What is the principle of bacterial virus?

Discovery of the principle of bacteria and viruses

On February 27th, 1892 1892, the conference hall of the University of Paris, France, was crowded with people, and representatives of foreign and French scientific organizations sat on the honorary seats. When a little man with gray hair and stumbling walked into the hall tightly holding the arm of the President of the Republic, the band played a triumphant March, and everyone stood up and the whole audience cheered. A British doctor sincerely praised: "Who can tell how many lives you have saved and how many lives you can save in the future?" You have opened the curtain of infectious diseases for centuries. "Who is this blessed man? He was the famous French microbiologist and chemist Pasteur at that time. This grand event was held to celebrate his seventieth birthday and praise his outstanding contribution.

1822 65438+On February 27th, Pasteur was born in Dore, eastern France. My family is poor, my father is a tanner and my mother is the daughter of a working family. He has been determined to be a chemist since he was a child. After obtaining a bachelor's degree in physiology from Paris Teachers College, he continued to study for a doctorate in chemistry and obtained a doctorate with honors. During school, he scrimped and saved, kept his living expenses to a minimum, and used the money saved for research. For this reason, he is often weak from hunger and has a stomachache. After graduation, Pasteur continued to study crystals while teaching chemistry. It took him nearly five years to discover the optical isomerism of organic compounds for the first time, which laid the foundation of modern biochemistry.

In the process of climbing the peak of science, Pasteur always had a spirit of forgetting to eat and sleep and taking risks. He loves his research work very much. 1May 29th, 849, is the day of Pasteur's wedding. People came to congratulate each other, but they didn't see the groom, so they had to look for him separately. Finally, they found Pasteur who was doing experiments in the school laboratory. The silk industry in Alai province in southern France is very developed, but I don't know why it makes people angry every year: silkworms keep getting sick, don't spin silk, don't cocoon, and even die in large numbers. In the study of this silkworm disease, Pasteur worked continuously from 5 am to 6 pm every day. During this period, his three children died unfortunately. He persisted in his research in pain and finally found a way to prevent and treat silkworm diseases. Silkworm farmers in Alai Province erected a statue for him to commemorate his contribution.

1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Pasteur returned his doctoral degree certificate from Bonn University in Prussia in order to express his protest against the invaders. He believes that "it is happy to die for the motherland!" He asked to take part in the battle, but failed.

French wine has always been famous for its excellent quality, but it has a fatal drawback: it cannot be exported. Brewed wine often turns sour after a period of time, causing great losses. Why does wine turn sour? Through detailed investigation and study, Pasteur finally found that there were many bacteria in the fermentation broth. But how can we eliminate these bacteria? Pasteur used many antibacterial drugs to do experiments, and the results were not satisfactory. Finally, he tried to heat the wine to various temperatures and found that only by slowly heating the wine to 50℃ could all the bacteria in the wine be killed, so people called this disinfection method Pasteur disinfection, which is still in use today.

From 65438 to the 1970s, Pasteur began to concentrate on studying how to deal with bacteria, thus becoming a famous "bacterial hunter".

At that time, French sheep often died in large numbers because of the spread of anthrax. Pasteur decided to save farmers from danger and came to Chatterley, where anthrax was prevalent. As soon as he got there, he took the blood of the sick sheep, found the bacterium that caused anthrax-Bacillus anthracis, and injected it into the sheep with thin anthrax liquid. In this way, the sheep will not get anthrax again. Soon, Pasteur was invited to study a kind of chicken cholera.

At this time, Pasteur has explored a set of methods to study animal infectious diseases from practice: first, find the pathogenic microorganism, cultivate it and let it reproduce; Then inject it into normal animals to see if it will cause the same disease. If an animal is sick, it must find the same microorganism in its body. Pasteur studied chicken cholera in this way. After repeated experiments, he found that if the culture solution was exposed to the air for a long time, the chicken cholera bacteria would lose their pathogenic ability, but this bacteria could make chickens immune. Pasteur called this kind of bacteria with immunity "vaccine".

Pasteur began to study anthrax from here. After several rounds of experiments, he later adjusted the temperature of the incubator to 42℃~43℃, and the harm of anthrax to cattle and sheep was obviously reduced. It can be used as a vaccine to inoculate cattle and sheep to prevent diseases, thus preventing anthrax. In this way, Pasteur made an epoch-making achievement in overcoming infectious diseases-he founded immunology.

After Pasteur successfully used vaccines to prevent chicken cholera and anthrax, he asked the French Academy of Sciences to conduct public experiments. 188 1 On May 5th, 2008, at Pressburg Farm in Meilun, Pasteur divided 48 sheep into two batches, 24 in each batch, one of which was injected with attenuated anthrax vaccine on the spot, and the other 24 were left to fend for themselves. Subsequently, Pasteur announced that the 48 sheep would be injected with the same amount of toxic anthrax vaccine on day 12 and day 26 respectively, and predicted that 24 sheep injected with attenuated vaccine today would not get sick, while the other 24 sheep would die of anthrax.

On June 2, a large number of parliamentarians, journalists, veterinarians, cattle and sheep operators and nearby farmers couldn't wait to see the results again. All 24 vaccinated sheep are alive; Of the other 24 sheep, 22 have died and the other two are dying. The people who witnessed it shouted happily, "miracle, this is really a miracle!" " "Pasteur's invention saved the animal husbandry in France, and he won the highest honor in France-the Grand Medal of Honor.

But Pasteur didn't stop there. He further thought that it would be great if the principles of bacteria and microorganisms could be used to treat human diseases!

At that time, medicine in Europe was still very backward, and the mortality rate of surgery was above 80%, most of which died from wound infection and suppuration. Operating on a patient is almost equivalent to sentencing to death. Pasteur devoted himself to research and found that the cause of death was that the wound was exposed to millions of bacteria. Air, gauze, utensils and doctors' hands are full of bacteria. In this regard, he proposed a high-temperature disinfection and sterilization method. At that time, a surgeon in Scotland, Liszt, accepted Pasteur's advice and had a thorough disinfection before the operation. Results In the hospital he presided over, the recovery rate of surgical patients was the highest in the world surgical hospitals at that time, and the postoperative mortality rate was the lowest.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, rabies seriously threatened people's lives. Pasteur, who was over 60 years old, became interested in mad dogs again, so he focused on the research of rabies vaccine. He injected the saliva of a mad dog into a rabbit for an experiment. Once, a big mad dog was drooling with rage because of labor pains. Pasteur and his assistant immediately tied the dog firmly to the table. In order to get saliva from the big mad dog's mouth, he personally sucked saliva from the dog's chin with the dropper in his mouth. After smoking, he turned and told his assistant that the experiment could continue. It is with this dedication that Pasteur's anti-rabies vaccine has been successful in animals.

One day, a 9-year-old boy named Meister in Alsace province was bitten by a mad dog in 14, and was sent to Pasteur two days later. Pasteur hesitated, anti-rabies vaccine has never been tested on people! Finally, Pasteur decided to give it a try. If he fails, he will bear all the consequences. On the night after the injection, Pasteur was so nervous that he stayed up all night, always paying attention to the reaction of the sick child. After 3 1 day, the child recovered completely. Pasteur finally breathed a sigh of relief. Since then, the treatment of injecting anti-rabies vaccine has spread rapidly all over the world, saving thousands of patients. Pasteur's discovery of germs and viruses is like God giving mankind a "magic doctor", so Pasteur has won the respect of people all over the world.