There is no soil when robbing a tomb and digging a pit.

Author of the article: Lei Feng Warrior posted in the forum of growth strategy and iron blood.

In the modern sense, the organized and targeted "archaeological excavations" initiated by the state in China are less than one hundred years old. I remember reading several excavation reports decades ago more than a decade ago, not so much "excavation" ... as "tomb robbery records" Because its methods, means, etc ... are grave robbers, and there is no "own" thing. So far, some means may be advanced ... adding some high-tech components, such as ground penetrating radar, metal detector, gas analyzer and so on, but the principle is still the same.

Real folk grave robbers are subject to various restrictions. He can't take the radar to rob a tomb, even a Luoyang shovel has to be dismantled and "hidden" ... so he has his own unique skill. If he wants to finish the seemingly "impossible task" in unit time, he must think of various ways, some of which are subtle.

The origin of Luoyang shovel

In Ma Po Village, Mangshan, Luoyang, there was a man named Li, who lived by robbing tombs since he was a child. One day in the twelfth year of the Republic of China, he went to a county town more than ten miles away for a fair. An acquaintance in Magou Village, Yanshi County is building a shed, and the funds are accumulated to sell fried dumplings. The two sides meet and say hello. He saw the man dig a small hole in the ground with a tile-shaped shovel with a short handle to put it in the shed post. His inspiration was immediately aroused. This guy is more convenient than a shovel, especially when he can bring original soil, so it is necessary to judge the situation of different underground strata. So he found a piece of paper and drew a big original pattern with a shovel. When he got home, he asked someone to make it according to the map. It was really handy and the effect was good, so he was promoted.

Ancient Luoyang shovel

For example, if you dig a hole more than ten meters down, there will be no soil on the ground! A layman like me can't even think about it. It can't be like this! ..... don't believe it.

But then I believed it, because I believed it when I saw it on the spot. Let me find a hole at the scene ... I can't find it walking around! return

The boss said, "that's where you stand now ... at your feet, you stand on your mouth!" " "This scared me. hurried

Stay away from ..., then people find a shovel and dig where I am standing. A minute later, they see a hole. ...

It turned out that I was standing on a "grate", and the grave robbers would seal the hole after work. Now open ... only.

A hole the size of a manhole cover, open it and look down, down more than ten meters, with no end in sight in the dead of winter.

They also said ... you can go down if you have the courage! The bottom is strong and won't collapse. You can go down and see the grave. I

Come on, a hole four or five stories high ... makes me dizzy. What's even weirder is ... everywhere.

Plain, a very flat land, is planted with crops. There is such a manhole cover in the green tent, hundreds of meters away.

From a few miles away, there is no mound, so it is impossible to pile it outside. Besides, the hole is so small that it has to work.

Sealed, really no one can see! ..... although we don't know how to do it ... but we must admit this fact! Renjiaguo

Sue me, this hole was opened by grave robbers more than a year ago. After more than a year, the hole is still strong and won't collapse.

. I don't know how to do it. Eyes to look at ... I don't understand.

And "look at the terrain", which is even more mysterious. People who don't know can't see it when they walk by the grave. How many people know this trick?

You can see it from the inside out. Some grave robbers "like" to go out and "walk" in snowy days ... especially.

Snow with "extremely fine snow particles" is related to "soil".

Soil is divided into "ripe soil", "living soil" (also called "flower soil") and "dead soil". Experienced grave robbers like it.

You can tell at a glance whether there is a tomb here, or even whether it is a tomb at a glance.

I know a graduate student in the Department of Archaeology who was arranged by the school to explore the Three Gorges when she graduated from college.

(Rescue excavation of prehistoric culture, now the Three Gorges has been flooded) He told me ... what kind?

It is clear what characteristics the soil has. And interestingly, he himself admitted that our level is true.

There's no way to compete with those who rob tombs. This experience is far from perfect. We are mainly theoretical. What did you dig to analyze the main points?

Analyze, look at the characteristics, analyze, analyze when things, this line, but if it is really "looking for a grave" ... it will be a joke.

First of all, the tombs of various dynasties have their own characteristics, such as the characteristics in shape, and so on. Mastered these characteristics and began to work.

Living can get twice the result with half the effort.

You can probe with a probe first, and "feel" whether there is an ancient tomb according to the feeling on your hand. Shovel when you confirm it.

For example, if you hit ten meters with a shovel, you get it, and then ... look at the depth and what the shovel brings out. Depth is also a standard.

Pool, take out sawdust, cinnabar, pit ash and other things ... these are all characteristics; Then, cover the grave with a trowel.

The shape is square. Is to correct the coordinates. Hit the one on the left ... if you miss ten meters, it's "over"

And then go back to the right to continue playing ... and so on, one by one, it is an underground tomb of more than ten meters.

Shape ... and then combined according to the features of the tomb, such as shape, depth, pit ash, wood (or Shi Zhuan).

Infer the age of the tomb, the location of the tomb door and so on. Generally speaking, the arrangement of tombs and artifacts in any dynasty has its own rules. At first glance, the shape is the Han tomb, the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Western Han Dynasty.

Then I have an image in my mind ... where should the coffin be, and where are the pottery and metal utensils in the funerary objects?

Where, what will be on both sides of the ear room ... and so on, in my heart. When you really go down ... go straight there.

It was dug in the past (Han tombs are generally collapsed, filled with earth, said to be tombs ... in fact, they are all soil, just in the soil.

Go ahead, everything is in the dirt). The "left shoulder and right foot" I mentioned in the above post is this feature, and … is generally more expensive.

The funerary objects will be placed in the grave owner's coffin, left shoulder and right foot.

In other words, before the tomb is dug up, you will have the concept of the whole tomb in your mind. When you really dig down, directly.

I went to the place where you were looking for something. ...

There are also some mausoleums, such as the Ming Tombs, whose roofs will be very thick (think about it ... seven vertical and seven horizontal, with fourteen layers of blue bricks.

It is more than two meters thick, how strong it will be! ), avoid the top of the tomb when digging a hole. Otherwise, if you hit the top of the tomb,

..... you probably won't be able to finish your work in one night. Dare you come the next day? Maybe the police are already waiting for you.

Therefore, once the shovel touches the brick (the shovel will bring brick dust when it is lifted), it is necessary to avoid the top of the tomb when opening a hole. counter

The shape of the main tomb has been "square", and you know the position of the tomb door, tomb wall and tomb top, so when opening the hole,

You will naturally find other places to play. ...

This "other place" may sometimes be close to the tomb door, and sometimes it may be close to the back wall of the tomb. This is possible and complete.

This is based on the shape and characteristics of the mausoleum itself. I looked at the shape and thought that the coffin in this tomb might be near the tomb door.

When digging a pit, it is close to the tomb door, otherwise it is close to the tomb wall. ...

There is nothing wrong with the "pyramid-shaped stone" you mentioned. If there is such a thing ... as early as shoveling on the ground.

Just stick to it, avoid it when digging a hole ... and hit it right on the back wall of the tomb.

A tomb, armored like a tank (tomb wall, security layer), like a fortress (tomb top is very thick), but it is also

Have weaknesses. The weakness is the tomb wall, or the bottom of the tomb.

Some grave robbers look at this tomb, which is too strong, and the top and periphery are not easy to handle, so they simply add a vertical and horizontal one.

That well ... leads directly to the bottom of the tomb. Go straight to the bottom of the grave, then continue to open a shaft vertically downwards, and then

Dig up with a tool and dig through a small hole at the bottom of the tomb. It's simple ... the floor, stone, wood and so on at the bottom of the tomb are all direct.

Enter the shaft ... and then you can enter the tomb through this small hole. ...

In this way, the walls and top of the tomb were not destroyed, but the tomb itself was looted.

Generally speaking, it's not that difficult. Take the Ming Mausoleum with masonry structure as an example: its back wall is the weakest, with only two floors.

Brick, so when drilling a vertical hole, you can play along the back wall of the tomb and cut two brick-thick tomb walls without much trouble. As far as I know, needles

For the Ming Tombs, almost all the ancient pirate caves are open at the back wall. Look at the profile of the grave robbery route ... you can see it at a glance.

That's straight from the back wall of the tomb.

Ancient thieves are also very powerful. They are very narrow, but they have a strong purpose ...

Before liberation, many people stole the Ming Tombs in one night ... wearing mouse clothes and using both hands and feet.

Digging a hole, going into the grave, taking things and leaving ... is quite difficult. At that time, a man could not drill the shaft and left the ancient tomb.

A distance, then dig down at a certain angle ... go down obliquely, touch the back wall of the tomb, and then dig through it.

Enter ... the calculation is very accurate.

Grave robbers also have their own hobbies. Some specialize in excavating Han tombs and pre-Qin tombs. If you let him steal the Ming Tombs, he doesn't know what to do.

It's really urgent, and it's possible to give you a "big secret" ... bombing the top of the tomb with explosives, which is not something that "experts" do.

Because. ..... and some are specialized in excavating tombs of Ming and Qing dynasties. You told him there was a Han tomb here, but he couldn't find it, no matter what.

Here you are. These two kinds of tombs are not the same type, with different methods, different observation angles and great differences.

They look down on each other. Some people say that bronzes are valuable, and ding is valuable! I look down on those who rob Ming and Qing tombs. After ...

The thief also has his own reasons ... that it is too dangerous to kill people who steal Han tombs, and you are too stupid ... you don't know the market.

You think digging a tripod is valuable. Do you dare to sell it when you dig it out? ! ..... I dig bottles (most of the funerary objects in Ming and Qing tombs are

Porcelain, gold and silver, calligraphy and painting) ... is it worthless? Maybe it's more valuable, but it's not bad. Each said his own truth.

In addition, it is said that tombs before and after the Han Dynasty have no smell, so it is impossible to smell them. Ming and Qing tombs are relatively far away.

Nearby, there are masonry structures, and there will be various smells in the tomb. That's right. But judging the age of the grave by the smell ... this

Never seen such a person, haha. I've heard people say that when you identify bronzes, you can just rub your fingers and smell them.

Don't be serious.

The real Luoyang shovel, the most used archaeological tool in modern times, was invented and created by ancient grave robbers.

Compared with the national organized protective excavation, grave robbers are extremely clever.

First of all, there is no "illegal" national excavation, so the works are meticulous, even with a brush. In almost every way.

It is a "big revelation" (except for the huge Ming and Qing tombs in the underground palace), and there is no "technical" problem. But grave robbers don't. Because of the calendar.

Grave robbery has been severely punished by law in all previous dynasties, especially in modern times. Therefore, its concept of "time" is very strong.

Concealed "is very strong. Actually, it's not that those huge tombs can't be stolen, it's just subject to time. Someone once said to me

: "If you give me a month's time, including me, as long as two people are enough, then ... I'm sure I can enter Lishan to start the imperial tomb.

. "I was shocked and thought he was good to be true, but he told me that I had been to Mount Li several times and called it" nothing more ".

It's just a little big. "

Before liberation, grave robbers were usually done by one person or two people, not too much. The time was one night, and each had his own work.

Our special tools (digging equipment) include special one-piece clothes (mouse clothes covered with various "equipment"). I have seen it before.

I saw that kind of digging equipment before liberation, which is simply a miniature version of the modern tunnel boring machine. It's very delicate. It chooses

Part of the blades of the sharp share plough are used as "excavators" and "three-piece sets" ... much like propellers, the rear parts are closely connected in a spiral shape.

Have you seen the related parts of meat grinder? That's it. This will not only dig out the soil.

, discharge, and can penetrate the tomb brick (spiral principle ... just increase the horizontal strength, no need to press hard).

A modern robbery gang usually has three or four members, not less than three, and it is unlikely to exceed five.

. These people have their own division of labor.

I once asked for advice about the theft (attempted) of the Han Tomb in Laoshan, Beijing. Therefore, he opposes theft.

The people in the Han tomb are dismissive. Think ... "They are not working at all, but looking for arrest". I think

At that time, those people had almost dug into the tomb before being arrested, which was "enough", but the man stressed "first, it can't be outside."

There is dirt, they didn't do it. Second, the time has dragged on for too long. Judging from these two points, they are not suitable for this job!

"

I can't understand why I can do "no soil outside" ... but the man just laughed and didn't answer. Just say, "What is this?

Yao. Sometimes you may encounter a safety layer after going down, that is, a safety wall made of sand or' stained glass' around the grave.

If you are not careful, you will be buried alive ... "I asked the sand? Men still just laugh, a long time ... "I have.

Don't expose the soil on the ground when digging a hole down, but also have the ability to put sand or' colored glaze' somewhere ... never let it succeed.

The soil on the ground. When you finish your work, you won't see any soil on the ground. There is only a hole the size of a manhole cover, so simply deal with it.

All right. And ..... When we are working below, even if people from the Public Security Bureau pass by on the ground, we can't see it.

The mouth of the cave Those guys like the Han tomb in Laoshan ... there is no place to put it ... put the grave, that's not to die. "

Tell the truth, let everyone study and learn, and * * * develop the grave robbery major:

Methods and skills of grave robbery and treasure hunting

China has been excavating ancient tombs for a long time. The earliest recorded mausoleum in history is Shang Tang, the first king of Shang Dynasty. 3600 years ago, grave robbery first appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty more than 2770 years ago. Someone got a jade seal from the excavated ancient tomb with a cross on it, and no one could recognize it.

Laws and methods of grave robbery

There are two kinds of grave robbers. One is official thieves, such as Dong Zhuo and Sun Dianying in the Republic of China, who are very popular. They use a large number of soldiers to carry fire sticks, and the other is a large number of civilian thieves distributed all over the country, concentrated in the surrounding areas of Henan, Shaanxi and Changsha, Hunan.

Professional thieves usually commit crimes in partnership with two people. Many gangs are a minority, and even fewer go it alone, because one person can't take care of them. It takes one person to dig, and one person is not good at clearing the wind and clearing the soil. Later, one person entered the tomb, and another person picked up the items on it. Two friends can kiss each other, but father and son rarely cooperate. When looking for a partner, you need to be very careful to prevent anyone from becoming greedy.

These people have been engaged in grave robbery for a long time. They are experienced, good at camouflage and have good anti-theft methods. After they set a goal, if the small tomb won't take too much effort, it will be dug in a few nights, and then they will take out their belongings and leave. If it is a large or medium-sized tomb, they will plant corn and sorghum around it in the name of farming, and cover up their grave-robbing activities for two months with green gauze curtains. Second, they will build a house next to the grave to hide their eyes and ears.

Four-word decision on tomb robbery in Changsha

There is much water in the south, and Luoyang shovel is not very good. The ancients summed up many experiences and came to the conclusion that a decision must be made.

I hope to see feng shui, that is, grave robbers often know the art of feng shui and judge the size of the cemetery through feng shui.

Second, smell is the skill of smelling and playing with the nose. A handful of dirt can tell which generation of tombs you belong to. You are surprised by this letter. There is a legend that a grave robber robbed the tomb for three generations and developed a skill. But he was arrested in the' 80s and should be dead. But because of his skill, he was sentenced to life imprisonment and worked for the archaeological cause all his life.

Most of the three questions are eloquent people who travel around the country and talk with the elderly about the past and the present in order to obtain tomb information.

Four-finger pulse-taking. There are three kinds of statements. One is to judge the age and size of the tomb according to the soil layer. The other is to touch the objects of the deceased in the coffin of the grave, from the head to the anus and finally to the feet, as an undifferentiated pool. Must be delicate. The third is to judge the value of the unearthed objects by touching them with your hands.

Tomb-raiding and treasure-hunting have existed since ancient times, and they are even more brilliant today. Its methods, techniques and tools have developed to be more modern, collectivized and intelligent today. They use military compasses for detection, detectors, detonators, explosives, chain saws, cars for transportation, and mobile phones for communication. So if you want to learn this technology, it is complicated and arduous, and there is a long way to go.

Modern grave robbers have developed grave robbing tools. ...

General Luoyang shovel has been eliminated, and the shovel used is modified on the basis of Luoyang shovel, which is divided into heavy shovel and lifting shovel (also

Called a trowel). Because the wooden pole attached to the back of Luoyang shovel head is too long ... the target is too big, so it was abandoned and replaced with rebar.

The tube ... is half a meter up and down, and can be layered ... and extended at will. I usually take it apart when I look at the terrain ... and carry it on my shoulder.

In the bag.

Similarly, different graves were dug ... different tools were used to rob tombs. Dig the tomb of Tang Dynasty with the heavy shovel evolved from Luoyang shovel.

When using a flat shovel (similar to crescent shovel of Lu), when entering the Han tombs (most of the Han tombs are pits, and most of them have collapsed).

Rolling fork and skimming knife.

Generally speaking, there is no wing in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and there are two more wings in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is a sign. The tombs of the Tang Dynasty were built with tomb bricks.

There is no bonding between bricks, thus forming a dome. However, the Han tombs with brick tombs are not common (except the big tombs), and most of them are pits or pits.

Jiamufang Ming and Qing tombs are mostly brick structures with lime and iron pieces embedded in the middle, and some Ming tombs are more than two meters thick at the top (

Seven spokes and seven coupons) ... very strong.

The depth of the Ming tombs from the ground is generally no more than six meters, and they can be excavated overnight without special methods. Hanmuyi

It is about 1 1 and 12 meters from the surface, and the Western Zhou Tomb is deeper. If you want to finish the excavation overnight, you must use special methods.

Especially the tombs of the Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty are very old and miracles are hard to find. There is a process of "finding a place" first. Determine the position and get off.

Probe, shovel, look at the ash in the pit, determine the shape and orientation of the tomb (that is, determine the age) ... and then we can be ready.

The excavation was completed overnight in a special way.

Grave robbers are very targeted, such as ... entering the tomb will dig directly to the coffin position ... and then in "

Left shoulder and right foot "to find things, and then to the ear room (Dongcang and Xiku) to collect, ... As for other positions, it depends on the length of time.

Set, abandoned in a short time. There is also a lot of "experience" when looking at the terrain. For example, "Qin Buried Ridge, Han Buried Slope" and other ancient grave pits are square pits, but in modern times they are round pits.

This is the so-called "ancient garden square"

Anti-tomb robbery: the origin of the legend of "suspected tomb"

The most common way to prevent grave robbery is to hide the grave so that the grave robbers don't know where it is. It is said that one of the main starting points of ancient tombs is to prevent illegal excavation, not to seal trees, and not to set obvious signs on the ground.

Tomb raiding in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty led to the emergence of so-called "suspected tombs" and "virtual tombs" in various forms of anti-tomb raiding, that is, the situation of confusing tomb robbers with true and false tombs. Among them, the "suspected tomb" set by Cao Cao is the most famous. According to folklore, there are as many as 72 suspected tombs of Cao Cao, some of which even stand in the water. Quanzhou folks once said that General Shi Lang had seven "virtual tombs", which were located at the gates of several ancient cities in Quanzhou.

The traditional anti-tomb-raiding methods are solid stone walls and iron walls, anti-theft chisel with accumulated sand and water, and the way of killing tomb robbers with poison smoke from crossbows.

The ancient tomb was stolen seriously, and the losses caused were incalculable. Take thousands of Han tombs that have been excavated in China as an example. It is reported that only three tombs have survived.

"When we excavated the ancient tomb, what we were most worried about was that the ancient tomb was looted by grave robbers." A scholar who has been engaged in archaeological work for a long time said this.

"From an archaeological point of view, the ancients regarded death as life, and ancient tombs became important cultural relics for studying ancient society. The cultural relics in the ancient tomb represent the historical imprint left by a long civilization. In order to record the historical and cultural information fed back by ancient cultural remains most completely, archaeologists do not dig ancient tombs at will according to their own preferences, but carry out scientific cleaning, recording and drawing, and then analyze, compare and date them, so as to maximize the information fed back from ancient tombs for future research and use, so as to supplement or enrich history. Grave robbery, to be honest, interferes with and destroys archaeological work.