs to the generation influenced by the spirit of the May 4th Movement. It can also be said that he always adhered to the Qing Dynasty.

The position of awakened intellectuals. An old scholar mentioned that as early as 1949, Chen Yinque almost foresaw the ten-year catastrophe.

In the poem he wrote that year, there was such a sentence: "Strive for Lu Lun to open a book, saying that melons laugh at Qin Ru through the ages." The first sentence refers to "

The opening sentence of The Analects of Confucius: "It's okay to learn from time to time", which is a satire on everyone's scramble to "learn" at that time. The second sentence,

It's about "cheating Confucianism", saying that Qin Shihuang sent people to plant melons and install organs in the mountains, and then let those Confucian scholars

Going to see melons, when these Confucian scholars talked about melons happily, the authorities refused and took them all away.

Buried alive. These two poems are really like prophecies, with shocking implications. For example, Chen Yinque can accurately predict the "Cultural Revolution"

"Of course not, but with the keen intuition of an intellectual with independent thoughts, he pointed out the ideological purge and harmony.

The inevitability of burning books and burying Confucianism. Since the 1950s, he has not kept up with any movement and his critical attitude.

Degree, implicit, but also quite clearly expressed from the poems he wrote at that time. "Stereotyped poems, according to Zhu Song.

Saints have rules ","changing men into women is brand-new, and the essence of bows is ancient and unparalleled. After a sigh of relief, it was the scholar who paid the salary. "

, "Mohist Buddhism, Yin and Yang, silent talk about dumb sheep, garrison still heard? Water (that is, the Qingchuan River in North Korea today), the article only

"Ode to Tang Tao", "Cheng Bo of Huai Salt Sea in Jiang 'an", and * * sang Liangzhou Yueshi songs. Don't be surprised that guests are still paying attention to you, but the host should be more harmonious. "

... since the 1950s, this series of learning and reform movements did not lead to the so-called "book burning".

Is it the "ten-year catastrophe" of Confucianism? It should be said that Chen Yinque's feeling at that time was right and became an unfortunate prediction.

. Of course, we don't agree with some overseas scholars that Chen Yinque holds an anti-* * position. Chen Yinque as

A pure intellectual is estranged from politics, and so is the two parties in China. He is not opposed to politics.

* * * After the production party came to power, it has always been courteous to Chen Yinque, especially Tao Zhu, the leader of Guangdong Department.

Always give Chen Yinque special treatment that intellectuals can't reach; Moreover, at the beginning of Ding Ge, under the governance of the * * * production party,

China quickly eliminated the darkness, corruption and poverty of the old China people and began to govern the country in a peaceful and safe way. These,

It is enough for Chen Yinque to have certain expectations for the new atmosphere brought by the producers of * * *, so it has nothing to do with it.

"The enemy of home and country". His attitude towards the producers of * * * is reserved cooperation. What he can't accept is the destruction of knowledge points afterwards.

A series of political movements with a childlike heart, for which he also made it clear that he was "duty-bound" and fought more than once. he

Praising Liu's "praising our national independence spirit and free thought" is tantamount to opening the banner of our own struggle. Chenwangchao

Yin Ke did this not to oppose * * *, but only to clearly express the position of an upright intellectual-a firm believer in the people.

The excellent tradition of national culture, and accepted the advanced ideas of the west, inherited the May 4th generation's pursuit of ideological enlightenment and democratic science.

Intellectual's spiritual heritage position: we can't engage in cultural autocracy, which will destroy the national culture, hurt the national soul and lead to

The retrogression of history makes it impossible for us to stand on our own feet among the nations of the world. Shouldn't these views be common sense now?

Do you accept it?

Let's take a look at Chen Yinque's mentality of "cultural adherents". People often regard Chen Yinque as an old-school figure, or

In Hu Shi's words, "a young man" is too young to be called "an old man" because of the Qing Dynasty. His followers

His mentality may be related to his family background: he had a New Deal when he was governor of Hunan, and was dismissed from office after the coup in 1898. "Never!"

Chen Baozhen, grandfather of Syria; There is a unique official career, famous for his poems. His own name is Chen, the father of "Handwriting in China"; have

Chen Shiceng (Heng Ke), the elder brother of the poet and painter; It is impossible to be influenced by the family style of such an official family and a poetic literary family.

Sex has no effect at all. Perhaps this has something to do with his academic career all his life: he knows Chinese and western cultures like the back of his hand, and he is ordinary in many fields.

Unreachable accomplishments, such as religious history, ethnic history in the western regions, Mongolian history, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties history, Sui and Tang Dynasties history and other fields. and

Proficient in many languages, in addition to Mongolian, Tibetan and Manchu, there are now pure ancient Sanskrit, Turkic, Uighur and Xixia languages.

Toast Tam, Parry, etc. (To this end, Guo Moruo later called on young students to use collective efforts, "in history.

The material possession exceeds that of Chen Yinque, which has become one of the jokes left by the absurd age.) But Chen Yinque's knowledge, on the contrary.

It is farther away from the real world than from the world. In addition, the shaping of the image of the elderly

Success is probably more important because of his attitude towards life in his later years: an alienated and uncooperative attitude towards reality and politics.

No matter during the Kuomintang rule or after liberation, his poems are always full of sadness, and no one will think of him.

I agree with politics and reality. But if we infer from this, Chen Yinque has obvious preference for which political party in China.

This is a big fallacy. He is only haggard and worried because of a kind of historical sorrow and life sorrow, strange sorrow and hidden pain that he feels.

There seems to be no reason to lament his hatred of rise and fall. Because for him, it is a sense of rise and fall beyond party disputes.

Ci is a kind of cultural sorrow, in order to mourn a lost culture that is so beautiful to him. This is a kind of no

The historical emotion of settlement. In fact, his feelings were formed at least twenty or thirty years ago, even in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. at least

In a series of words he wrote for Wang Guowei's suicide, this kind of sadness was expressed intensively. 1934,

When Wang Guowei's legacy was published, Chen Yinque made a preface. In the preface of Mr. Wang Jing 'an's not too long "Henin's suicide note"

",Chen Yinque wrote such a painful words:

Mr. King's book has spread all over the world. People in the world can generally praise their knowledge, but many unique things in life can't be solved.

So there is the theory of right and wrong. Yin Ke, known as a man with lofty ideals through the ages, is often haggard and sad, followed by death, the things he has hurt,

The cause of death is not limited to a time and a region, but there is a rational existence that transcends time and region. This goes beyond time.

The rationality of a region can never be compared with all the people in the same region at the same time. However, Mr. Zhi's ambition puzzled the world, because

And what's strange about those who are right and wrong? In the past 30 years, the world has changed dramatically, and the amount observed is the same.

Cheng Zhuangsheng said that he is also right and wrong, and this is also a right and wrong person. If the other party is right and wrong, it is obvious that the other party will die.

It is also because of their mutual situation at one time and one place. Alas, beyond China, there is Kyushu. After this life, there will be an afterlife. Between them/among them

Can anyone understand Mr. Wang's book? If there is, Yu Xiansheng's book is both profound and unique.

People who want to see Mr. Wang want to see Mr. Wang's world, or better understand Mr. Wang's strange sorrow and resentment. Being in one place at a time is a table of right and wrong.

Hey?

These words, now read, are not so much mourning as repentance, almost Chen Yinque's self-teaching.

. It can be seen that there is a kind of "strange sadness and resentment" cultural sorrow, which is almost insoluble. Chen is there.

In a deeper discussion, in fact, Wang Guowei's "strange sadness and resentment" is somewhat generalized and philosophical.

In this generalization, Chen Yinque wants to explore its deeper hidden pain. However, this generalization can of course go beyond and be limited to "the same time"

The "things" and "reasons" of "local people" have not been * * *, but they have also partially lost their grief and indignation. Or on the other hand, super

The rational sadness of time and space does exist, but it is always the time and place where it is located, which makes people "haggard and sad and then die"

Things, reasons. Because of the historical sadness in the universal sense, it should have given people a feeling of transcending the current time and space and reality.

Wise and sober; It is precisely the time of the times that makes this sadness bring inexplicable sadness and pain instead of transcendence.

Bureau and events, and the collapse of their values and ideals. If these specific contents are removed, Wang Guowei can

In order to become Zhuang Zhou or Tao Qian without sinking into Kunming Lake. Wang's strange sorrow and resentment are precisely the time, place,

The entanglement of things and the loss of cultural values it symbolizes. When thinking, future generations must also force this particular value to be lost.

Ask and ponder the origin. Chen Yinque's statement is obvious for shelving specific personnel disputes at that time.

Wang's cultural sadness is deep and secret, although he has his own deeper understanding and thinking, but behind this secret sadness lies a strange sadness.

Pain is generalized, but it is really based on their own feelings to understand Wang Guowei, and thus formed and strengthened their own tragic feelings, which

This kind of emotion, this kind of historical sadness runs through his own life. This is the great influence of Wang Guowei's death on Chen Yinque.

The historical sadness he generated and strengthened became his consistent attitude of observing the changes in the world and facing the current situation, which is exactly the attitude he himself adopted.

The fundamental reason why I have always been alienated from the status quo. For him, this kind of mood and attitude reflects modern China.

The historical tragedy of the loss of cultural values is sad and painful. He used this sadness to mourn Wang Guowei and what he once represented.

With the disappearance of the dynasty with traditional cultural values, in the eyes of others, he, Rainbow Guowei, was pregnant with the Qing Dynasty.

It is wrong to fall in love as soon as possible. Wang Guowei or when it is another matter, Chen Yinque may not have this hatred for the Qing court that killed his ancestors.

Affectionate

Then, behind the deep historical sadness of Chen's lifelong haggard and sadness, it is his thinking and foundation of China's history and culture.

What's the attitude? He made a self-declaration very early. Once you understand the true meaning of his confession, the conclusion is

It's surprising and thought-provoking. Feng Youlan's Philosophy History of China (Volume II) by Chen Yinke 1933

At the end of the report, there is a sudden confession: "Yin Ke has been learning from the past all his life, and his thoughts have been limited by salt."

Feng, the world of tongzhi, discussed almost everything between Xiangxiang and Nanpi. "This sentence, widely circulated, quoted a lot, but did not delve into it.

Its significance. Self-mockery or self-mockery? Still studying? Or ridicule the world? Critics may quote this sentence to show that Chen is conservative, or that he is conservative

Confined to what he had learned, he neglected why he should position himself as Yu Xian, a contemporary of his, who seemed to be better than the latter.

It is not easy to solve. This is the key. Xianfeng and Tongzhi years were not peaceful and prosperous: the opium war broke out in Daoguang years, while Britain

It was during the Xianfeng period that the French allied forces captured Beijing and burned the famous gardens, forcing the emperor to flee and died in Jehol. During the Tongzhi period,

Hey? Zeng, Zuo, Li and others began to engage in the Westernization Movement in order to strive for self-improvement. During this period, the boss empire has declined.

Beaten, but not completely abolished; Has been forced to see the world, but has not lost that arrogant cultural self-confidence;

Western culture came with powerful boats and guns, but it only stimulated the country as a powerful and dangerous general external fact.

People's cultural introspection and self-improvement awareness of military equipment have not yet reached the point where China people fully believe that western civilization is superior to China civilization, and thus take the initiative to pick it up.

Influenced by western learning, western theories were imported on a large scale, to the point of ruling people's hearts. This is a place where people still believe that China only needs a little.

"Learning from foreigners" is not difficult to "control foreigners". With the understanding of western culture

With the gradual deepening from the political system to the academic level, China people's cultural self-confidence is gradually losing, and then they take the lead.

One step. Chen Yinque said that "his thoughts are limited to Xianfeng and Tongzhi", which seems to be based on this state.

Start thinking about China's cultural outlet-although history is irreversible, the conclusion of cultural thinking can be the present.

Criticism and its enlightenment to the future. He believes that the key problem lies in the fact that the theory of traditional culture is enough to control people in salty and contemporary times.

Heart, cultural self-confidence based on this theory has not been lost. This is to absorb foreign culture for our use and carry forward our own culture.

Renovation without losing local cultural characteristics is an indispensable foundation for successful value transformation. Once you write to yourself,

When losing self-confidence in value, a nation will lose its grip and sound mentality when facing foreign advanced civilization.

. Without a healthy and stable mentality, it is difficult to expect the absorption, transformation and transformation of culture to succeed. Chen Yinque once admitted

Because, "there are two things that hurt China the most, one is Yuan Shikai's training in Beiyang, and the other is sending students to study in the United States at public expense". He doesn't like pies.

It is sufficient circumstantial evidence that foreign students make such harsh comments on their behavior. Send overseas students, introduce western theories, and criticize and deny the old learning in the East.

This is exactly what happened after Xian Hetong. Sending international students is recognized as an open and progressive move, but Chen Yinque denies it.

The subtext is fierce: learning western ideology and culture is the bane of the unrest in modern China. From this perspective, not only during the May 4th Movement,

He criticized and denied those thinkers who were fiercely anti-traditional and even those who studied the West, such as Kang Liang and Yan Fu.

Column, although he personally seems to have no complaints about these characters. Zeng Xiangxiang is a descendant of Confucianism and Taoism, and he is also a fellow ruler of ZTE.

Hero of Westernization Movement Town; Zhang Nanpi is the initiator of "Chinese style and western use"; Chen Yinque took these two men as his own position.

On the scale, its significance is unknown. If we observe and speculate Chen's original intention with sympathetic understanding, then

It can be found that Chen Yinque's admiration for Zeng and Zhang is not only their achievements in "managing the world" and managing the country by Anbang.

In addition to the demeanor of "courtesy, diligence, loyalty, honesty, Chinese style, and western investment", I am afraid there are several points: First, in their present situation,

The seemingly outdated viewpoint reflects the cognitive level and dimension that the ideological circle could reach at that time; The second one is in

The cultural self-confidence reflected in this understanding was at that time (so in this era of complete loss of self-confidence, Chen was right.

This kind of confident recognition is not easy to understand); The third is the attitude towards foreign culture: naturally, I should be the main one.

(middle school as the body), but only adopting western learning (for use) is by no means a kind of value recognition-this principle

Of course, at that time, it seemed to be a kind of cultural arrogance and ignorance, which was the opposite of political arrogance. But it should be

See the meaning of the two is not exactly the same. The latter can only lead to disastrous failure and disaster, but the former, in addition to its negative aspects,

There is another side: if there is no self-confidence and tolerance supported by this cultural arrogance and momentum, accept foreign cultures.

Cheng Can will not be healthy and effective. In the course of China's modern history, arrogance and ignorance in politics and diplomacy led to a series.

List the disasters, thus losing together, with cultural arrogance and momentum: after China people, in the cultural mentality,

Always in a state of anxiety, eagerness and paranoia, which is not a reflection of a mature national cultural mentality in any case; follow

As time goes on, this aspect has gone from bad to worse. Encouraged by Europe and America, China people not only lost their ancient civilization, but also lost their lives.

The self-esteem and self-confidence that a big country should have can't even grasp the basic normal state of health. Chen Yinque may have felt it.

Therefore, here, he tries his best to learn Chinese and western knowledge (at this point, he has a far higher vision and reason than Zeng Xiangxiang and Zhang Nanpi)

I want to restore the self-esteem and tolerance of this culture. This is putting too heavy a historical mission on your shoulders.

Is to save the day. Perhaps he was powerless in the end, but he did express his historical thinking clearly.

Chu. Chen Yinque has a famous saying in this review report: "On the one hand, we should absorb and introduce foreign theories, on the other hand, we should do the same."

Don't forget the status of primitive people. "Contact his confession and other words in the same report, we can find out the answer.

The true meaning of this sentence. For western theory, Chen Yinque should not only understand absorption, but also understand its essence and respect it:

In his later years, he clearly insisted on "independent spirit and free thought", which was the result of his cultural refining of My Country.

God's new realm theory. The exact meaning of "not forgetting one's original national identity" can be found in his article The Truth of Daoism.

Spirit "exposition:" Taoism has absorbed foreign ideas such as Buddhism and Manichaeism without exception, but it still does not forget its authenticity.

The status of the country. After integrating into the theory of one family, he insisted on the theory of "Yi Xia" and rejected foreign theories. This idea

Attitude, since the Six Dynasties. Although seemingly opposite, it is enough to complement each other. Later, Neo-Confucianism inherited this legacy and achieved great success.

Who? " His attitude can't be clearer: first, "try to absorb" and input everything. After becoming a family, "so?

Adhere to the "Yi Xia" theory and the "Xia Debate" to strengthen and defend the "status of the original nation". Total absorption plus

The difference between summer and summer is Chen Yinque's so-called opposition and complementarity, which can be described as good intentions. In modern history, this is the last chance.

It is indeed between Xianfeng and Tongzhi, and between Xiangxiang and Nanpi. Chen Yinque's confession actually contains his historical thinking.

His self-positioning in the overall concept of examination and cultural renewal is very true and accurate, so that we can really understand and comprehend.

White.

Those who accept this cultural transformation plan and national rejuvenation thought have lost the historical opportunity to realize it.

Seeing that the cultural values that I cherish are constantly lost and mercilessly abandoned and destroyed by reality, my inner sadness is nothing.

For example. This is a strange sadness and resentment of a cultural relic. Of course, it is beyond any country, dynasty or party.

Ups and downs. It is only about the spiritual value of traditional culture, which is what cultural adherents rely on.

The root of culture. The decline of traditional culture left them with a tragic emotion that could not be resolved for life, and they put this sadness

Love has left endless history. In Chen Yinque's words: "It is worth a thousand years to build Chixian Shenzhou today."

Change; If you rob everything and become poor, people with this cultural spirit will not die with you, so Mr. Guan will not.

Therefore, immortality is deeply mourned and cherished by future generations all over the world. "Chen Yinque said to Wang Guowei, then every word became should be in.

Wang Chen and Wang Chen, two of them, passed away with the same inexplicable sadness and deep pain after more than 40 years.

However, throughout history, Chen Yinque, a "cultural survivor", is unwilling to accept his own culture of "mutually assured destruction".

Final conclusion. He still holds a historical hope: "Buddhist classics say,' Buddha appeared in the world for a great cause."

From the Qin Dynasty to today, the evolution of China's thoughts has taken countless long and important steps, only for a great cause, namely.

The emergence and spread of neo-Confucianism. "This neo-Confucianism does not refer to a school that people often say today.

Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties inherited all the essence of traditional culture, and gave new vigor and vitality in the new historical era.

Take this nation's mind, give this nation a new value ideal, get its recognition, and stimulate its new ideas.

System. Chen Yinque called it Neo-Confucianism, which shows that he should adhere to the spiritual and cultural values of Confucianism and put China's failure

But at the same time, we can also see his overall critical attitude towards the whole process of China's ideological history-in Ken

Overall criticism based on setting its value core. Everything old, including the theory itself and the historical process, is valuable.

Just to prepare for the "great cause" of "new" Confucianism. Only when this "great karma" is realized,

It is the glorious future of national culture. The wisdom of national culture and the root of destiny bear fruit here and are firm in this possible ideal.

Have confidence. Looking back did not make him addicted, because he clearly saw the shortcomings of local culture in the comparison between Chinese and western cultures.

And accumulated disadvantages; The prospect is not optimistic, because he is facing and experiencing the painful transformation of traditional cultural values. but

He still has some confidence in culture, so he said he was waiting for "a great cause".

But faith in cultural values can produce some magic. Chen Yinque, who has been pessimistic all his life, has always had his own views on this point.

Be optimistic: the lost cultural foundation can be re-cultivated, the ebb tide can be lifted, and the cultural holdouts may not be.

But it can continue the cultural lifeline and even revive the cultural movement, orthodoxy and national pulse. In 1942, he said this:

"The study of the ancient times often begins with the exquisiteness of previous academic thoughts, and then the thunder is furious.

The sea is irresistible. "Until the rainy day of 1964, he still expressed this belief to his friends:"

Ouyang Yongshu did little research on Han Changli, and later wrote History of the Five Dynasties and Biography of Il Feng Dao, denouncing snobbery and praising integrity.

After the Five Dynasties Kuang, thoughts poured out and returned to the right. Therefore, Tianshui culture was once a fortune left by our nation, that is to say, to govern Tao with empty words.

Academic is not good, is it? "In his sad life for the rise and fall, and in his later years, he always

Let yourself see and believe this light. Perhaps it is this ray of light that supports him, unlike Wang Guowei.

* * * born with everything ","see its independence and free will with death ". No matter what Chen Yinque's personality and knowledge are, people will still

What kind of judgment can you make? You can also disapprove of his cultural conception and his value recognition, but he lived to his old age.

In such a high-pressure political atmosphere, the cultural value of My Nation is under the torment of historical sadness that cannot be resolved for life.

And its revival and revitalization can hold this belief and stick to its own culture of "independent spirit and free thought"

The position that is extremely rare among contemporary intellectuals in China is indeed worthy of reverence.

"Democracy and Science" website. Net) was collected on May 23rd, 2002.