Yang Tieya and Qiao Feng's Past

"Frosty night, Jiang Feng fishing sorrow sleep. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " This is a night-mooring near maple bridge by Zhang Ji, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Qiao Feng, which is famous for this poem, is an ancient bridge in gusu district, Suzhou. There is a subway station in Putuo District of Shanghai called Fengqiao Road Station. I wonder if it has anything to do with it. There is a stone in Zhejiang, also called.

Suzhou Fengqiao (A) and Zhejiang Fengqiao (B) are not completely unrelated. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Qiao Feng (B) has been a commodity distribution center in the surrounding mountainous areas. Farmers, craftsmen and businessmen from all over the world come here to trade utensils, food, go to the theatre and make friends. The rice ship departing from Qiao Feng (A) will sail for Fengjiang (B) in Qiao Feng. After the large-scale land reclamation in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the handicraft revolution in the south of the Yangtze River, Suzhou collected rice from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and transported it to the mountainous areas in eastern Zhejiang. Qiao Feng looks like a small Suzhou. According to the fifth anniversary album of Zhuji People's Daily, there were more than 100 rice shops in the town during the Republic of China. However, the peak time of history should still be the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yi 'an County in Shaoxing was established, and it was laid off seven years later. Shaoxing city was also built in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, Chen Qiaoyi, a young man from Shaoxing, wrote in Hangzhou University newspaper that during the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of trees were cut down, which caused great damage to the environment. The deterioration of the environment has limited the industrial upgrading of this place. Unlike Suzhou and Songjiang, many raw materials can be shipped from other places. So it has always been a stone, that's all. Of course, this is Qiao Fenggou's personal guess.

Yang Weizhen, a scholar in Yuan Dynasty, was a scholar in Taiding period. He was born in Qiao Feng Town, Zhejiang Province, and later moved to Qiantang, Suzhou and Songjiang. Yang Weizhen is the first scholar in Southeast China. He is proficient in calligraphy and poetry, and he has many anecdotes. Qiao Feng Town also has Wang Mian, who herded cattle, and Chen Hongshou, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty. Chen Laolian paints very well. She became a monk after the death of the Ming Dynasty and told herself to regret it. At that time, many people felt that they had lost their country and lived in the countryside instead of going to the city, thinking that the city belonged to the Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the adherents of Zhang Dai's Dream of Taoan also wrote the play Under the Maple Bridge, there are too many people to count. As my friend Chen Hongshou is from here, Zhang Dai has been here several times. In his later years, Zhang Dai recalled that when they were young, they studied in an academy in Hangzhou, watched the tide of Qiantang River together, and went to the West Lake to drink and see beautiful women at night. They seem very happy.

Qiao Fenggou's parents still speak Qiao Feng dialect, which is a branch of Wu dialect, between Shaoxing dialect and Zhuji dialect. Shaoxing people think Qiao Feng Dog is from Zhuji, and Zhuji people will think Qiao Feng Dog is from Shaoxing, a strange place with a population of 100,000. Maybe people in big cities regard this as a joke, but Yelang is still so reserved. After reading the History of Europe, Qiao Fenggou found that there were too many unspeakable ethnic forms. There are often countless intermediate forms between the two major language families, just as Nordic Swedish Norwegian stands for orthodox Germanic German and Ukrainian Belarusian stands for orthodox Russian, which is actually the difference between dialects and Mandarin. Farmers use dialects. Vulnerable ethnic groups and regions need a few intellectuals to package them. After all, boasting is a characteristic of literati.

What I want to talk about today is Yang Weizhen. First of all, he gave himself many nicknames, the most popular of which is Iron Cliff. Tieya's father built a building on the mountain for him, removed the ladder, studied for five years, and then went to the Yuan Dynasty to gain fame. Perhaps this experience had a great influence on him. He felt like a diamond in the wilderness. At that time, the imperial examination was particularly harsh on the southern Han people, with less than one-third of the places; At the same time, there were several imperial examinations in the Yuan Dynasty, so the background of Tieya was very high among the literati at that time.

At the age of 32, he was assigned to Zhejiang Tiantai as a county magistrate. The local governor of the Yuan Dynasty was the handprint official Daru Huachi, who must be a Mongolian semu, followed by the county magistrate. On the one hand, Mongolia ruled the Central Plains, on the other hand, people in the Yuan Dynasty thought that the Song Dynasty was ruled by literati. At that time, the bureaucratic system prevailed, which was a bit like the professional division of civil servants now. Through long-term assessment, they were promoted from one level to another. However, this bureaucracy has also caused corruption and laziness. Most officials can't be promoted, and when they lose their ideals, they begin to corrupt. Often, there is little Confucian culture, and some even can't read.

During the Taiding period, the emperor and prime minister were determined to reform and sent imperial examination talents to the government for the first time. Tieya arrived at the rooftop under such circumstances, but he didn't get along well with the local bully landlords and officials. A few years later, he was transferred to Hangzhou to do four things.

His unruly personality is the internal cause; There are two external reasons. The whole bureaucratic team has not changed. About 2000 Jinshi in Yuan Dynasty 100 basically acted as vases. In addition, local governance actually continued the Song Dynasty and was controlled by a powerful family. In order to win the hearts of the people, the foreign rule in the Yuan Dynasty did not fight local tyrants to divide the fields. Therefore, without the cooperation of local forces, it is difficult to control the iron cliff.

The promotion of the four services is the tax office. Perhaps the superior hoped to work hard through routine work, and later let him manage the Salt Administration and Qian Qing Salt Field. Since ancient times, salt has always been a state monopoly, but ancient salt was an important source of tax revenue. The whole salt making was done by the salt people who compiled the household, which was extremely hard. Tieya wrote a letter crying for tax reduction. The tax was reduced, but he didn't get a promotion for ten years.

In fact, many peasant uprisings in the late Yuan Dynasty were initiated by private salt merchants. They are bold on weekdays, control a huge source of income, and make friends with people from all walks of life, the government, and the green forest.

It can be said that Tieya's experience as an official is bumpy. When he was in Hangzhou, he often wrote letters to the bureaucrats of the dynasty, feeling a little self-recommended. Although this matter was not mentioned much in later generations, he always emphasized his personality and ignored his secular experience. He studied the imperial examinations in China's first history book, Spring and Autumn Annals, and talked about governing the country and protecting the people. Annotations and omissions in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Tang Dynasty were suspected by the Song and Yuan Dynasties and began to be analyzed, hoping to know the truth through the original text.

Under such a social trend of thought, Tieya especially likes to reverse his conviction and question the ancients. For example, he wrote that Shang Zhouwang was actually a good man; One of his most famous papers is Orthodox Debate in the Third World. At that time, Tuotuo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, was very talented and invited scholars from all over the country to write a book to discuss which dynasty the Yuan Dynasty inherited from Liao, Jin and Song. This is an important issue, because the northern part of China was ruled by Liao and Jin for 500 to 600 years, and the southern part was Song Dynasty.

There were two kinds of voices in Yuan Dynasty. Mongolians are closer to Liao and Jin in cultural identity. After all, they are all nomads. We must recognize the cultural orthodoxy of the Han people in the south in order to win the hearts of the people. Tieya supported Song Dynasty and was appreciated by the Prime Minister. However, due to his rough experience as an official, there was great resistance to promotion. Many years later, when the peasant army was in chaos at the end of Yuan Dynasty, he was ordered to promote Confucianism in Jiangxi, similar to today's director of education, but he has reached the age and mentality that he will not go without a career.

This is Tieya's political career, and not many people talk about it, because almost all the scholars who studied Tieya later were from the Chinese Department, mainly looking at his poems, paintings and calligraphy.

A person only has some desire to create when he is depressed, provided that he needs a little talent. After Tieya resigned, he first worked as a private school teacher in Qiantang and Suzhou, singing and writing poems. In poetry, he emphasized retro and initiated the Han Yuefu movement. There is an iron cliff in calligraphy, which is now a national treasure. There is one at the Museum of Free Art in Washington, D.C.. Maybe Qiao Fenggou should go and see it. His friends include great painters like Ni Zan and Huang. Literati painting in Yuan Dynasty is the highest peak in China's history, emphasizing philosophical artistic conception over brushwork. It shows that the thought was active and the economy was developed at that time.

He went to Songjiang in his later years, which is now Shanghai. Tieya has trained more than 200 students in his life, most of whom are scattered in towns around Songjiang. According to the research of scholar Chu Mo, Songjiang School of Painting was inextricably linked with Yang Weizhen at the end of Yuan Dynasty. The bus in Songjiang has always written the root of Shanghai. Before the opening of Shanghai in the late Qing Dynasty, Songjiang was an economically and culturally developed area. Huang Daopo in the Yuan Dynasty introduced cotton planting and textile technology, and since then Songjiang has set off a handicraft revolution in China. This is sandy land, suitable for growing cotton. A large number of Songjiang fabrics are sold to all parts of the country and neighboring countries, accumulating wealth. So that Tieya can go there to give lectures and provide for the elderly. The production technology of the Yuan Dynasty was very developed, and now there are meta-textiles in Shanghai Museum and Modern Museum.

The cultivation and production of cotton led to the beginning of commodity economy. People no longer cultivated land, but lived on salaries and needed to buy food to maintain their lives. As a result, the forests in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were reclaimed as farmland, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River became dotted with towns, entering the process of rapid urbanization.

Qiao Fenggou got up and changed the computer, boiled coffee and continued the unfinished part. What makes Qiao Fenggou sigh most is that the commemoration of Tieya in later generations is so different. There is a statue of him in the ancestral hall of his hometown. Everyone in the village knows this name, but no one knows his talent and deeds for a long time. When I arrive in Shanghai, I can see many things. Ten years ago, Songjiang District Government spent about five million yuan to build the tomb of San Gao Shi in tianmashan. This is the place where Tieya was buried after his death. Maybe this is just a grave of clothes, because some people say that he was buried back to his hometown, but the cemetery of his hometown has long since disappeared. Han Han's hometown, Songjiang Lin Ting, has his portrait in the park. A few more steps to Gusong Garden, the pine tree was planted on the iron cliff 600 years ago, and it is known as the first pine tree in the south of the Yangtze River. Fudan University has always had doctoral professors who study him for a living. I am very touched when I think of these maple bridges. Maybe a person really has to run to the big pier to shine and be remembered?

In his later years, he returned to Tieya. After the turmoil at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the country and invited scribes from all over the country to edit rites and music in Nanjing. Tieya said that being an old guest girl is disobedient, which means that women in their seventies and eighties don't need to remarry. Finally, he had to walk for more than one hundred days. Because of his fame, the emperor sent him back. Song Lian, who worshipped him, wrote a poem saying: "The king didn't look for a move, and the white skirt was announced until the white skirt was returned." In fact, he doesn't want to be a second minister either, so he keeps the festival. After all, he enjoyed the national love of the Yuan Dynasty. Qiao Fenggou saw that he was an official in Jinshi, so his parents gave him posthumous title, and his father named him the Duke of Huiji County. These were all rare courtesy to the Han people at that time.

Tieya is criticized for his eccentric personality, saying that he wears strange clothes. He likes to study Taoism, play the flute, dress up as a fairy, and to some extent, flaunt himself narcissistically.

And his debauchery. He may be a foot fetish and likes women's feet and their shoes. In fact, he didn't study when he was young, but played every day. Later, I decided to study, ride around Huangyan and sell horses to buy books, which may be similar to selling limousines now. At the age of twenty-five, he was going to take the imperial examinations in most places, but his father stopped him, thinking that even if he passed the examination, he might not be able to achieve real talent and practical learning. So I built a building on the mountain and studied hard for five years. When I went to take the exam, a large family near my hometown went bankrupt and sold its property. His father bought a pair of stone horses, and others laughed at him for being crazy, because it was the decoration of an official's door. As a result, Tieya was piloted in that year and also came in handy.

He has a wife and two concubines, and there should be some others (not recorded but imaginable). After matchmaking, it is rumored that Qian's fiancee is ill, but she insists on marrying back, which means keeping her promise. Then his wife miraculously recovered and gave birth to a boy and a girl. I don't know whether this is true or not, but Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties emphasized personal cultivation, especially morality, which may be advertised later.

Qiao Fenggou once saw a man's prose written on Qiao Feng Bridge and Iron Cliff, and he couldn't help crying. Maybe he ended this monologue with that prose fragment:

"On the day we went to Qiao Feng, the car we took went east to Shaoxing. The sky is gloomy, the sky is green, the mountains in the distance are vague, and the earth seems to be full of water mist. Sometimes I see a house with white walls and black tiles. It is a village. Houses in eastern Zhejiang are all in this pattern and this color. There are large and small windows on the white wall, like a pair of eyes staring at the traffic on the expressway. Occasionally I can see a big tree, a ginkgo tree, and sometimes a pair, which shows that there was a temple here, and the tree was planted in front of the mountain as usual. The temple is long gone, leaving only two trees standing there alone. Just over there, at the foot of that mountain, is the home of Yang Tieya. After listening to this introduction, I can only give a vague answer. Actually, I'm not sure which mountain village this is. Just think, Yang Tieya's handwriting is strange, but it's so beautiful. Among contemporary calligraphers, he seems to completely ignore the existence of Zhao Mengfu, which is admirable. "