What kind of education does the third industrial revolution need?

What kind of education does the third industrial revolution need?

(Reporter from Zhu Yongxin) Brother Tang Min sent this inspiring article, which was very enlightening. Is our education ready for the third industrial revolution? In recent years, I have been calling for the establishment of a national education information resource platform (national education database), a national quality education resource platform (national teaching resource center), and an open university that gathers global education resources. Tang Min's speech tells us that this is not only possible, but also necessary. Not long ago, at a meeting of the National People's Congress on Education, Science, Culture and Health, I also put forward my own suggestions to the main leaders of the Ministry of Education. If we can't meet the challenges brought by the third industrial revolution in time, we will inevitably fall behind in the next round of global competition. This is by no means alarmist!

Time: 20 12 may 3 1.

Location: Tsinghua University.

Speaker: Tang Min.

1. What is the third industrial revolution?

Today we are talking about revolution, including industrial revolution and educational revolution. Why bring up the topic of revolution now? Because the new revolution is slowly coming to us, and it has developed very fast in recent months. About two weeks ago, one of the most famous economics magazines in Britain; & gt In fact, the cover article is the third industrial revolution.

What is the third industrial revolution? Their division of labor is not exactly the same as what we knew before. The economist divides it like this. The first industrial revolution was marked by British textile mechanization in the second half of the18th century. We used to say that the steam engine was the symbol, and finally the real industrialization was marked by the textile machine. They believe that the symbol of the second industrial revolution was the large-scale assembly line of Ford Motor Factory in the early 20th century. These two industrial revolutions have changed the shape of society, history and the world.

1.3D printer and digital manufacturing

The third industrial revolution they proposed is just emerging, marked by a "3D printer" that you may not have heard of, or an industrial revolution marked by digital manufacturing. Digitalization has been talked about for many years. But until now, digital manufacturing has really caused revolutionary changes. In the past, we had some digital machine tools, some digital ones, and none of them could be called revolution.

So what is a 3D printer? Everyone knows that three-dimensional is three-dimensional. How did 3D printers become the symbol of industrial revolution or manufacturing revolution? Let's have a look. What is a 3D printer? It only uses the term printer. 3D printer, which is actually a manufacturing machine. Like laser forming technology, it divides an object into many layers. Then, like a printer, type it out layer by layer. This is called a 3D printer. Its way is to adopt layered processing and overlapping molding. Each layer is only half the thickness of hair, and it is paved layer by layer, and materials are added layer by layer. Finally, it can become a part, a car or even a house.

Let's have a look. This is a turkey with celery in the middle. This is made of turkey pieces and celery. But this is not the case. This is a printed piece of turkey. First, analyze the composition of turkey. Put all kinds of ingredients into it tube by tube, and it will be made layer by layer, and finally it will be made into turkey. Let's take another look. In addition to turkey pieces, food can also be printed as chocolate, which is also made of those chocolate elements layer by layer. Chocolate, sugar and even cheese are all made into space shuttles.

In the description of The Economist magazine, the author saw a hammer made by a 3D printer. The hammer has an iron part and a wooden handle part, which can be made layer by layer.

Let's watch a video about how to play the flute with a 3D printer. The real flute is above, and the printed flute is below. This is a 3D printer that plays flutes. You see, he added a small part of the flute, a small part, layer by layer. This is a flute made by typing. First, design a flute with a computer, put all kinds of materials into the machine, and then play it layer by layer. After all the parts are finished, put them together to make a flute. Compared with the real flute, the board at the mouth is not smooth enough, so it is not so comfortable to play. If ordinary flutes can be made by traditional techniques, they can only be played by 3D printers. 3D printer is the most iconic production tool in the third industrial revolution.

Now there is a bigger 3D printer. Look, this is an industrial 3D printer. It can print objects of various shapes. Designed by a computer, such a machine can be printed and produced after it is designed. This is the latest mode of production. This is the whole car shell printed by a 3D printer. You can hit the whole car. Can be big or small. Now someone designs how to hit a building. This is the poster of The Economist. As you can see, the future digital manufacturing mode is that a person designs in front of a computer, and then there is a 3D printer like this, which takes things as big as airplanes, cars and hammers out from here like a factory.

In June last year, someone in the Netherlands used a 3D printer to punch out a person's mandible and transplant it into the human body. This jawbone is printed by a 3D printer after analyzing the elements of human skeleton, and then placed on the patient, and the effect is very good. Now someone is doing the whole thigh bone. It is very likely that all kinds of organs can be made in the future.

2. What life has digital manufacturing changed?

Where is this digital manufacturing and its revolutionary revolution?

It will replace all kinds of traditional processing machinery such as lathes, milling machines, punching machines and planers used in traditional manufacturing industries, thus subverting the production mode of manufacturing industries. Its biggest feature is that it does not need large-scale assembly line manufacturing. For a printer, it takes the same time and cost to type 1000 identical words repeatedly or 1000 completely different words. The same is true for 3D printers. Previous production lines, like Ford's, should have produced exactly the same products. At that time, there was a joke that the general manager of Ford Motor Company said that Ford Motor Company could provide customers with cars of various colors, as long as the color was black. Because Ford's production line can only do one thing repeatedly. With the manufacturing method of 3D printers, we can step out of the era of mass production and replace it with personalized, diversified and small batch production. This is completely different from the past. This digital manufacturing, together with new energy and Internet, constitutes the third industrial revolution. It is said that Tsinghua University also began to experiment with such a 3D printer.

Why is it a revolution? Because this kind of machinery has been widely used, there will be several phenomena in the future. First, the labor force directly engaged in production will continue to decline rapidly. Because the degree of automation was relatively high at that time, there was no need for a lot of manpower. The proportion of labor force in the total production cost will be smaller and smaller. Second, this new technology can meet various requirements of personalization and customization. Unlike large-scale production lines in the past, everyone uses the same things, the same TV and the same mobile phone. It can be completely customized. For it, the production cost is the same whether it is mass production or different production.

3. The Third Industrial Revolution and China

This revolution may be a great shock to a country like China. In the past, in order to pursue low labor costs, many manufacturing industries had to move to developing countries. China has become a world manufacturing center and a world factory because of its cheap and skilled labor. But under the new mode of production, cheap and skilled labor is not so important. In the past, when chasing low-cost labor and low cost, capital and enterprises would quickly move out to developing countries. But it's changed now. Products outsourced to developing countries in the past may be packaged back to developed countries. Because under such circumstances, the manufacturing industry should be closely linked with consumers. Every consumer is independent. For a very personalized product, the manufacturing industry must be with consumers. At this time, moving back to developed countries for production can better serve consumers. According to a recent survey, nearly 40% of American enterprises will move their factories back to the United States from China.

The foreign media represented by The Economist recently published a series of articles and began to criticize China again. They think that China may be the biggest victim of the third industrial revolution. The manufacturing plant will leave China. China is undergoing a great transformation at present. Due to the rapid rise of labor price, products that were originally cheap labor will soon be transferred to countries such as Viet Nam, Bangladesh and India. Due to the new digital manufacturing revolution, newer and higher-end products have moved back to developed countries. There will be a gap in China. They think that China may be the biggest victim.

Last week, I published an article in shanghai securities news entitled "How to keep China from being thrown out of the Third Industrial Revolution". Because now some people think that China is likely to be thrown out of the third industrial revolution this time. During the first industrial revolution, we were in the late period of Kanggan prosperity. At that time, China was awesome, and its GDP ranked first in the world. We closed our doors and failed to catch up with the first industrial revolution. It was not until 1840 that we felt the pain of being thrown out of this revolution. The second industrial revolution, 19 13, when Ford was carrying out large-scale assembly line production, we happened to be in the Xinhai revolution. Everyone is revolting to overthrow the monarchy, and warlords are fighting. We have not caught up with the second industrial revolution.

Will we be thrown out of the third industrial revolution? Or how can I not be kicked out? This is the question raised in my article. If you are interested, you can have a look online. Of course, that topic has been changed, because the topic I wrote may be too wonderful to use. I used a very general topic.

I propose to seize the third industrial revolution and start with education. Because the third industrial revolution needs skills, a large number of innovative talents, and a large number of talents who can track the latest development of cutting-edge science. But our present exam-oriented education is not suitable for this situation. Now we urgently need to cultivate a batch of education that can adapt to the third industrial revolution and the new situation.

2. Education is also revolutionary. What is this?

What is worrying is that a revolution is quietly taking place in the field of education, which has no less influence on us than the industrial revolution.

So what is the life of education? How did it happen? What is its shape? Let's have a look.

1. A revolution triggered by Khan Academy

About ten days ago, there was a column in the new york Times. The topic was that the networking of universities has become an irresistible trend. It is pointed out that education is exactly the same as the fate of traditional newspapers and periodicals. What does this mean? University networking does not mean that the connection between the Internet and universities is over. This was twenty years ago, more than ten years ago. However, the networking of education is completely different. Why should education be compared with the newspaper and magazine industry? Because these print media, the new york Times, feel the strongest. 10 years ago, they were still very good, thinking that the print media was fine and that these newspapers could survive for hundreds of years. Ten years ago, the revolution of new media began with newspapers and other print media. Network media gradually began to erode the field of print media. Now you read The Wall Street Journal, which was awesome at that time. Now it's a small edition. Now many very famous newspapers may go out of business. Print media is becoming more and more difficult. When we were studying, far eastern economic review was a very good magazine, but now it has almost disappeared. Because of this new media revolution, this network revolution has caused a huge impact on the traditional newspaper and magazine industry.

They think that traditional education is starting a new revolution. A landmark event is a recent event. One is that two or three years ago, an unknown educational institution called Khan Academy appeared. This institution was founded by an Indian American. He graduated from MIT and made a living by speculating on stock options. He lives in Boston and his nephew is in New Orleans. He was invited to compile his middle school textbook. Indians, like us in China, are duty-bound tutors. But how can I be a tutor in such a far place? For the first time, he talked to his nephew by remote means. After that, he simply recorded it and put it online, so that his nephew wouldn't have to keep looking for him, and he didn't know how to watch his videos online. This video was posted online and seen by many other middle school students. Khan is very clever. He hung up many strange learning tricks on the Internet. Many people began to watch it, and then wrote to him, saying that he taught well. He was very happy and encouraged after watching it, so he began to make more such videos, and more people came. Later, I simply stopped speculating in stocks and established the Khan Academy. Now Khan Academy is probably the first pioneer to cause the educational revolution.

Khan Academy has opened more than 3,000 courses and established a company. He has now found many students near Stanford to work with him. Interestingly, he not only failed these classes, but even began to cooperate with more than a dozen schools in the United States and started some interesting experiments, which were very revolutionary.

The first change is called educational gamification. He turned boring study into a game of those math, physics and chemistry courses. Just like tackling key problems in online games, I will give you an award and a badge after passing this level. He found that many students took the course of issuing badges. And he has a very creative invention, called all-pass. Everyone has been to school. The concepts in primary and secondary school textbooks are one concept after another. The first concept was unclear, so the teacher began to talk about the second concept. You didn't learn this well, and the third concept came again. You didn't catch up before and after, and you can't catch up after. Many students have not laid a solid foundation for this. He gave an example. One of my classmates got 95 points, which should be a good result. But no one asked him how he lost the five points. These five points are probably because a concept has not been clarified, and these five points are likely to become a roadblock in his future. How did Khan solve this problem? He called it a ten-point pass. Take an exam immediately after learning a concept, just like tackling key problems, just like tackling key problems in online games. If you can't 100% understand this concept, you can't pass the next level. Make sure you really understand every concept.

The second is that we can really teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and each student has different progress, because online learning has different progress. Teachers really have time to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. Different students can hurry up and slow down, because they can surf the Internet at any time, and different students have different classes.

Third, the more interesting method is called reverse teaching method. In the past, we had classes. The teacher talked in class and the students listened below. Then the students go home and hand in their homework to the teacher, who will correct it for you. But Khan Academy turned this road upside down. Now these courses can be studied online, and students can study Khan Academy courses at home. What do you do at school? Going to school is doing homework instead. Because he may need some help when doing his homework, the help of teachers and classmates, he can go to school to do his homework. This mode subverts the traditional teaching mode.

These may look like some tricks, but think about it. We students in Tsinghua really want to communicate with professors, but we can't. Why? When he came to class, he spoke, asked questions for a few minutes after he finished, and left soon. The teacher repeats the same thing year after year. In that case, why can't the professor's class be recorded? We watched it at home. After reading it, the professor came here and did nothing but talk to the students directly. At this time, you can make full use of the wisdom of the professor, the answers he gave you, what is unclear after you read it again, or generate new ideas. You can communicate with this teacher, so that you can spend the most essential or precious time of the teacher in important places instead of repeating these lessons. This way has completely changed the whole educational method.

Through online teaching, we can find the best teacher to give lectures. I don't need someone to teach calculus in every school. Let the best math teacher in Tsinghua teach you calculus, and students of Mianyang Normal University can take classes online. In this way, students from any place can have the same classes and get the same good teaching as Tsinghua Peking University and other good universities. You can even attend the class of world-class teachers, which is also a revolutionary change.

2. Stanford University, Harvard University and MIT follow up.

A few weeks ago, on May 2nd, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that they would jointly raise $60 million to build a new online education platform. We have seen the open classes of these two universities, but they are online distance education 1.0, which is nothing more than taking pictures of professors' classes and hanging them on the Internet for anyone who likes to watch them publicly. The course of Network 2.0 is the way we talked about Khan Academy just now. This is a repackaging of its teaching methods.

Some people say that this new course of Harvard and MIT is probably "the biggest educational innovation since the invention of printing". How did Harvard and MIT come about this course? Is the dean of their two schools, one day at breakfast to discuss, why don't we combine the resources of the two schools and do better? Later, I talked to the principals separately, and both principals were very supportive. The new courses of Harvard and MIT were officially launched this fall. Now some courses have been launched, integrating the best teachers from two universities, and adopting new online education 2.0 methods such as after-class reading, automatic test questions and wiki discussion.

Why are Harvard University and MIT in such a hurry to jointly launch this new online course? Because they feel more and more competitive pressure. This competition is from Stanford University.

Since last year, two computer professors at Stanford University (one of whom is Professor Wu from China) have started an online education company called COURSERA. They have been conducting experiments since last year. Professor Wu is a famous computer professor at Stanford University. He used to teach 400 students every year and run large classes. After repeating the same courses year after year, he gradually got bored and bored, so he began to consider putting his courses online. As a result, his students changed from 400 to100000. If this100000 people teach in the original way, it will take 250 years to finish teaching, and now he has finished teaching all in half a year. He felt very gratified. Moreover, they are a company, and they only need to pay 100 yuan to learn one of his courses, and they will be given credits if they pass the exam. The tuition fee of Stanford University is as high as $40,000 a year, which can save students a lot of money. High tuition fees have become a very big problem in American society. Just student loans, young people in the United States owe more than 1 trillion dollars. How to make more students go to college at low cost has become a big social problem. Professor Wu does not suffer either. The 100 USD per 100,000 people is100 USD. According to the traditional way, Professor Wu can't earn10 million dollars in his life.

COURSERA has adopted a brand-new online education model. The first one is a ten-minute class. Every time I finish a class and talk about a new concept, there will be a quiz soon. If you don't get full marks, you won't be allowed to take the next class. Just like the ten-point pass of Khan Academy. His quizzes are very interesting and fun. He often wins small prizes, which the students play as games.

The second reform is called online questioning. Every student can post any questions online immediately. 24 hours a day, with an average of 22 minutes, you can get the answer at any time. Interestingly, this answer is not given by the teacher, but by the students who have also taken this course. Because there are 100 thousand students taking this course at the same time, all of them are smart people, and many people will answer you. Professor Wu has another improvement. Like Google search, he can scroll the best questions asked, the best answers and the most clicked questions to the top. Because there are100000 students, they often ask many questions and answer many questions, so they can be ranked. General questions have been found on the internet. This100000 people come from all over the world, from Russia, India and South Africa. They are all on it, rolling around for 24 hours, constantly discussing new questions and answering questions. Many questions and answers have greatly deepened the content of this course, from which many innovations can be gained. This way makes such classes more attractive to students than traditional classrooms and traditional universities.

The third innovation is the reverse classroom mentioned above, where all classes are online and students attend classes at home. Go to the teacher's class and discuss directly with the students. Stanford University conducted an experiment. In this way, the attendance rate of students has increased from 30% to 80%. Students in Stanford University can communicate with their teachers for several hours every week, instead of just listening to the teacher's lectures, which is very rewarding.

COURSERA Company of Stanford University has cooperated with University of Michigan, University of Pennsylvania and Princeton University. Venture capital recently invested16 million dollars in this company. They are now developing various courses, courses in various languages,

The reason why Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology are in a hurry to get 60 million yuan is because of this pressure. People satirize the open online courses of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology as "moving the 20th century's teaching online, which is how Stanford University revolutionized". So now Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology are also adopting new online courses. People are still paying attention to the result of the game. Harvard University and MIT rely on the strength of the school here; This is Stanford University, a private company supported by the school. These two development models will be in full swing in the future. Who will win the battle is still unknown.

This is a new revolution in education. And this revolution is not in the distant past or future, but around us. It has just started recently and is changing every day. These are great opportunities and great influences for the whole society, the education system and the young people. If we can't catch up with this educational revolution, it will be as dangerous as the industrial revolution. Think about it, if these courses of Harvard University and MIT, and these courses of Stanford University are mastered by most young Indians, ten years later, more than 1 100 million young Indians will graduate from Stanford, both Harvard and MIT. 100 dollars a course, 3000 dollars can get a degree from a world-class university. And we in China are still taught by traditional education, with two or three books and several books graduated. How can we compete with others in ten years? How can we catch up with the third industrial revolution? The tertiary industry uses the latest technology and knowledge. We have to wait for our professors to go out as visiting scholars to learn from others, bring second-hand goods to sell, and even sell their doctoral students to you. In this case, how can we compete with Indians, Bangladeshis and Ghanaians?

These two revolutions, the revolution of digital manufacturing and the revolution of online education and distance education 2.0, have provided us with many opportunities. Many of us young people are depressed about the college entrance examination. In the future, they will have every opportunity to study world-class courses. These courses have credits. Stanford University and Harvard University did well, and they had to take exams every time. It is given credits.

On the other hand, if we don't keep up with this trend, we will fall far behind the world level. In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, our government and family have invested a lot of resources in basic education for 60 years. In education, we are ahead of most developing countries, and their labor quality can't catch up with us, so we have made a small victory in the past 30 years. But the new revolution is a new competition. Just like in the heyday of Kanggan, when we were cows, we thought we could go on forever, but I didn't expect an industrial revolution to leave us behind. Similarly, we are now in a new revolutionary era and a new threshold, and it is very important to pay attention to these latest changes and revolutions, so that our country can maintain a leading position in the future world competition and the Chinese nation can stand tall in the world.

3. A small experiment of Youcheng Foundation

When the revolution comes, we can't wait, we must catch up. However, these seem to be matters for the state and the government. What can we ordinary people do? My friends foundation also started a small experiment last year to catch up with the education revolution. Although we have just started, it is very promising.

The Friends Foundation is a private foundation where I work now. We are doing an experiment now,

. . . . . . . . . . . . .