Flexible use of reduplicated words in classical Chinese

1. In the process of reading classical Chinese, some parts of speech are often used flexibly, that is, some parts of speech will temporarily change their parts of speech and play the role of another kind of words due to the need of use.

If we can't correctly grasp their usage and understand their meanings, we can't correctly understand and translate sentences. Especially the causative usage and intentional usage, it is difficult for students to distinguish. Now, we put the causative usage, intentional usage and behavioral usage of verbs together for cognitive comparison, hoping to help students learn.

First, the use of servitude. Causative usage is a special verb-object relationship, which means that the action expressed by the predicate verb is not made by the person represented by the subject, but by the person represented by the object under the influence of the subject. The predicate verb has the meaning of "how to make the object do something".

There are four causative usages: noun causative usages; Causative usage of verbs; Causative usage of adjectives; The causative usage of numerals. (1) Causative usage of nouns: the act of making an object become the person or thing represented by this noun, or making an object produce this noun for verb use.

For example: ① People in the territory don't take the border. (make ... settle down) (2) Huan Gong was freed from the bondage of Guan Zhong.

(let … let … let … let ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… For example: how to use the dead Zheng to accompany the neighbors? (production ... extinction) So many people said they wanted to die, and they were angry.

(Making ... Anger) Neither "death" nor "anger" can take an object, but they are both causative, because they are followed by "righteousness" and "behavior" respectively. Some verbs that can take objects also have causative usage.

For example, eat seriously, and sometimes give. ("eat", eat, here is the snake catcher "let the snake eat", that is, let the snake eat, which can be translated as feeding.

"Shi" is pronounced as "Si" and then used as the causative meaning. (3) Causative usage of adjectives: The causative usage of adjectives is slightly different from that of verbs, which is characterized by making the person or thing represented by the object have the nature or state represented by the adjective.

For example: ① Today, I respect Chang 'an An Jun's position ... (Production ...) (2) The governors were afraid and formed an alliance to weaken Qin.

(Weakening influence) ...) Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. (making ... green) (4) empty.

(making ... suffering from poverty) (4) The causative usage of numerals has causative usage after being used flexibly as verbs. For example, Qin Shihuang was ordered to live forever ... Although there were four emperors in Huang San and six or five emperors, it was not as good as Bilong.

(If Qin Shihuang lives to be a hundred years old, ... then even if Qin Shihuang is tied with Huang San as the fourth emperor and tied with the fifth emperor as the sixth emperor, it will not be as prosperous as Qin Shihuang. The usage of numerals is to make things change in quantity (for example, "four" can be interpreted as "making … into four" and "six" can be interpreted as "making … into six") or quantity. We can sum up a rule that any word that can be translated into "How to make ……" is regarded as causative usage because it has causative function.

Second, the usage of conation. Confident usage is also a special verb-object relationship, which means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "thinking about (or thinking about) the object" or "treating the object as something".

There are two kinds of conative usage: the conative usage of adjectives; Verb usage of nouns. The intentional use of (1) adjectives comes from the flexible use of verbs, which means subjectively thinking (feeling) that the things represented by the object have the nature or state represented by this adjective.

For example: ① Teng's words are strong in appearance and will not be released without beheading. I think his writing is strange and his appearance is strong, which can be translated as: I think his writing is outstanding and his appearance is magnificent. ) 2 Confucius climbed high and small, climbed Mount Tai and was smaller than the world.

Confucius felt that Lu was small when he climbed the East Mountain and the world was small when he climbed Mount Tai. When a noun is used as a conation, the person or thing represented by the object behind it is regarded as the person or thing represented by the noun. For example, I am here now, and everyone uses (bullies) my brother, making me 100 years old and still a fish.

(treat ... like fish [killing at will]) 2 My son and I are fishing by the river, and we are friends with fish, shrimp and elk. Take ... as a partner and ... as a friend) Meng Changjun is my guest.

There is no difference between causative usage and conative usage in structural form, but their meanings are different. Causative usage is "how to make the object" and conative usage is "how to think about the object" subjectively.

We can understand the difference between the two according to the context. Third, verb usage.

Verb usage is a rare verb-object relationship, which refers to the meaning of the predicate verb "how about the object", such as crying for three days and vowing to treat it.

(Crying for ...) Is it okay to die if you die? There are certain rules for judging, understanding and translating (longing for ……) causative, intentional causative and behavioral causative: translation in the form of "causative" belongs to causative usage regardless of whether the predicate has causative object or not; The predicate is called conative usage, and the object is interpreted in the form of "taking …… as"; How about the predicate with the object "Wei"? The translation of "for ..." is used as a verb. For example, "people who hear my ears" should be translated as "let my ears hear", which is causative usage; "Guqi" should be translated as "I think it is strange", which is a conative usage; It's okay to die for your country. This is the passive usage.

In short, students must pay attention to accumulation and comparison, try to translate into the above three formats, and then see which translation is the most reasonable according to the context, so as to make clear which translation is flexible.

2. The flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese laid the foundation in ancient times.

Content words can be divided into nouns, verbs, adjectives and numerals. Function words can be divided into pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations, concurrent words and so on. It is relatively fixed that a word belongs to a certain part of speech, and there is a certain division of labor in what components various words play in a sentence.

For example, nouns are often used as subjects, objects and attributes, verbs as predicates, adjectives as attributes, adverbials and predicates, numerals as attributes, pronouns as subjects, objects and attributes, and adverbs as adverbials and complements. These basic functions are the same in ancient and modern times.

In ancient Chinese, some words can be used flexibly in a specific language environment, temporarily changing their basic functions and acting as other words in sentences. This kind of temporary flexible words is called flexible parts of speech.

Generally speaking, the flexible use of parts of speech in ancient Chinese mainly includes: flexible use of nouns as verbs, flexible use of nouns and intentional use; Verb causative usage, verbs are used flexibly as nouns; Adjective verbs or nouns, causative usage and intentional usage of description; The flexible use of numerals as verbs and the causative use of numerals; Wait a minute. In addition, nouns as adverbials are also common in ancient Chinese.

Nouns as adverbials are not flexible parts of speech, but in modern Chinese, ordinary nouns cannot be adverbials, which is different from ancient times. 1, nouns used flexibly as verbs: In ancient Chinese, nouns used to express things and places were often used to express changes in behavior, indicating that nouns were used flexibly as verbs.

Regularity: nouns are used together to modify the relationship in a non-parallel way, and there is no predicate. In general, the former noun is used as a verb. Example: The Han Mausoleum of the Jin Army-"Quitting the Qin Division by Candle" is a noun, which is interpreted as garrison here. Use ② rules as verbs: nouns are followed by pronouns or locative nouns, prepositional phrases.

Nouns are used flexibly as verbs. Today, the king likes playing drums. Drum music: drumming and playing music (3) Add adverbs or willing verbs (desire, ability) before nouns. Nouns are used flexibly as verbs. The clouds are raining, and it is raining. Rain: It's raining. 4 Use "er" to connect verb phrases before nouns, and nouns can be flexibly used as verbs to string and sing.

Song: Sing, get dressed. Dress: put on clothes and hats. 2. Use adjectives flexibly as verbs: according to the grammatical rules of verbs, use adjectives that express a certain character to express the behavior changes related to that character. This is the flexible use of adjectives as verbs.

Example: The neighbors are thick, but the army is thin-both thick and thin are adjectives in "Candlelight Martial Arts Retire Qin Shi", which are interpreted as becoming rich and weak and used as verbs. 3. Verbs with flexible usage: According to the grammatical rules of verbs, words with flexible usage indicate a certain amount and indicate the behavior changes related to that amount, which is called flexible usage words as verbs. Example (1) overlord will be virtuous, but two or three, why are there princes? [Being the overlord depends on virtue, and your country (gold) has not established its own virtue. How can you master the governors for a long time? Qin Shihuang was ordered to live forever ... Although there were four Huang San, six or five emperors, it was not as good as Bilong.

(If Qin Shihuang lives to be a hundred years old, ... then even if Qin Shihuang is tied with Huang San as the fourth emperor and tied with the fifth emperor as the sixth emperor, it is not as good as Qin Shihuang's heyday) [Analysis] The usage of numerals is to make things happen quantitatively (such as "four" and "six" in Example 2) or figuratively (such as "two, three" and "three" in Example 1 4. Causative usage: the so-called causative usage, that is, the relationship between verbs and objects, needs to be understood and translated in the language form of "how to do the object".

Example: ① Why do you want to accompany your neighbors with dead Zheng? (2) Xiang Bo kill people, I live. (3) so many words want to die, resentment commandant.

The words "nothing", "living" and "angry" in the above examples are intransitive verbs and cannot take an object, but they are causative because they are followed by "Zheng", "Zhi" and "Wei" respectively. "Destroying Zheng" means "destroying Zheng"; "live" means "let it live", which can be translated as "save him" here; "Being angry with the captain" means "making the captain angry".

4. 1 Verb causative usage: It means that the person or thing represented by the subject does not do the action represented by the predicate verb, but the subject makes the person or thing represented by the object do this action. For example, intransitive verbs: ① Work hard on their bones and muscles, and starve their bodies and skins.

(Mencius' widower' s punishment) is widely praised. He wants to die and he is embarrassed. (Chen She family) (3) The bright moon surprises magpies, and the breeze crows at midnight.

(Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon") 4 When the wind freezes, sand and stones fly. (Travel Notes of Man Jing) Transitive verbs are also flexible, but they are rare.

For example: (1) Jin Hou drank Zhao Dun wine. ("Zuo Zhuan Boiling") ② Eight States are listed in the same column, which has been more than a hundred years.

(Jia Yi's On Qin) 4.2 Causative usage of adjectives: When an adjective is used flexibly as a verb, the subject makes the person or thing represented by the object have the nature or state represented by the adjective. For example: ① As a result of heaven's great responsibility, people must first suffer from their minds, work hard on their bones and muscles, starve their bodies and skin, and empty their bodies.

The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. (Wang Anshi's "Dengguazhou") 4.3 Noun causative usage: that is, when a noun is used flexibly as a verb, the subject makes the person or thing represented by the object become the person or thing represented by the noun.

Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, work their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, and empty their bodies. ("Mencius widowed") (2) Spring breeze and green Jiang Nanan.

(Wang Anshi's "Dengguazhou") 5. Confident usage: the relationship between verbs and objects needs to be understood or translated in the language form of "what do you think (or think) the object is". 5. 1 adjective verb usage: subjectively, the subject thinks that the person or thing represented by the object has the nature and state represented by this adjective.

Fishermen are very different. ("Peach Blossom Garden") 2 There are many different people in the city, and a small guest is their father.

(Shang) 3 His family is very wise to his son and doubts the father of his neighbor. ("Han Feizi's Selection and Punishment of Bandits") 5.2 Verbal usage: The subject regards the person or thing represented by the object as the person or thing represented by this noun used as a verb.

Example (1) Yi people are strange, a little more than their parents. (Shang Zhong Yong) A father benefits himself.

(Shang) 3 I killed several thieves and took their things, so I hate me. (biography of Wei Xi's big iron cone).

3. Examples of parts of speech in classical Chinese using nouns as adverbials.

(1) The world gathered in response to the victory gained from food and scenery. Clouds, sounds and sights: like clouds, echoes and shadows.

(2) Everyone can be a slave: a slave.

(3) The rest of the boat trip suits you: by boat.

Nouns as verbs.

Official and private, official and Ministry of Finance: registration

Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong: rule

Tu was embarrassed. He was afraid of being attacked by the enemy.

Verb usage of nouns.

The word "teacher" in "I can learn from you" means "accept" ... as a teacher.

Entertain ... as a guest.

Fish gentleman fish: hold it ... like a fish.

Causative usage of nouns.

The word "minister" in "I want to be the master of the world" means that nouns are used as verbs to surrender.

Make ... flesh and blood: make meat.

King who first broke the Qin Dynasty and entered Xianyang: Let ... become king.

Verbs as nouns.

When you go to your hometown, you are afraid of ridicule, ridicule: framed and ridiculed words.

There are hook-ups all over the world: raids.

Collected Works of Zhao Yan, Collected Works of Han Wei Management, Management: Verbs as Nouns, Jade Pearl.

Verb causative usage.

Lian Heng's Foreign War: Let ... Fight.

An neng bends the hero, bends the grave: bends.

Die of mei disease plum, get sick: bend over, get sick.

Verbs are verbs.

The third day of crying is the crying of oath therapy: crying for verb usage, crying for ...

If you die today, you will die if you plan something big. To die, the country dies: to die for state affairs.

Qin did not mourn my loss, but my loss. ...

Adjectives are nouns.

Reliability of Qin Xiaogong Food Letters: Solid Terrain

Xiao saw the red wet place red: safflower.

You know, you know, it should be green, fat, red, thin, green and red: green leaves and red flowers.

Adjectives as verbs.

But you can expand your vision by 300 miles by walking up a flight of stairs, which is very bad: you can see everything.

If you are afraid of being poor and offending, you will be poor again: exposure

Li Ji, the beauty of human beings is also beautiful: praise

Adjective causative usage.

Warlords fear, form alliances and seek to weaken Qin: weaken.

If you want to live in it and make a profit, but if you are straight, it is not as high as the seller: earn … high, raise.

Integrity, living in a strange place, integrity: make ...

Adjective conative usage.

Confucius climbed the East Mountain. He was very small: he thought ... very small.

Give blame and ask for blame: thinking ... strange.

Fishermen are very different: they think ... strange.

Flexible use of numbers.

The word "one" in "the six kings are finished, and the four seas are one" means unity.

I think the victory of Baling lies in Dongting, one lake and one place: full.

Earthworms don't have the advantages of their minions ... single-minded: single-minded.

Rudeness to Jin and Rudeness to Chu: Deviation

Two, three, two, three virtues: infidelity, infidelity.

4. Flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese 1. Use flexibly as a verb

(A) flexible use as a general verb

1. Nouns are used flexibly as general verbs.

2. Adjectives are used flexibly as general verbs.

3. Numerals are used flexibly as general verbs.

(B) the flexible use of causative verbs

The causative usage of the noun 1.

2. The causative usage of verbs.

3. The causative usage of adjectives.

4. The causative usage of numerals.

(C) Flexible use of intentional verbs

Verb usage of 1. noun.

2. Verb usage of adjectives.

3. Oral usage of numerals.

Second, use it flexibly as an adverbial.

1. Nouns as adverbials.

2. Verbs as adverbials

Third, the flexible use of nouns.

The verb 1. is used flexibly as a noun.

Adjectives are used flexibly as nouns.