The expansion of Guangzhou dialect

Cantonese, also known as Cantonese, is often called "vernacular" by local people. Cantonese is one of the seven major dialects in China, and it is also a characteristic dialect and a strong dialect. Cantonese is mainly spoken in most parts of Guangdong, parts of Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao. In addition, most Chinese in the United States, Britain and Canada also use Cantonese. It is estimated that up to now, the global population using Cantonese has reached 654.38+0.2 billion.

Cantonese is divided into several local dialects and sub-dialects. Guangdong has Guangfu dialect, Guan Bao dialect, Siyi dialect, Luoguang dialect, Laiwen dialect, Wuhua dialect and Lianshan dialect, while Guangxi has Wuzhou dialect, Nanning dialect, Qinzhou dialect and Yulin dialect. These sub-dialects are similar and can communicate with each other, such as Guangfu dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Nanning dialect. There are also some big differences, which are difficult to communicate, such as Siyi dialect and Yulin dialect. The emergence of sub-dialects is gradually formed because of the backwardness and relative isolation of traffic. Today, the traffic is developed, and more importantly, the radio and television media are developed, while the media in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao basically use Cantonese, which promotes the spread of Cantonese and urges other sub-dialects to move closer to Cantonese.

Guangfu dialect is the main body of Cantonese, which is distributed in Guangzhou and its surrounding counties and cities, the Pearl River Delta region and Hong Kong and Macao regions. Guangfu dialect is recognized as the standard language of Cantonese. Some people think that Cantonese in Hong Kong should be the second standard language. On the whole, however, there is little difference between Cantonese and Hong Kong dialect, and with the increasing exchanges between Guangdong and Hong Kong and the strong influence of Hong Kong culture on Guangdong, the gap between them is gradually narrowing.

Cantonese is a kind of Chinese dialect, which, like other dialects, comes directly from ancient Chinese. Therefore, generally speaking, the same components between Cantonese and Mandarin are dominant. However, in the process of long-term development and evolution, Cantonese has also formed some characteristics different from * * * *. Understanding these characteristics is helpful to master Cantonese.

First, there are many archaic sounds in the standard Cantonese/Cantonese Cantonese Cantonese dialect. There are many archaic expressions in Cantonese, and many words in Cantonese, including modal particles, can be found directly in Chinese ancient books. In the northern dialect of China, these archaic words have been abandoned or rarely used. Grammatical items such as postposition and modifier inversion are preserved in Cantonese. In addition, modern Cantonese still tends to use monosyllabic words which are dominant in ancient Chinese. Some words that are regarded as popular by Cantonese speakers can be found in ancient books.

First, two people use "I" and "you", just like Mandarin. The third person does not use "he", but uses "ditch" (popularly written as "he"; Peacock flies southeast in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Although it is more important than the government, the canal will never have a chance", just like Wu Yu. The plural person does not use "men", but the terminal [ta? ] or [ti] (Miao is written in modern Cantonese with the word "Deng", see the ordinary prayer book of the Anglican Church). Cantonese uses "yes" instead of "yes" to express a positive answer. "Xi" is a common word in Ming and Qing Dynasties. These words are gradually eliminated in the mainstream Putonghua, but they still occasionally appear in the written language. For example, when Li Yan mentioned Issac Wolfram, a mathematician in the1955th century, in the first volume of Arithmetic History (1955th edition, page 2 10), he wrote that "the canal was the vice captain of the Dutch artillery team". The monosyllabic words in Cantonese include shirts, trousers, shoes, socks, quilts, tables, stools, zongzi, pigeons, mosquitoes, insects and bamboo.

In classical Chinese and modern Cantonese, "death and loss" are equivalent to "finally, giving". In ancient times, the commonly used word "Qian Wen" was retained in Cantonese (but the common name was "Mosquito"). Looking for the Sun (Yesterday) can be traced back to the elder sister in Wuchang in Tao Yuanming's Farewell Speech in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it can be interpreted as "not long ago", "how much" and "when" can be traced back to Li Yu's How much can you care about, and Su Shi's Mink Head and When is the Bright Moon. Although some modern Cantonese can be traced back to ancient times, there are differences between ancient and modern usage. In the above table, the yin of the sentence "Only Heaven is Yin, Ying and Xia Min" in Shangshu originally meant silent protection, but later it evolved into the meaning of merit. Taoism's "Wen Bian Di Yin Jun Wen" refers to Wen Chang Dijun teaching people to "practice Yin Wen". Later, Yin Zhi derived two synonyms: implicit merit and implicit virtue. Fang Ruhao, an Amin scholar, used these three words alternately in Du Dongji. But there is a so-called "dark pattern" in folk physiognomy. He said that whoever has this pattern is bound to do bad things. The above three synonyms are also ambiguous, among which "virtue" still refers to merit, but the word "Yin Zhi" has been changed to derogatory meaning. In the seventy-third chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, it was originally a good thing to write that "it is important to save people, and the most important thing is evil", but now the so-called "evil" in Cantonese has become immoral. As for the word "Yin Gong", just as "it's hard to get …" and "it's hard to get …" are synonyms in Mandarin, in modern Cantonese, both "true Yin Gong" and "true Yin Gong" mean misery and pity.

Second, Huaxia and South Vietnamese aborigines who moved to Lingnan in ancient times lived together for a long time, and their languages, cultures, customs and other aspects unconsciously infiltrated each other. Modern Cantonese still contains South Vietnamese elements at the bottom, mostly in vocabulary and grammar. There are many common words in daily life that are close to or the same as modern Zhuang language. Whether these words are the source of ancient Chinese, or the remains of the bottom vocabulary of ancient Baiyue language, or just because other minority languages borrowed these inherent words of ancient Chinese, which led people to think that these bottom vocabulary in Cantonese is the source of ancient Baiyue language, has not been verified yet. At present, about 20% of these words in Cantonese have not been recorded in ancient Chinese literature, and the proportion is small, but they are frequently used.

Third, Cantonese absorbs more foreign words. After the Opium War, Hong Kong was ceded to Britain, and Guangdong was forced to set up a trading port. In the long-term contact with foreign countries, Cantonese has also absorbed many foreign words, mainly from English. Hong Kong Cantonese has absorbed more loanwords and strongly influenced Guangdong Cantonese. Some of these loanwords are not absorbed in Mandarin, such as "bus", and some are absorbed in Mandarin but translated differently, such as "salad" in Mandarin translated into Cantonese.

Fourthly, in the process of its formation and development, Cantonese has constantly created dialect words, some of which are still in use today and have also formed the characteristics of Cantonese.

Cantonese standard pronunciation

Cantonese standard pronunciation refers to the Cantonese accent that is considered as standard Cantonese. All standard Cantonese sounds are taken from Cantonese.