How to design a building?

I want to tell you that you are very courageous, but it is somewhat unrealistic. I am engaged in design work now. Even if it is a small component, sometimes it is necessary to turn over the atlas and instructions. Not everyone can design it casually. Even if you have the ability, you have to get the qualification certificate of structural engineer and related qualifications, because you are responsible for the life safety of others. This thing is a lifelong responsibility system, not to mention such a high building. They are all designed through bidding and design institute competition. It is difficult, but it is not insurmountable. It depends on the individual. At that time, you took the first step to success. You shouldn't study blindly. There should be some targeted suggestions. It can be developed in architectural decoration and interior design. The starting point is not very high. I wish you a speedy success.

History of high-rise buildings

From the distant ancient times, no matter at home or abroad, there are people who want to build towering buildings, but this is just an illusion. Therefore, various alternatives have been proposed. For example, if the building itself cannot be built very high, they will pile up a solid high platform first, and then build a house on top of the platform. Five or six thousand years ago, buildings called mountain terraces appeared in the two river basins in the Middle East. Their lower part is a high platform with layers of layers, surrounded by ramps or stairs, and houses are built on the top of the platform. In Central America, ancient Mayans, Doltecs, Aztecs and Incas also had similar buildings, which were called pyramid temples. They are all made for religious purposes. Some of these buildings are called "Babel Tower", and reaching the sky directly is the intrinsic purpose of the people who built these buildings.

Gothic churches in medieval Europe usually had tall bell towers. The bell tower of Ulm Cathedral in Germany (14-16th century) is as high as 16 1 meter. At that time, it was not easy for masonry to reach such a height. Although the internal space of the bell tower is too small to accommodate general activities, it is still a great achievement in the history of medieval architecture.

In China, the ancients also wanted to build tall buildings for a long time, and they also adopted the method of building houses on high platforms. During the Warring States period, rulers of various countries competed to build such buildings, so-called "Three Decisions of the Emperor" (five classics with different meanings). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao built the famous "Three Bronze Sparrows" in Yecheng. Besides kings, rich people also emphasize tall buildings. "Luoyang Galand Ji" said that "the king of Qinghe ... has a rich first residence, surpassing Levin. There is a building in the northwest out of LingYuntai, overlooking the city and overlooking the capital. The ancient poem says that there are tall buildings in the northwest, and those who join the clouds are also. "

This is a tall building in the history of ancient architecture in China.

The tallest building ever built in China is the stupa. The earliest existing brick tower is the Song and Yue Temple Tower in Dengfeng, Henan. It was built in 523 AD (the fourth year of Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty). It is a rare dodecagonal tower with a base diameter of12.6m and a height of 39.5m.. The wall is 5 meters thick and there is a hole with a diameter of 5 meters in the middle. Since then, many towers have been built in different dynasties and generations in history, embellishing the land of China and becoming landmark buildings in many places. The beautiful figures of various towers blend into the surrounding environment and accumulate in the collective memory of the people, which is unforgettable.

Most towers are too small for people to get on. However, there is one exception, that is, a wooden tower in Yingxian County, not far from Datong in the north of Shanxi Province. The official name of the wooden pagoda is "Buddha Temple Sakyamuni Pagoda" in Yingxian County. The wooden pagoda was built in A.D. 1056, that is, the second year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty. The tower is octagonal. Seen from the outside, it has five floors, but there are four hidden floors inside, making a total of nine floors. The total height of the tower is 67.3 meters, the bottom diameter is 37.27 meters, and the top diameter is more than 19 meters. The wooden tower has a huge appearance and a wide internal space. Each floor has stairs leading to it, and people can go up to the top floor. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the local government once held a meeting in the pagoda, which is of course inappropriate for precious cultural relics, but it can be seen that this wooden pagoda is really different from other pagodas. It is a high-rise building, which can accommodate people to move in it. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that such a tall and accessible stupa is made of wood except for the masonry at the base, the tiles at the top of the tower and the eaves of each floor. Yingxian wooden pagoda stood on the original site with the original wood for 950 years! It is not only China, but also the oldest and tallest wooden structure in the world. Yingxian wooden pagoda is an amazing miracle in the history of world architecture!

However, magic is magic. From today's perspective, the high-rise buildings mentioned above were only special cases in the field of architecture at that time. First, there are very few; Second, it is not very high; Third, it is not very practical. The reason for this is that before19th century, the height of houses was limited by the nature of main building materials such as soil, wood, brick and stone. At the same time, in the social production and life at that time, there was no actual need to use high-rise residential buildings. Therefore, where houses are built with bricks and stones, the buildings generally do not exceed five or six floors. In areas where houses are built with wood, they are generally single-storey and two-storey buildings, and those with more than three floors are rare.

The first high-rise building section (1890 ~ 1900) V/ X8W-

I. Achievements of Building Technology after the Industrial Revolution /MlIY

From the end of 18 to the end of 19, the industrial revolution in Europe and America brought about the development of productivity and economic prosperity. During this period, urbanization developed rapidly and the urban population increased rapidly. In order to build more usable area in a small land area. Buildings must develop to high altitude. On the other hand, the development of steel structure and the appearance of elevators have contributed to the construction of a large number of multi-storey buildings. ~Ih@u6QAG

/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, there were cast iron multi-storey buildings (mines and wharf buildings) in Britain, but the cast iron frame was usually hidden behind the masonry surface. In the United States after 1840, forged iron beams began to replace fragile cast iron beams. The cage structure composed of wrought iron frame, cast iron column and masonry load-bearing wall is the first step to take the high-rise building structure. Wv_K？ eight

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/9th century, a full-frame metal structure with lateral stability appeared. The concept of curtain wall came into being, and the supporting structure of the house was separated from the retaining wall. In terms of building safety, fire prevention technology and safe evacuation have been gradually improved. Water supply and drainage system, electric lighting system, steam heating system and steam engine ventilation system appeared in the United States in the 1960s, and air conditioning system appeared in the 1960s+0920s. Due to the appearance of the passenger elevator, the building broke through the height limit of five floors (the feasible climbing distance on foot). 1845 Oddis holds safety elevator exhibition in new york. Oddis convincingly demonstrated his invention, cut the cable, and the elevator box remained safely suspended in mid-air. 1857, the first steam-driven safety elevator was installed in new york department store. In 1970s, steam elevators were replaced by faster hydraulic elevators. Oddis invented the modern electric elevator in 1890. 14A！ }3#6

After 1870, the technical development of high-rise buildings has entered a new stage. New york Justice Life Insurance Mansion is considered as the early version of high-rise building, because it adopts almost all necessary technical elements except height and structure of high-rise building. The building adopts decorative French double slope roof. Although there are only five floors, the height reaches 130 feet, and the office building uses elevators for the first time. It can be said to be the earliest example of elevator building or primitive high-rise building. 187 1 Chicago fire broke out, and the failure of building iron parts promoted the progress of building fire protection design. Builders began to cover iron beams and columns with tiles, and applied hollow brick floors to improve the fire resistance of metal skeletons. From 65438 to 0879, William Jenny designed the first Laerte building, which is a seven-story warehouse with a mixed structure of brick walls and concrete. 1880, the Eiffel Tower with a height of 3 12m was built in Paris. 1889, engineer Eiffel used a hydraulic elevator. There are two cars on the leg of the leaning tower, one of which can reach the top of the tower. Finally, in 1885, a real tall building was born-the Chicago Family Life Insurance Building with10 floor was built. Since then, high-rise buildings have experienced vigorous development for more than a century. -I, H 1O

Second, the birthplace of high-rise buildings-Chicago: [1kvmL2]

1820 Chicago is just a distant lakeside town. However, after the Civil War, the city developed rapidly, and 40 years later, it became an outpost and shipping and railway hub for the United States to develop the western region. The railway extends 1.77 million kilometers, with 75 passenger trains entering and leaving every day. During this period, the urban population grew rapidly, urban development expanded viciously, and the quality of planning and construction was poor. 4; uoaL*

However, on the night of 187 1 10, the urban development of Chicago stopped dramatically. At about 8 o'clock that night, a cow kicked down an oil lamp in a farmhouse cowshed in the suburbs of Chicago, and the cowshed immediately caught fire. Under the action of the wind, the fire continued to spread, and finally crossed two rivers and burned to the center of Chicago. Within 48 hours,18,000 houses were burned, 654.38+million people were homeless and 300 people were burned to death. The so-called fireproof structure in large commercial buildings and government buildings has become a tragic joke. In the fire, the bare cast iron is melted, and the molten iron makes the place where the flame can't reach catch fire. After the fire, the fire prevention of buildings in Chicago became cautious and strict, and the reconstruction plan began to consider the use of fire prevention materials and technologies instead of the previous wood and bare cast iron. After the fire, urban reconstruction is very urgent, which also creates a rare opportunity for development. Large-scale reconstruction is conducive to rational planning, development of new building technologies and materials, and invention and improvement of elevators. Because urban land is expensive, it is more economical to develop buildings to the sky than to buy more land. In terms of building technology, due to the adoption of steel frame structure, the self-weight of the structure is reduced, the stability is improved, and it can be built higher in construction. The widespread use of elevators makes it feasible for buildings with more than five floors. The combination of the above factors has contributed to the birth and development of high-rise buildings. Su| k%Es

In the ten years after 1880, Chicago has made brilliant achievements in the development history of high-rise buildings. At the same time, other cities in the United States have not made major construction because of the economic depression that has lasted for many years since 1873. A large number of architectural design tasks attracted a group of talented architectural engineers (also architects) to gather in Chicago, such as Jenny (who designed the first high-rise building-Family Life Insurance Company Building), Busham (who designed the Trust Building-the first large-area glass exterior wall), Root (who designed the Mont Nanok Building-the tallest brick structure building in the world) and Sullivan (the father of high-rise buildings). The architecture of this period has revolutionary building technology: abandoning the traditional stone load-bearing wall, adopting light cast iron structure and stone or ceramic tile exterior wall, and separating the frame from the exterior wall. ; ssk)

Third, the first high-rise building D 1G4~ 1-

10 floor family life insurance building (designed by Jenny, demolished in 193 1 year) was built in 1885, and is generally considered as the tallest building in the world. There is no load-bearing wall in the structure, and the weight of the whole building is supported by the metal frame. The circular cast iron column is filled with cement ash, and the floors 1 to 6 are forged I-beams, and the rest floors are steel beams. The standard beam spacing is 5 feet, supporting the brick arch floor. Masonry external walls, inter-window walls and under-window walls are made of masonry and hung on the frame like curtain walls. Architectural history calls it "a decisive step in the evolution of steel structures". e6g '

Fourth, the exploration of high-rise building forms Gb3`N3Ae & gt

Although the building technology (structure, equipment, etc.) has made great progress. At that time, architects were still trying to find the proper form of high-rise buildings. On the one hand, engineers are inventing new science and technology creatively. They build bridges, railway stations and exhibition halls efficiently. -y ` ST & gt； ? 2

On the other hand, architects are bound by traditional styles. They need to find a way out of the predicament, and at the same time, they need to reflect on the new explosive urban environment-Chicago's pioneering spirit and new housing construction methods. -05 Canadian dollars @ sec

/kloc-The Renaissance mansion style popular at the end of 0/9 can be used as the prototype of high-rise buildings, but with the continuous rise of buildings, the mansion style is difficult to realize, and new design and composition methods need to be explored. Designers tried various Renaissance styles (such as Romanesque, Classical, Queen Anna, etc.). ) On different floors and slopes. Usually, according to geometric treatment, mansions are stacked on the top of buildings, or the middle of mansions is elongated, so as to obtain the order of giants (such as Roman arches and vertical extension in the forward direction). & ltt/=

The style of high-rise buildings in Chicago has evolved three times. DaG|C7fU

1. Original high-rise building style, emphasizing the horizontal part, and the top is luxury style. j； 3w@ri

2. Expand the mansion or three-stage composition, and lengthen the middle part with column metaphors (such as base, body and stigma). Decorations are Romanesque or Gothic, such as large cornices, semicircular arches, thin cornices and masonry structures. 3. The commercial style ("Chicago Framework") does not emphasize the facade composition, but clearly shows the supporting structure and natural surface. Its image features are: the window is large, without cornices, and there are decorative or non-decorative recesses, blocks and plates on the wall under the window. n . j . 5 rswg

(-) The original high-rise building style Family Life Insurance Company Building shows the original high-rise building style. The facade of the building does not show the concept of "skeleton-outer surface", but shows the traditional load-bearing brick window wall-organized in a vague Roman revival style on the horizontal level. The important feature of the building is to hide the technology for the sake of beauty. The masterpiece of the original high-rise building is the Chicago Marshall Shopping Center designed by Richardson (1885- 1987, 1930 was demolished to build a parking lot). This building imitates the precedent of Roman architecture, but it is similar in style to the Renaissance palace. From the solid base to the vertical continuous window at the top, the proportion is perfect, showing balance, unity, simplification and clear vision. The circular arch clearly shows the essence, strength and massiness of the load-bearing wall (the circular arch conforms to the mechanical characteristics of the brick structure), and at the same time leads to the upward dynamic potential, making the building look towering. ? United auto workers of America x

(2) Three-stage (palace-extending) high-rise building style The visual order of Marshall Shopping Center embodies the simple and simple perfect composition, which is indispensable. This strongly influenced Sullivan and helped him shape the image of high-rise buildings. In his two famous works, The Wagon Mansion and The Trust Bank Mansion, Sullivan tested his composition art, the natural essence of architecture and the ideal of the spirit of the times by expanding the style of the palace. In the St. Louis carriage building, Sullivan used a mature steel frame. Only the bottom column spacing shows the structure, and the upper column is fake, which masks the natural characteristics of the steel structure. The height of skyscrapers is divided by vertical buildings, and the upward movement is contained in the heavy horizontal eaves. Careful decoration makes the facade more organic. Perhaps Sullivan's greatest achievement is the establishment of a trust bank in Buffalo. The abstract composition here exceeds the three-stage division. The heavy pedestal carries the upper tower, which indicates the original international architectural style in all aspects. The cornice is not only the end of the rising building, but also the natural growth of vertical elements.

The development of high-rise buildings in Beijing has experienced the historical process of development, control, development and re-control. From 1979 to 1990, Beijing's construction is in a high-speed development stage, with the annual completed construction area increasing from 5 million square meters to more than100000 square meters, and the annual completed construction area of high-rise buildings above1000 floor increased from 300,000 square meters to more than 4 million square meters. 1989 65438+In February, the Beijing Municipal Government issued Decree No.42, in order to protect the characteristics of the historical and cultural city of the capital and strictly control the construction of high-rise residential buildings, and the construction of high-rise residential buildings decreased rapidly; After the closing of 1990 Asian Games, other high-rise buildings declined due to the lack of large public buildings. However, since 1993, Beijing's construction has entered a new stage of rapid development, and the construction land is tight, so it is imperative to appropriately increase the number of buildings. 1994 1, the municipal government approved the revision of the height limit order; From June 5438 to October 2003, the municipal government issued Decree No.5438. 1 19, abolishing Decree No.42 issued in June, 5438+0989 to control the construction of high-rise residential buildings. In 2002 and 2003, the total area of completed buildings exceeded 30 million square meters, and the area of completed high-rise buildings exceeded130,000 square meters. During the four years from 1989 to 1992, the proportion of high-rise buildings above 10 floor decreased from 36.8% to 24.8%; During the four years from 2000 to 2003, it was stable at 465,438+0.4% ~ 43.8%.

The three tallest buildings in Beijing, which were built in 1989 ~ 199 1, adopted steel tube structure, steel frame structure and prefabricated shear wall structure respectively. The business office building of China Industrial and Commercial Bank was built in 1998, with steel frame supporting structure. Compared with the first phase of International Trade, which was completed before 1999 and has the same plane and elevation, the outer column spacing of steel frame is expanded from 3m to 9m, and the core tube is changed from steel structure to cast-in-place steel reinforced concrete pipe.

Since 2000, the steel frame-cast-in-place steel reinforced concrete core tube structure has been developed, such as LG Building in CBD, Beijing Fortune Center (core tube is constructed by climbing formwork), Century Fortune Center, and urban construction building on the northeast side of North Taiping Zhuang Bridge. All-steel structures are also being adopted, such as Zhongguancun Financial Center and Beijing TV Center. In addition to the above-mentioned steel structure and steel-concrete structure engineering, the vertical structure selection of high-rise office buildings and complex buildings in Beijing in recent years is basically cast-in-place frame-shear wall and frame-core tube, and steel structures are mostly used for roofs and beams with long spans. Hu Shide believes that cities need buildings with different floors, and different functions, different periods and different regions have different floors. In the future, the focus of high-rise buildings in Beijing will still be a large number of residential buildings and public buildings represented by business office buildings, comprehensive buildings, hotels and media communication buildings.