By the way, from the slave society to the Qing Dynasty, did the ancients speak Mandarin or dialect? Is it different from reading poems and songs at that time?

Ancient dialects are different. Mandarin is the mandarin at that time, and the ancient mandarin is elegant, which has existed since Confucius and Mencius.

The ancients of our country attached great importance to the unity of dialects in various places, so "Ya Yan" appeared. The article Ci Hai Ya Yan said: "Ya Yan, which is called' * * * Homology' in ancient times, is symmetrical with' Dialect'." Kong Ying Da said in Wen: "Elegant words are reasonable." Yayan is the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, which is equivalent to the present Mandarin.

South Korea, King Sejong and the widespread fallacy of "training people to correct their pronunciation" in Japanese dialect island; The original name of the Han nationality is the Chinese nation. The name Huaxia has a profound meaning. Simply put, China is the beauty of clothes; Summer is the peak of etiquette. The elegant word is Xia Yan. The ancients of our country attached great importance to the unity of dialects in various places, so "Ya Yan" appeared. The article Ci Hai Ya Yan said: "Ya Yan, which is called' * * * Homology' in ancient times, is symmetrical with' Dialect'." Kong Ying Da said in Wen: "Elegant words are reasonable." Yayan is the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, which is equivalent to the present Mandarin. According to historical records, the earliest "elegant speech" in China was based on the local language of the Zhou Dynasty, and the language around Fenghao, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty (now northwest of Xi 'an) was the national elegant speech at that time. Confucius gave lectures in Shandong, and his 3,000 disciples came from all directions. Confucius lectures with elegant words. "The Analects of Confucius" Volume 7 says: "As Confucius said, poetry, books and rituals are all elegant." Erya is the earliest book to explain the meaning of words in China, and it is also a dictionary in ancient China. Erya is also one of the Confucian classics, which is included in the Thirteen Classics. Among them, "er" means almost right; "Ya" means "Ya Yan", which is the official standard language of a certain era. "Erya" is to make the language close to the official language. Erya is a work for later generations to study ancient words. Its author has always had different views. Some think it was made by Confucius' disciples, others think it was made by the Duke of Zhou, and it was obtained by later generations. Most of the descendants think that it was done by people in the Qin and Han Dynasties. After being passed down from generation to generation, each has its own income, which was processed in the Western Han Dynasty. In ancient times, the piano sound of Kansai was called Yayan and was used as a national language. In addition to the inevitable need of the dynasty to unify the whole country, its intonation also has the meaning of elegance, elegance, elegance and elegance. Beautiful and beautiful, it should become a national voice, and everyone should learn it. Teaching piano to be elegant is an arty fashion. The Book of Songs says, "Without Feng Shang Wang, it is indecent, and elegant people follow Zhou." The Analects of Confucius, Pian Zhi Jie Ya Yan says: "When a master recites poems, reads books and holds ceremonies, he must read his words." To this end, the dynasty regularly called the extension personnel of various vassal States to teach the model of language and pronunciation, and unified the standards of commonly used words and sounds in order to "achieve their aspirations and understand their desires." The history of Yayan in the Central Plains has reached 1500 years. After the Zhou Dynasty, with the migration of the capital, the basic dialect of Yayan was revised, and the orthodox Han Dynasty spared no effort to popularize Yayan. Elegant speech reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, reaching a word, and a large number of works of Tang poetry and Song poetry emerged, and neighboring countries rushed to learn elegant speech from the Central Plains.

Edit this passage. The phonological classics of the Han Dynasty are as follows:

Edit this passage of Sui Dynasty

Qieyun is a rhyme book written by Lu Fayan in Sui Dynasty. Qieyun is the inheritance and summary of previous rhymes, the basis of the evolution of traditional rhymes in later generations, and an epoch-making work in the history of rhymes. The original work has not been handed down. What we can see now is only the original book (biography) fragments and some updated versions of the Tang Dynasty manuscript "Qieyun" unearthed in Dunhuang (see the Sound of Qieyun).

Editing this passage in Tang Dynasty

Tang Yun This is a supplementary edition of Qieyun. Sun Mian was written in the Tang Dynasty, about 20 years after the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (732). Because it was named "Tang Yun", it was dedicated to the imperial court, and it was a private work, but it had the nature of an official book, and it was even more famous than Wang Renyi's "Filling the Gaps in Publication" published earlier.

Song people edited this passage.

Guang Yun, Ji Yun, Li Buyun Lue, etc., rebuilding Guang Yun in the Great Song Dynasty, is a rhyme book revised by Chen Pengnian and others according to the previous rhyme book in the first year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008). It is the first official rhyme book in ancient China. Guang Yun inherits the phonological features of Qieyun and Tangyun, and is a comprehensive rhyming book since the Han and Wei Dynasties, which occupies an important position in the study of ancient sounds. "Guang Yun ***5 volumes, with a total of 206 rhymes, of which 57 rhymes are flat and even (28 rhymes on the top and 29 rhymes on the bottom), 55 rhymes on the top, 60 rhymes on the bottom and 34 rhymes on the top. Every rhyme in every tone has a certain collocation relationship with the corresponding rhymes in other tones. Entering rhyme only matches Yang rhyme with nasal rhyme, not Yin rhyme. In this way, in principle, every rhyme has a four-tone collocation. Each vowel has three tones to match. The sound system is relatively clear. The number of rhymes in Jiyun is the same as that in Guang Yun. It's just rhyme words, and the order of some rhymes is slightly different from that of the following rhyme notes. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xu et al. had requested to combine the narrow rhyme and the adjacent rhyme in Qieyun into one. In the early Song Dynasty, Jia Changchao also said that "there are three narrow rhymes that should be used by scholars" (Yuhai), Libu Rhyme, Libu Rhyme and Jiyun were written by Ding Du and others for four years (1037). Ji Yun was written two years later, and A Brief Introduction to Li Buyun was completed four years later. This book is a revised edition of Song Zhenzong Jingdeyun. It is called "rhyme" because it is simpler than "Guang Yun" and "Jiyun" because it focuses on commonly used words and sounds.

Editing this paragraph in Yuan Dynasty

Hanna pronunciation

As the Mongols entered the Central Plains, the language of the Han people became a mixed language of Chinese and Mongolian. It's called Hannah Phonetics. As a tribal regime with a small population, the Mengyuan regime had to divide the people under its rule in order to rule China more firmly, so it formulated a strict hierarchical treatment system to alienate the Han people. Specifically, foreigners from Central Asia and West Asia, that is, "Semu people", are regarded as the second class of the quasi-ruling class, and the Han people of the same nationality are divided into two different ruled classes, that is, the Han people of the old Jin Dynasty are regarded as the third class and the Han people of the old Southern Song Dynasty as the fourth class at the bottom. The two are not only different in level, but also different in name. The former is called "Han" and the latter is called "Nanren". Under the rule of the Mongolian rulers, some Han people, especially most of the intellectuals, namely the landlord class, became slaves of the Mongolian rulers and willingly served them. Because the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were only interested in how to extract China, and were not enthusiastic about public utilities. After decades of rule, water conservancy facilities, roads and canals, which are the pillars of China's economy, have become fragmented, and natural disasters such as floods, pests and diseases have occurred frequently, and China's economy has fallen into a state of collapse. People were displaced, and famine, famine and plague claimed many lives. Mongolians are extremely discriminating against Han people, so many Han people not only shaved their hair and tied their braids, but also took the initiative to change their clothes into Mongolian left-hand robes, which is quite serious to the spirit of Han people. The demise of China under Mongolian rule. Due to the long-term discrimination and oppression of Mongolian rulers and the policy of forcibly translating Mongolian writing style, the spoken language of Han people has also changed, and its spoken vocabulary and grammatical structure are obviously mixed with Chinese and Mongolian: spoken vocabulary often uses vulgar words to translate foreign words instead of inherent words in Chinese, such as "belly" for bribery, "gentleman" for official source. Spoken grammar, because it is mixed with Mongolian grammar, has become a mess, like Hu instead of Hu, like Chinese and non-Chinese. For example, Mongolian grammar is directly applied, and "you" is often used at the end of the sentence to indicate the present tense of the verb, or as a copula, such as "Is there a Korean guest Li She who sells woolen cloth in our shop?" ; "There is no apricot, and there is half an apricot in the water." It is precisely because of this reason that although Zhu Yuanzhang banned braiding, Hu surname, Hu fu and Hu Yu in the early Ming Dynasty, the influence of Mongols could not be completely eliminated. After that, I had to issue instructions repeatedly, and finally basically eliminated the bad influence left by the Mongols. Laoqida 1998, an ancient version of Laoqida in Yuan Dynasty was discovered in Korea, in which "Hutong" was written in Chinese before the Ming Dynasty. These books are authentic spoken languages in the north of Yuan Dynasty, which proves that Yuan people speak Chinese and the language of Yuan people is Chinese, which is of great value to the study of Chinese and society in Yuan Dynasty. The northern nomads who entered the Central Plains, except Mongolian Yuan (some of them), generally switched to Chinese. This Altaic "northern language" was called "Chinese language" in history. "Mandarin" in Ming and Qing Dynasties refers to the Jianghuai dialect represented by Nanjing dialect, and is not used to refer to the "Chinese dialect" in the north. "Old Beggar" also records that "I went to Yizhou and came to Korea's fields, all of which were Korean words". Central Plains Rhyme and Central Plains Rhyme reflect the dialect spoken in Yuan Dynasty, and truly record the influence of Mongolian Chinese. The most obvious thing is that there is no entering tone. Central Plains Rhyme was written by Zhou Deqing in the first year of Taiding in Yuan Dynasty (1324). It is used to guide the composition of rhyme and calm the melody, and it was compiled with rhyme characters in many famous operas in Yuan Dynasty.

Editing this paragraph in Ming Dynasty

In order to restore the pronunciation of the Han nationality and eliminate the influence of the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties on the pronunciation of the Han nationality, the Ming Dynasty promulgated Hongwu Zheng Yun. The combination of ancient rhymes in Wu Hong and Zheng Yun is different from that of Liu Yuan and others, who only combine the whole rhymes together, but reclassify each word. This method is the same as compiling Central Plains Phonology. However, there are many differences between Rhyme of the Central Plains and Rhyme of the Central Plains. Wu Hong and Zheng Yun are not only based on the elegant voice of the Central Plains, but also have to change the archaic rhyme. Zhongyuan Yinyun reflects the spoken pronunciation of dialects, while Hongwu Zheng Yun reflects the pronunciation of Putonghua. There are similarities and differences between them. "Wu Hong Zheng Yun" resumed its tone, instead of Zhou Deqing's three tones. The replica of Ming dynasty had a great influence. The "Chinese language" of the Yuan Dynasty completely disappeared in the middle of the Ming Dynasty.

Editing this passage in Qing Dynasty

More than 400 years ago, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci recorded the Beijing dialect at that time. There were a lot of entering tones in Beijing dialect at that time, and there were no warping sounds such as zh, ch and sh, which indicated that Beijing dialect at that time was not the current Beijing dialect or Mandarin. In the early days when Manchu entered the Central Plains, maintaining rule was the basic national policy. Manchu is required to speak and write Manchu, and a school is set up in Beijing to promote Manchu. However, Manchu is the language of the northern nationalities, and its maturity is limited by the primitive life of grasslands and jungles and the short history and culture. Manchu was a primitive language when it entered the customs. As the ruler of China, Manchu had to face the political reality of using language.

Manchu China people.

Many things in Beijing, from ordinary animals and plants, buildings and daily necessities to magnificent buildings and beautiful scenery, can't be expressed in Manchu. Manchu is also difficult to meet the needs of daily life, so between Manchu and Chinese, it is impossible for Manchu and Chinese to express clearly what they encounter in daily life. As for the use of high-level languages such as architectural engineering language, artistic language, medicine and other scientific and technological terms of the Han people, it is even more difficult to express. At that time, Manchu was facing a crisis of being unable to communicate in Beijing. At this time, the Eight Banners nobles were faced with the big problem of how to rule the Han people, and they encountered another headache more than the resistance of the Han people-the language crisis. You can conquer with a butcher's knife, but you can't rule with a butcher's knife. In order to consolidate the rule and meet the political needs and even the needs of life, Manchu people urgently need a language that can express their thoughts well. It is obviously unrealistic to improve and enrich Manchu in a short time. At this point, learning Chinese became the only choice for Manchu people, so the Eight Banners nobles began their imitation process of learning to walk in Handan. From the expression of daily life to the political needs of ruling China, Manchu people urgently need a language that can express their life around them well. Therefore, it is the only choice to apply the language (including vocabulary and pronunciation) of the Han people in Beijing. This kind of open-minded learning of Manchu is definitely not what they advocate and admire China culture. It is really a helpless move to achieve its political goals. It is a "work need" and a complete necessity. Mandarin is the "national language" of Manchu, which directly permeates all China from the inner city of Beijing and bypasses the outer city of Beijing. Therefore, the outer-city dialect in Beijing is not the real "national language"-Putonghua. Although the "outer-city Beijing dialect" is constantly evolving under the influence of the "inner-city Beijing dialect", just like the inner-city aristocrats and the ordinary people in Beijing are two incompatible communities, the so-called "Beijing dialect" in the "outer-city Beijing dialect" has always been two kinds: "outer-city dialect" and "inner-city dialect", and the "Beijing dialect" referred to everywhere actually refers to "inner-city dialect" (that is, The "Beijing dialect" spoken by Han people in other cities is actually a small language that has no influence on other dialects in China. During the Yongzheng period, the imperial edict was issued and Yin Zheng Academy was established. Imperial edicts are used as teaching materials to teach Putonghua, and all scholars who take the road of studying, taking exams and being officials must understand Putonghua. The article "Mandarin" in Gui Si Cun Manuscript wrote: "In the sixth year of Yongzheng, it was ordered that most people in Fujian and Guangdong were not familiar with Mandarin and were instructed by local officials. The courtiers discussed it for eight years. " After the provincial examinations in the two provinces, candidates are required to master Putonghua, and sometimes they have to interview students in Putonghua to study politics. At one time, it was even stipulated that children who could not speak Mandarin could not be admitted to the scholar. However, the actual effect is very little. According to Shang, a flower explorer in the late Qing Dynasty, "It was very serious at first, not as urgent as the local officials knew, but it decayed for a long time. In Jiaqing and Daoguang, there is only one Shaowu county in Fujian, but it has also been changed into an official system, and Guangdong is even less known. " Even after the Revolution of 1911, Guangdong Higher Normal School (the first two excellent normal schools in Guangdong) made a joke: "Teachers from other provinces are not familiar with dialects, so it is not convenient for professors to dismiss. Naturally, all subjects in our school are familiar with teachers. " So the languages of Fujian and Guangdong have been preserved. The Manchu rulers in Kangxi Dictionary have extremely strict control over cultural thoughts. In the Kanggan era, we Han people still had the idea of hating Manchu. He is a collection of world celebrities, and named three books (Pei Fu, and Kangxi Dictionary) for this purpose, in order to exercise the revolutionary revenge of our Han people. Most scholars are forced to engage in the collation and textual research of ancient books that have nothing to do with reality, so Chinese studies have made great achievements. Most of these scholars are conservative, so when editing Chinese dictionaries and Chinese phonology, they try to keep the elements of ancient Chinese. Kangxi Dictionary retains the sound entering system and the sound grouping.

Edit the characteristics of Chinese (Yayan) in this paragraph.

Elegant and appropriate, appropriate, appropriate. Elegant listening, similar to local accent, sounds elegant. Wang Anyi once went to Shaanxi to listen to the local accent and said, "It sounds good, but it's from the north, but it's extremely soft. There is a soothing drawl between the lines, and the lines are so gentle. " The ancients were very particular about pronunciation. Chinese is characterized by eight tones and sharp group sounds. Poetry is flat and even, and the method of rhyme is the first to record pronunciation.

Eight tones

Eight tones are the main features of Chinese, and the tones of Chinese are quite special among all languages in the world. Although, Korean and Japanese also have Chinese vocabulary. But none of these Altaic languages have tones. Eight-tone choice in Zhouyi gossip. Eight tones are divided into yin and yang, and yin and yang are divided into four tones: "going up". It means "above the sun", "above the sun", "away from the sun", "in from the sun", "out from the sun" and "in from the sun". The eight tones of hearing are roughly as follows: "The sound level is not low", that is, the sound is loud and comfortable; "loud and strong" means rising and heavy turbidity; "Going to the sound and mourning far away" means that the sound is light and sharp, and the tail is long; "Short-term collection" means that the sound is extremely light and quickly put away.

Sharp voice and group voice

Sharp sounds and group sounds depend on whether the pronunciation is on the tip of the tongue or on the surface of the tongue. Chinese characters and Chinese, especially the phonetic components of Chinese, are the precious heritage of traditional culture in China. Pinyin group is the treasure of Chinese pronunciation and the highest stage of its development through the ages. Since the emergence of Chinese characters, they have been divided into "sharp group sounds", "sharp group sounds" and "group sounds". Before 1932, China's dictionaries were completely distinct, strictly distinguished and not mixed at all. So is the direct pronunciation dictionary, and so is the syncopation dictionary. Since the use of anti-tangent phonetic notation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sharp sound belongs to the refined sound system (initial consonant number four) and the group sound belongs to the audible sound system (initial consonant trace xi). 1800 years later, it was the same in all previous dynasties. By reversing the poetic order with sharp sounds, we can clearly distinguish the difference between sharp sounds and group sounds: "wine books don't read nine, arrows don't read swords." The wine arrow belongs to sharp sound ①, and the nine swords belong to group ②. Initial consonant is the key to distinguish sharp group sounds; The tip of the tongue is z c s, spelled as a tip, the tongue is j q x, and the syllables are all groups. " The anti-tangent phonetic notation is to combine two Chinese characters into one Chinese phonetic notation. It is a traditional phonetic notation method in China. Sometimes it is also called "anti" or "cutting". Two words used as backcutting, the former word is called backcutting upper word, abbreviated as cutting upper word or upper word, and the latter word is called backcutting lower word, abbreviated as cutting lower word or lower word. Phonetic symbols are called secant characters, or secant characters for short. The basic principle of backcutting is that the initial consonant of the upper word is the same as the initial consonant of the cut word, the vowel (including the middle tone) and the tone of the lower word are the same, and the upper and lower combination is the pronunciation of the cut word. For example, Guang Yun's "Winter, Gege Cut" uses capitalized initials, case finals and tones to annotate winter.

Flat tone

The so-called flat tone is the classification of tones of Chinese characters, which divides the sum of four tones of Chinese characters into flat tone and flat tone. Flat tones and flat tones (that is, one or two tones) are combined into one category, which is called flat tones; The falling tone and the rising tone are divided into one category (that is, three or four tones) and combined into one category, which is called Nuo sound. The law of leveling is divided into relative and alternating. Specific examples are: sea-brewed thousand-bell wine (flat flat) and mountain-planted Wan Ren onion (flat flat). Example: the mountains and rivers are infinitely good, and the world is flat.