What is the knowledge about argumentative writing?

Three elements of argumentative writing: 1, argument 2, argument 3 and argument.

1, article example

success belongs to the persevering

People hope to succeed in their careers or studies. Edison invented the storage battery and was awarded the reputation of "the king of invention".

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success.

Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that when a German chemist extracted iodine from seawater, he seemed to find a new element, but in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment, he chickened out. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member of the element family-"bromine" to become immortal, the German chemist could only watch each other silently immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist at this moment. Because persistence is victory. (Chang Tianqi)

(The scientists who missed the opportunity to discover bromine by introducing Cl into the immersion liquid were German chemist Justus von Liebig and French scientist Bagra) 1. Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence, and is generally manifested in the title, the first sentence or the end of the article. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success.

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. In order to prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment.

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and German chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible.

3. Demonstration process

Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments, and the purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

Edit the three elements of this paragraph-Introduction 2

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.

Write an opinion according to the topic and then explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following specific introduction, and you can try to write more in the future to make your composition progress. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.

(1) argument

(1) The meaning of argument: Argument is the point to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is the point and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments (except the central argument) can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the full text.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article, sometimes it is the title. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument. When similar statements appear at the beginning and the end, the starting argument and the ending echo argument.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

(1) correctness: the persuasiveness of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

2 significance: what is in favor of and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

Novelty: the argument should be as novel and profound as possible, which can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) Types of argumentation:

(1) factual materials as arguments can be a. specific cases, b. summarizing facts, c. statistical data,

(2) theoretical materials as the theoretical materials of arguments can be a. classic works and wise sayings of predecessors b. folk proverbs and common sayings c. scientific axioms and laws, etc.

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.

① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.

③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.

(4) Argumentation methods are also called example argumentation, contrast argumentation, quotation argumentation and metaphor argumentation.

(5) Refutation methods: There are three ways to refute arguments, namely, ① refuting arguments, ② refuting arguments, and ③ refuting arguments. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.

(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.

Three Elements of Editing this Argumentative Paper-Introduction 3

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

quarrel

Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). )

Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement of the subject.

1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.

2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers. The general format is (...) Yes (...) (But in the exam, it's best to make the argument clear, because the marking teacher doesn't have much time to read it, so it's best to show it to them at a glance. To prevent unnecessary points from being deducted)

Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.

quarrel

It is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument.

1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. Factual arguments include examples and data.

2. Rational argument: The theory as an argument is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society, and it is the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous aphorisms, proverbs and aphorisms, and the author's reasoning analysis.

set an example

The process and method of proving arguments with arguments

The relationship between argument and sub-argument: proof and proven

Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".

The demonstration method is as follows:

1. Explanatory argument (factual argument): give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: effectively demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Function: Highlight and comprehensively demonstrate opinions (main arguments or sub-arguments), which is impressive)

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (function: vividly demonstrate the point of view (main argument or secondary argument) to make the article easy to understand and accept. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotations, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. (Function: Specific analysis, such as quoting famous sayings, epigrams and authoritative data, can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. )

Demonstration mode:

Demonstration mode:

Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.

(1) Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem.

(2) Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views.

1. Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method that expounds the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:

(1) These views and opinions must be based on careful thinking or certain practice, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.

(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical, and the argument must be close to the center and consistent from beginning to end.

(3) "standing" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and propositions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding their own views.

2. Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or opinions.

(1) refute the argument. Refutation mainly refutes arguments, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. A rebuttal argument is a direct refutation of the other party's argument.

One of the ways to refute an argument is to directly point out the error of the argument, directly refute it with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or make a thorough analysis and dissection in theory and directly point out the error.

Another way to refute the argument is to reduce to absurdity. Reduction to absurdity is a reasonable extension based on certain arguments and logical laws, but the conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, therefore, the argument extending this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, some specious vague understandings can be clarified by using reduction to absurdity to reveal their "non-".

The reduction to absurdity method can also be used to refute, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument, but establishes a new argument that is tit for tat with the other party's argument, and this new argument is established after full argumentation, so the opposing party's argument does not refute itself.

When using reduction to absurdity, we should pay attention to the contradiction and incompatibility between the refuted argument and the argument proved by ourselves. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the purpose of affirming this and denying that.

(2) refute the argument. Refute an argument, which is a radical way to refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument is the pillar on which argument depends. If the argument cannot be established, then the argument will lose its support and break itself.

(3) rebuttal. Refutation argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other side by exposing the loopholes in the illogical relationship between arguments in the process of argument. To carry out such an argument, we need to make a calm analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the contradictions in logical reasoning, and then make a strong disclosure.

(4) Reasoning, metaphor and fact demonstration.

Three elements of editing this argumentative essay-Introduction 4 I. Three elements of argumentative essay

1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and generally there can be sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and it is a complete judgment sentence. Never be ambiguous.

There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:

① Title

② At the beginning

③ In the middle of the article

④ Ending

Step 2 argue

There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.

Pay attention to when choosing factual arguments:

(1) must be typical. Both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Most people know it, at least in newspapers and TV.

(2) It's better to be fresh.

The statement of the argument should be accurate, the narrative should be summarized, and the argument should be proved.

When choosing theoretical arguments, we should pay attention to:

① It can be famous sayings, epigrams, proverbs, proverbs, theorems, formulas, etc. , but you can't choose novels like Paul.

(2) To be accurate and not to be tampered with or distorted.

(3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument.

3. Argumentation: the process of proving an argument with arguments.

① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly through arguments.

② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure.

Put forward the problem (what is it) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do it)

Namely: introduce the conclusion of this theory.

General parameter structure:

A. general branch structure b, control structure c, progressive structure d and parallel structure

③ Common demonstration methods:

A, example method (also called example method): use typical cases as arguments to prove arguments. As the saying goes, facts speak louder than words.

B. citation (also called reasoning) can not only quote the theoretical arguments introduced above, but also quote some famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.

C. Contrastive argumentation (also called positive and negative argumentation): This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and let readers know what the author is for and against.

D. Metaphorical proof (also called metaphorical argument) enhances the vividness, literariness and persuasiveness of the argument of works.

E, analogy argument

Second, the logical embodiment.

The language of argumentative writing must be accurate, vivid, rigorous and targeted.

There should be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs, such as total score, contrast, progression and parallelism. With the help of turning sentences, this relationship is highlighted. Such as: you, and although, but definitely, definitely, therefore.

Third, argumentative writing needs more philosophical thinking.

Argumentative writing especially punishes evil and promotes good, exhorts and guides people, so it must be persuasive and have a correct value orientation.

Taking political lessons seriously and reading rational articles and famous sayings and aphorisms often will improve our ideological quality and cognitive ability, which is of great benefit to our writing, especially argumentative writing. It will enrich the content of the article, deepen the thought of the article and improve the persuasiveness.

Edit the argumentative structure of this paragraph 1, basic structure.

1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).

Step 2 classify

2. If analyzed from the logical relationship of the content of the article, the specific structural forms of argumentative essays can be divided into two categories:

A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.

Example 1. In the "step-by-step" style, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it step by step, gradually expand the truth, and finally summarize it.

Example 2. "Positive and negative argument" type: first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the negative side, and then further discuss it from the positive side.

B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure

For example:

There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;

There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.

There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.

In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.

Edit the common questions in this paragraph.

1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.

A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (command sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).

⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)

B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).

(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).

3, argument (how to prove)

(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.

(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.

⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.

(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)

(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.

4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).

⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.

6, refute the reading of the paper

(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute it, and what reasons and arguments are used; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?

7. Common test sites

(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret the original meaning when quoting indirectly.

(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.

The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?

Edit this paragraph learning method

Beginners learn how to operate these argumentative papers,

We can start with imitation. Take an article as an example. The most typical is Wu Han's "Talking about the Backbone":

1. Introduction: From the beginning, we put forward the argument that we China people have backbone.

Then use Mencius' words to explain the argument that "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent".

2. This part: Prove the argument with three examples: Wen Tianxiang is rich and cannot be lewd; The poverty of the poor who do not eat can not be moved, and the strength of Wen Yiduo can not be bent.

3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of the proletariat today and issue a call.

There is a transition between the three parts: between introduction and theory, there are "many touching stories of our ancestors with backbone and his positive educational significance." Lead to the following three examples. Between this theory and the conclusion, there is "these words of Mencius, although said more than two thousand years ago, still have his positive significance until now." Make a change.

Between the first and second situations, there is a transition between "another story" and "another example". These transitional sentences make the article seamless.

The three parts answer three questions respectively: the introduction part answers the question "what is it"; This part answers the question "Why?"; The conclusion part answers the question "What should we do?".

All three cases are summarized, and each case is followed by a few short sentences. These arguments clarify the meaning of events, tie events closely to arguments, and are the link between arguments. Otherwise, it will be practical, and the argument will be out of line.

Argumentative writing is a kind of style with argumentation as the main expression. By listing factual materials and using logical reasoning, this paper expounds the knowledge and understanding of things and shows the views and attitudes towards problems. People from all walks of life need to read and write frequently in order to accept or express their ideas.

An argumentative essay usually contains three elements: argument, argument and argument. Argument is the ideological viewpoint expounded in argumentative essay; Argumentation is the basis of this paper to prove the argument; Argumentation is to reveal the logical relationship between arguments and arguments. The close relationship between the three constitutes the main body of the argumentative paper.