Requirements and skills of reading short passages in Putonghua

Reading skills of short passages in Putonghua

Reading short passages is an important content of Putonghua proficiency test and an important means of Putonghua training. The following are the skills of reading short passages in Putonghua for your reference.

Language communication is carried out through words, and the short reading of the stream formed by the pronunciation of words lays the foundation for Putonghua learning and oral communication. Therefore, reading short passages is of great significance in both Putonghua learning and Putonghua proficiency test. The reading level of candidates will also directly or indirectly affect the test scores.

Test content

The content of short reading is 60 reading works in the Outline of National Putonghua Proficiency Test, which is not only the content of Putonghua training, but also the content of Putonghua Proficiency Test. According to the examinee's reading of a designated work (reading 400 syllables), the essay reading questions test the standard pronunciation of initials, finals and tones, as well as the tone sandhi, pause, intonation and the natural fluency of reading in Putonghua within a specified time.

Skills of reading short passages.

Reading aloud means reading an article clearly and loudly, which is different from reading aloud. Reading aloud refers to reading poetry or prose to express the feelings of the work. Reading skills refer to using proper pronunciation and intonation and using certain skills such as stress and pause to express the works properly on the basis of correctly understanding and feeling the reading works. Generally speaking, reading skills mainly include internal work and external work. What is emphasized here is the external skills of reading aloud.

The internal strength of reading aloud refers to the correct understanding and feeling of the work, the understanding of the structure of the work, the grasp of the meaning of the key words, and the accurate and profound understanding of the work through in-depth and meticulous analysis and thinking.

The external skill of reading aloud means that after fully understanding and feeling the work, the external expression of sounds such as pause, stress, speech speed and intonation is used to properly express the content of the work that has been understood and felt.

Discontinuity is one of the important expressive skills in vocal music language expression, that is, the pause and continuation of sound when reading aloud. The purpose of sentence breaking is to clearly express the context of the sentence, so as to accurately and vividly express the language content. At the same time, it also has the functions of emphasizing, aggravating emotions, enhancing language potential and highlighting key points.

Stress refers to stressed syllables in Putonghua words, mainly the function of sound intensity. Generally speaking, the tone types and tone values of Chinese characters will not change, but in special contexts, the absolute pitch of Chinese characters will also change. There is a difference between word stress and sentence stress in Putonghua.

Speech speed refers to the speed of reading and speaking. Speech speed can affect the change of article structure and the effect of emotional expression, so it plays an important role in language communication between reading and speaking.

The speed of speech mainly depends on the specific content and sentences of the work, and it is also related to the genre of the article. For example, speak slowly when expressing heavy and sad content, faster when expressing nervous content, and slower when expressing cramped, intense and pleasant content. The speed of speech can be roughly divided into three situations: slow, fast and medium.

Intonation is the change of a sentence or a language fragment in the sound. Intonation is related to the tone, pause, height, weight and speed of a sentence, that is to say, intonation is the concentrated expression of prosodic features of pronunciation in the text.

Free expression skills in Putonghua

Say and do.

The hardest thing for people to do is to keep what they say, but we still have to keep what we say. Because: First, it's a long story. Only by doing things can we do things. Second, if you don't keep your word, you will beat yourself and ruin your image. Praise equals self-mockery, and praise equals self-destruction. Honesty is the foundation of being a man. If you don't keep your word, aren't you slandering yourself and hitting yourself?

Beauty of language and beauty of form

A bad word turns ugly. The beauty of a person's language determines the beauty and ugliness of his image. Everyone may have this experience: seeing a beautiful woman with a high response rate on the street, I want to see more. But when you hear her swearing and swearing, she immediately becomes a pig in your eyes, and you don't want to look at her again. In fact, the ugliness of language is only the external expression of the relationship between spiritual beauty and image beauty. Because people are so rude and dirty because they are "thick-hearted"

When talking about small things, people are small and often say ordinary things to show people's customs. I'm talking about the influence of swearing, swearing and swearing on people's image beauty. In fact, even talking about trivial and vulgar things often will damage your image. When he was a teenager, our respected Premier Zhou set himself a goal of "three noes". That's why.

Speech and heart (including moral cultivation)

The way and content of speech are closely related to psychological factors such as people's morality, quality and personality (the relationship between speech and psychological factors is discussed separately). For example, people who are straightforward, honest and frank tend to react quickly and unobtrusively. This is because: the straight road is fast and the heart is fast. Soon, the heart will be straight, and the heart will be straight. You don't pretend to be good, but you don't pretend to be good. Selfless, fearless, swift, rash and calm.

However, not all words are really expressed. For example, social conversation is not a bosom friend. Unintentional words represent sincerity, and intentional words represent hypocrisy. Fancy is not beautiful, and words are not good.

Speech and thinking

Language should be a tool for the flow of ideas and an external manifestation of thinking. But many people seem to speak without thinking, just a simple external stab. As a result, of course, express trains are prone to accidents and troubles.

Think more when you do things, and think more when you say things. Think before you write, and think more before you speak. Wash more when you eat and think more when you talk. Talking without saying anything is "saying something stupid". It is better to be dumb than to lose too much. It's best to say nothing, but say nothing. People who can't control themselves will hurt themselves. Think more about what to bring when you go out and what to avoid when you speak.

Words and emotions

The way of speaking has a lot to do with the content and the mood when people speak. Hungry people eat, angry people speak. "A brain, forget everything." No matter when people are excessively angry or excited, it is easy to say something that is not their intention, or something that should not be said. This is because emotions will reduce people's reason and disturb people's thinking.

Many people regard other people's vows as "good words", which is really naive. Not to mention that many people with ulterior motives swear, even if they are "sincere", they must not be credible. Because, when moved, vows of eternal love are like drunk words. How many innocent girls have ruined their youth, their marriage and even their lives because they believe in the oath of "I only want you, and I will always love you".

The way and effect of the speech

It doesn't have to be bitter to cure a disease, and it doesn't have to be ugly to say it. Liang, how to throw up as soon as you eat is good for your illness? Good words, listening is boring. How can it be good? It only works if you eat it, and it only works if you listen to it. If you treat the disease again, you will not be able to swallow it; No matter how good you are, it's no use not listening. Eat according to the curative effect and speak according to the effect. Don't just pursue good motives, but pursue good results. Production and sales should be market-oriented, and words and deeds should be result-oriented. A good slope lies in flatness, and a good word lies in cleverness. What is mainly said here is that you should pay attention to your attitude and respect your personality.

In addition, pay attention to the frequency of speaking. Too much pulp is not sticky, and it is useless to say too much. Tired of eating too many delicacies and listening to too many good words. Therefore, don't talk too much, don't "say a thousand words", you know, the frequency of speaking is not proportional to the effect, or even proportional.

Therefore, when giving advice, persuading people, criticizing people and educating people to express their ideas in order to accept them, we must pay attention to the ways and means such as attitude, occasion, language and frequency. Otherwise, no one listens to good words, no one receives goodwill, and even goodwill is not returned.

Speak and obey

Only by listening well can you speak well. Only by listening well can we learn speaking skills from easy-going people; Only by listening well can we deeply understand the gist of what others are saying and help us to deal with it correctly. Only by being a "good listener" can you be a "good talker".

The beauty of "kind words"

An easy-going person not only dares to speak, but the most important thing is to say-say what he should say and what others want to hear. The word "talk" refers to one's own purpose, principle, theme, etc. Say not only what you should say, but also what others want to hear. Because what you want to say is not necessarily what people want to hear, or even what people are bored with. Everyone wants to drink sweet things and listen to good things. Therefore, those "easy-talking people" only say what others want to hear, while those "bad-talking people" only say what they want to say.

When talking to people, it should be timely, suitable for people and suitable for places. "Right time and right place" mainly means that you should divide your speech into different occasions to melt the atmosphere. "Suitable for people" means that speaking depends on the object. For example, seeing adults say "big talk" is not looked down upon; See people say "words" and don't be deceived; See malicious people say "malicious words" without being intimidated.

What you said is difficult to answer, but you can refute what you said. It's better to ask directly than to answer directly. If you meet someone who deliberately wants to embarrass you, at this time, saying or asking can not only solve your own problems, but also effectively fight back.

Articles are written for specific people, and words are believed by specific people. Concreteness is not only easy to recreate imagination and visualize language, but also easy to believe. Therefore, when we describe things and express our thoughts, we should be as specific as possible. People who make up lies take advantage of this by saying that they have eyebrows and eyes.

Don't procrastinate and speak hesitatingly. Procrastination will give people a feeling of being ignored, and speaking slowly will give people a feeling of dishonesty. The latter can also give people an uncomfortable feeling.

There is room for turning things around, but there is also room for discussion. You can't stir the pot when it is full, and you can't change it when it is full. Talking too much is too dead, as if the thread had tied a fast knot, as if it had cut off the back road for itself. The sentence "Don't exaggerate" makes sense.

What most people want to write but can't write is that they can write; Say what most people want to say but can't, that is, say it. Famous poems are true, famous sayings are true. Famous poems and famous sayings are actually' very real reflections' of objective facts (sincerity). It's just that most of us don't do it easily. However, as long as we make unremitting efforts, we can greatly improve ourselves.

If words are to have power, they must have priority first. The main aspects of speech are like the main force and elite soldiers of the army, so speech that does not distinguish between primary and secondary is bound to be powerless.

If you want to settle accounts, you have to explain. It's best not to remember accounts that you can't remember, and it's best not to say if you don't know them. In fact, speaking clearly is the basic requirement of speaking.

Reading skills of Putonghua

Reading aloud is a creative activity that transforms written works into audio language, that is, on the basis of understanding the works, readers use their own voices to create images, reflect life, explain truth and reproduce the author's thoughts and feelings. In the Putonghua proficiency test, reading aloud is a comprehensive test form of candidates' Putonghua application ability. In daily reading activities, there are many factors that determine readers' reading level and reading effect. This paper expounds several basic requirements of reading aloud in combination with several main factors affecting candidates' performance in Putonghua proficiency test, aiming at helping candidates to grasp difficulties, reduce mistakes in the test and give full play to their own level.

First, read aloud in Mandarin.

Reading aloud in Putonghua is a science. Candidates are not only required to be faithful to the original work, and are not allowed to add, delete or change words, but also required to read aloud with initials, finals, tones, soft tones, inflections, sound changes and sentence expressions in line with the standard of Putonghua pronunciation. Reading a work aloud, if you can't even read Mandarin correctly, or even read it wrong, it will affect the audience's understanding of the original text and even make a joke. To make your reading conform to the phonetic norms of Putonghua, you must work hard in the following aspects:

1. Pay attention to the phonetic differences between Putonghua and your own dialect. The phonetic differences between Mandarin and dialects are mostly regular. There are big and small rules, and there are often some exceptions in the rules, so we should sum them up ourselves. It's not enough to just summarize. You should look up the dictionary, look it up, strengthen your memory and practice it again and again. In practical application, we should not only pay attention to the differences in sound, rhyme and tone, but also pay attention to the study of the phonology of light words.

2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of polyphonic words. One word with multiple tones is one of the important reasons for misunderstanding, which must be paid great attention to. Disyllabic words can be learned from two aspects. The first category is polysyllabic words. We should focus on understanding its different meanings and remembering its different pronunciations. The second category is polyphonic words with the same meaning, so we should focus on their different use occasions. In most cases, this kind of polyphonic word has a wide sound and a narrow sound, so just remember the narrow one.

3. Pay attention to the misreading caused by similar or radical analogies. This misunderstanding is very common, because the glyphs are similar, and the word A is pronounced as the word B. Misreading caused by analogy between the pronunciation of radical itself or the pronunciation of more commonly used words composed of radical is also common. The so-called show can only read half a word and make jokes, which refers to this misunderstanding.

4. Pay attention to the pronunciation of different words. In Mandarin vocabulary, some words (or morphemes in words) have the same or basically the same meaning, but they are customarily pronounced in two or more different ways. These words are called different pronunciations. In order to standardize these pronunciations, the state organized the Putonghua Phonetic Examination Committee in 1950s to test the pronunciations of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua. Decades have passed and several drafts have been changed. 1985, the state published the Pronunciation Table of Putonghua Variants, which requires that the pronunciation and pronunciation of Putonghua Variants involved in culture, education, publishing, broadcasting and other departments and industries all over the country should be based on this new pronunciation table. When using the phonetic evaluation table, it is best to compare it with reference books (such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary). Look at all the pronunciations, meanings and use cases of a word first, and then look at the pronunciations and use cases in the phonetic review table. After comparison, if there is any discrepancy between the two, the sound audit table shall prevail. In this way, the purpose of pronunciation standardization is achieved.

Second, grasp the tone of the work.

Tone refers to the basic mood of the work, that is, the overall attitude and feeling of the work, the overall color and weight. Any work will have a unified and complete tone. When reading a work aloud, we must grasp the tone of the work, because the tone of the work is a whole concept and a comprehensive expression of specific thoughts and feelings in levels, paragraphs and sentences. To grasp the keynote, we must deeply analyze and understand the ideological content of the work, and strive to make a serious, full and effective analysis from the aspects of genre, theme, structure, language and style formed by integrating various elements. On this basis, readers can produce the true feelings, distinct attitudes and internal rhythms that they are eager to express. Only through such a complicated process can the thought of the work become the reader's thought, the emotion of the work become the reader's emotion, and the language expression of the work become what the reader wants to say. Only through such a complicated process can readers grasp the tone on the basis of the ideological content of the works. No matter what works you look at, there is no shortage of works about this case.

Third, master the basic skills of reading aloud.

(1) Pause

When reading aloud, some sentences are very short, just pause according to the punctuation marks written. Some sentences are long and complicated. Although there are no punctuation marks in the sentence, you can also make some short pauses in order to express your meaning clearly. But if the pause is improper, it will destroy the structure of the sentence, which is called reading sentences. Avoid reading broken sentences in the reading test, and candidates should pay special attention. There are several types of correct pauses:

1, punctuation stops.

Punctuation marks are the pause symbols of written language, and also the important basis for language pause when reading works. The pause rules of punctuation marks are generally as follows: the pause of periods, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis is slightly longer than that of semicolons, dashes and hyphens; The pause time of semicolon, dash and hyphen is longer than that of comma and colon; Comma and colon pause longer than pause and interval. In addition, the pause time between paragraphs in the work is longer than the general cycle time. The pause above is not absolute. Sometimes in order to express feelings, you can stop where there is no punctuation and stop where there is punctuation.

2. Grammatical pause.

Grammatical pause is a natural pause in the middle of a sentence. It is often a short pause to emphasize and highlight the subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial or complement in a sentence. Learning grammar helps us pause correctly when reading aloud.