The debate between two children about Japanese class

When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing (1) and asked him why (2).

A son said, "I started from (3) the day I went out, (4) people were near, and Japanese and China were far away." Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon.

A son said, "The sun rises as big as a hood (6) and the sun rises as big as a bowl (7). Isn't it (10) that the distance is small and the distance is big? "

A son said, "It's cool when the sun rises in the morning (1 1), just like exploring soup at noon (12). Isn't this near hot and far cold? "

Confucius can't decide (13). The two children laughed and said, "Which (14) is more Zhihu than you (15)!"

Precautions:

(1) Debate: Debate, debate.

(2) reason: reason, reason.

(3) take: think, think.

(4) walk: distance.

(5) noon: noon.

(6) Car cover: The canopy on ancient cars was umbrella-shaped.

And: here we are.

(8) then: just.

(9) jar: an open vessel for holding wine and food. The round one is a plate, and the square one is a jar.

(10) Yes: Yes.

(1 1) Cang Cang Liang: cold and cloudy, with cool weather.

(12) soup exploration: put your hand into hot water. It means it's very hot.

(13) judgment: ruling, judgment.

(14) who: who, which.

(15) ru: you.

Writing characteristics:

1, the language is concise and reasonable.

2. Be good at using metaphors. For example, when two children argue about the phenomenon of "the distance between the suns", they use two metaphors such as "like a car cover" and "like a plate cylinder" to explain the size of the sun in detail, and combine "the beginning of a day" and "Japan and China" to clarify the reasons for the conclusion; On the one hand, starting from the feeling, taking Tantang as a contrast, combining the Early of the Day and Japan-China, the reasons are also made clear. Because the author is good at using metaphors, the language is vivid and convincing, which is easy to be understood and accepted by people.

Reference translation:

Confucius traveled to the East and saw two children arguing on the way. Ask them what they are arguing about.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

A child said, "When the sun first came out, it was as big as the roof of a car. At noon, it was as small as the mouth of a plate and bowl. Isn't this just looking small from a distance and looking big from a distance? "

Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. It's not hot when it's near, and it's not cold when it's far away? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who says you are wiser?"

This story can be understood in three parts. Write the argument between Confucius and Lu Yu first, and point out the time, place, characters and reasons of the story. Two children put forward two completely different views on how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children who use the intuition (vision and touch) that people can experience in their daily lives to clarify their views in order to refute each other's views. Finally, I wrote that the argument between Confucius and the two children was inconclusive, which led them to "laugh". The full text is only a hundred words, but it can give people a lot of inspiration. It is the characteristic of language expression to express characters and unfold stories through dialogue description, which shows the innocence and loveliness of two children and Confucius' scientific attitude of being modest and seeking truth from facts.

The main purpose of writing this article is to let students understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The difference in meaning between ancient and modern times is the difficulty in learning this article. For example, the meaning of "going" in "I want to be close to people when the sun rises" is different from that commonly used in modern times. In addition, there are few words such as "who" and "ru" in modern Chinese, and such words should be understandable by students.

The following translations are for reference only:

Confucius went to the East to study and saw two children arguing on the way. Confucius asked them why they argued.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

The previous child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a bowl at noon. Isn't it far small and near big? "

Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cool to be near hot and far hot? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know much?"

Second, learning objectives

1. Learn three new words in this lesson and make sense according to the notes after class.

2. Read the text with emotion. Recite the text and repeat the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn from the ancient people's spirit of understanding nature and seeking truth, which is good at thinking and boldly questioning, as well as Confucius' scientific attitude of modesty and seeking truth from facts, and realize the endless truth of learning.

Third, teaching suggestions

1. Before class, the teacher can consult the scientific knowledge involved in the text. Students can also be arranged to ask, "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?" ? Why does the sun look big in the morning and small at noon? Why does it feel cold in the morning and hot at noon? ".

Although this article is concise, it is still difficult for students to read and understand the different meanings of ancient and modern words. For example, the modal particle "Hu", which rarely appears in modern texts, appears three times in the article. There are three steps to solve this difficulty. (1) After reading the text, students can understand the meaning of each sentence according to their notes. For students who don't understand, the teacher can give them a little guidance to let them understand the context. (2) Read repeatedly to understand the story. (3) Tell this story in your own words.

This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange their ideas after reading this text. Students should be encouraged to speak freely and feel from multiple angles. For example, two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; Two children know things from different angles and have different results; Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts.

At the end of the article, Confucius was "uncertain", so students should know that many natural phenomena are common-sense scientific knowledge for us, but in ancient times, it was difficult to solve the mystery because of underdeveloped technology, so Confucius' "uncertainty" was understandable. It can be seen that the universe is big and the knowledge is wide, up and down, although the wise can't know everything. Confucius did not "think he knew what he didn't know", but adopted a realistic attitude of "knowing what he knows is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing". So when teaching, don't take Confucius as the theme to understand.

For beginners of classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When studying this article, we should pay attention to guiding reading aloud. Read the article aloud and read the pause in the sentence according to the following tips.

Confucius traveled eastward to see/two children/debate and asked him why.

A son said, "I started from the day when I was near and the day when I was far away." A child goes far at the beginning of a day and comes near at the beginning of a day.

A son said, "when the sun rises, it is as big as the hood of a car, and at noon, it is like a dish." Isn't this/the far is small/the near is big? "

A son said, "It's cool at sunrise and cool at noon, like exploring soup. Is it not hot near/cold far away? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who/for you/for Zhihu?"

The description of two children's language and dialogue is the key point for teachers to guide students to read aloud.

In the second paragraph, the two children put forward completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times, so students should be instructed to read their views and uncompromising attitudes in a positive tone.

In the third and fourth paragraphs, the two children put forward reasons to prove their views and refute each other's views according to their own feelings and experiences. The two paragraphs are consistent in sentence structure and structure, and both end with rhetorical questions, so we should pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "As Big as a Car Cover" and "As Soup as Soup" should be re-read, while "As a Vegetable Bowl" and "The Vicissitudes of the Beam" should be read lightly, so that they can be read in a contrasting tone, forming an irrefutable and urgent climax.

In the fifth paragraph, when two children saw that Confucius could not govern the country, they laughed and said, "Who is Zhihu?" Rhetorical questions are also used. What is clear here is that the laughter of the two children is not ironic. Students should be instructed to read a lively and relaxed tone to show their innocence and cuteness.

To guide students to read classical Chinese, we should pay attention to model reading and reading guidance. On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and reading the full text with emotion, guide students to read in different roles and try to recite it in class.

5. Expand after class. It is suggested that a Chinese practice activity be arranged to perform the "New Two-Child Debate Day". Before the activity began, the teacher provided the idea of the activity: a modern teenager traveled through time and space to distant ancient times, met two children arguing about Japan, and the two children asked the teenager to make a ruling. In the activity, let the students perform creative performances in groups first, and then communicate in class.

Fourth, reference materials.

1. This article is selected from Liezi Tang Wen. Liezi is said to have been written by Lieyukou, a Zheng man in the Warring States Period (about 450-375 BC), which preserved many excellent fables and folk stories in the pre-Qin period.

2. Confucius (5565438 BC+0-479 BC), whose name is Zhong Ni. Lu Yi (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His words and deeds throughout his life were compiled into The Analects by his students and spread all over the world.

3. Scientific knowledge about "two children debating on the same day".

The distance between the sun and the earth is the same in the morning and at noon. Why does the sun look bigger in the morning than at noon? This is a visual error and illusion. The same object appears small in a group of larger objects, but large in a group of smaller objects. Similarly, the morning sun rises from the horizon with trees, houses, distant mountains and a small corner of the sky as the background. In this contrast, the sun looks bigger at this time. At noon, the sun rises high and the vast sky is the background. At this time, the sun appears small. Secondly, the white object of the same object is bigger than the black object. This physical phenomenon is called "light penetration". When the sun rises, the background is a dark sky and the sun is particularly bright; At noon, the background is the blue sky in Wan Li, and there is little contrast between the sun and its brightness, so it is smaller.

The temperature at noon is higher than in the morning. Is the sun closer to us than in the morning? Not exactly. The main reason is that the sun shines obliquely on the earth in the morning and directly on the earth at noon. At the same time and in the same area, the direct heat is higher than the oblique heat. At the same time, at night, the heat of the sun on the ground dissipates, so it feels cool in the morning; At noon, the heat of the sun shines on the ground, so I feel hot. Hot and cold temperatures can't explain how far the sun is from the ground.

Liezi belongs to Taoism, while Confucius belongs to Confucianism and is famous for his erudition. So Liezi wrote this story to laugh at Confucius' ignorance and unable to judge the questions raised by the two children. In fact, the questions raised by the two children are also questions raised by Liezi. Liezi cannot solve this problem. Because both of these problems are caused by feelings. One vividly said that the sun is big in the morning and small at noon. This assumption is incorrect. Because there are clouds on the surface of the earth in the morning, the sun looks big through the clouds. At noon, when the clouds cleared, the sun looked very small, but its size did not change. It is incorrect to explain the distance between the ground and the sun according to different feelings.

A child said that the sun is cool in the morning and hot at noon. It is incorrect to explain the distance between the sun and the ground from the human body's feeling of temperature. Because the heat that the sun shines on the ground dissipates at night, it feels cool to get up in the morning; At noon, the heat of the sun shines on the ground, so I feel hot. The hot and cold of this temperature cannot explain how far the sun is from the ground.

This story was made up by Liezi and didn't really happen. Liezi is a book studied by experts and compiled by people in Wei and Jin Dynasties. There may be legends in the pre-Qin dynasty and thoughts in the Wei and Jin dynasties. The problems raised in this article are probably not solved by people in Wei and Jin Dynasties, let alone by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liezi raised this question to laugh at Confucius' ignorance. In fact, like Confucius, he can't solve this problem. This was a problem that people could not solve at that time. Inspired by this, people thought of some problems that could not be solved at that time. For example, Zhang Hua's "Natural History" in the Jin Dynasty said: "A strange country, whose people are clever and clever, can kill hundreds of birds, and travel far away as a flying car." It is said that in Shang Tang's time, someone could build a flying car. Until Zhang Hua's Jin Dynasty, no one could build a flying car. But at least at that time, I had the idea of flying cars. The idea finally came true, and people finally built an airplane. The distance between the sun and the earth could not be solved correctly in Liezi's time, but later scientists finally calculated that the average distance between the earth and the sun was149.6 million kilometers. The progress of science is sometimes influenced by various imaginations. Therefore, it is also good to put forward various imaginations in life. In this sense, this story is also desirable. The benefits of this story can inspire people to think about problems in many ways. The two boys consider this problem from two different angles, which brings this difficult problem. Putting forward a difficult problem is helpful to the popularization of science.

When Liezi wrote this story, we should laugh at Confucius' ignorance. This is because Liezi is a Taoist work and Confucius is a Confucian school, so Taoism should laugh at Confucius. This is very clear. So the conclusion of this article: "Who is Zhihu?" This sarcastic remark is incorrect.

Look at the writing of this article again: put forward the conclusion first, then explain it, which is simple and clear. It is a good way to write clearly, combining people's experience, so although this difficult problem is put forward, it is simple and clear, and the goal is achieved. In the explanation, the author used two metaphors in one place, one is "like a wheel" and the other is "like a plate". These two metaphors illustrate the size of the shape of a day. Combining "the beginning of Japan" and "Japan-China", the reason for the conclusion is very clear. This reason comes from human vision, so it is powerful. Because of people's knowledge at that time, I didn't think that vision was unreliable in some occasions. Another explanation is that one feeling is "pale and bright" and the other metaphor is "like exploring soup" Say a feeling like this, a metaphor, and combine Sunrise and Japan and China to explain the reasons for the conclusion. This comes from people's feelings and is also convincing. At that time, people didn't think that people's feelings were influenced by various conditions. Therefore, for a long time, this "Japan dispute" has had an impact on people's understanding. Now it seems that this question is still useful for the discussion of later scientists.

First, related knowledge

1. When does the sun approach people?

Is the sun near people at noon? Or is it closer to people sooner or later? Seeing the sun earlier or later than noon is mostly an illusion; The sunshine at noon is hotter than that in the morning and evening because the direct sunlight at noon has a shorter journey in the atmosphere and absorbs less heat. First of all, it is necessary to find out why people observe the sun at different distances at noon and in the morning and evening. There are many reasons: (1) The earth is spherical and keeps rotating. If the earth has no other movement except rotation, and the rotation axis is perpendicular to the straight line between the sun and the earth, then for people on the equator, the sun is always closer at noon than in the morning and evening, which means that the distance is equivalent to 6 400 kilometers in radius of the earth. (2) Because the latitude of the earth is different, the observer may not be on the equator. The greater the latitude, the farther away from the equator, and the smaller the distance difference between noon and morning and evening of the sun. (3) The earth not only rotates, but also revolves around the sun. Rotation axis and rotation axis are 23? 5 angles. The direction of the self-rotating shaft changes slowly. So the height of the sun in the sky at noon changes all the year round. (4) The orbit of the earth's revolution is elliptical, so the distance from the center of the earth to the sun changes day by day. (5) The time of sunrise and sunset changes day by day in a year, and the time of sunrise and sunset on the same day changes with latitude. (6) Due to the slow change of the direction of the earth's rotation axis and the influence of planetary gravity on the earth's orbit around the sun, the nearest date between the earth's center and the sun is not fixed. At present, the closest day of the heliocentric and geocentric is 1 2nd of the month, and thereafter it is 17.5 days every thousand years. In view of the above reasons, an appropriate formula can be derived to calculate the distance difference between the sun and the observer at noon and in the morning and evening. The necessary information can be found in the astronomical almanac. The calculation results are as follows: For Beijing at 40 degrees north latitude, the sun is farther than sunrise at present 1 from 22nd to 5th June, at the beginning of February 1 1,000km, at the beginning of March 4,000km and at the beginning of April 6,400km, and then the difference is reduced to zero. After June 5th, the sun is closer at noon than at sunrise, which is nearly 5,800km in early July and 1 6,000km in mid-September, and then the difference is reduced to122nd of the following year. There is a big difference between afternoon and evening. The afternoon of August 1 day to1February 15 is farther than the evening, and the afternoon of the other seven and a half months is closer than the evening, reaching nearly 17000 km in mid-April. ..... The above calculation is made in 1954. However, due to the sixth reason, the impact is not significant in a short time, and the above calculation results are still applicable to the future 100. It can be seen that all phenomena must be explained by science in order to be correct.

(Dai Wensai) "Is the sun closer to us at noon than in the morning and evening?" )

2. What is the reason why the morning is near and cold, and the noon is far and hot?

The sun looks bigger in the morning than at noon. Is the sun closer to us in the morning and farther away from us at noon? That's not true.

Under certain conditions, people will have illusions about objects. An object looks bigger in some small objects, while an object looks smaller in some big objects.

Similarly, in the early morning sunshine, only one corner of the horizon is the sky, and the rest are backed by trees and houses. At noon, the sun has its back to the huge sky overhead, so it seems that the sun at noon is smaller than that in the morning.

In addition, the white figure we see is bigger than the black figure of the same size. This is called photodegradation in physics. When the sun rises, the surrounding sky is dark, so the sun appears bright, and at noon, the surrounding sky is bright. In contrast, the brightness difference between the sun and the background is not so big, which is why we look like the sun is bigger in the morning than at noon. In a word, the sun is the same distance from us in the morning and at noon, so its size is the same, and because of the illusion of eyes, the sun in the morning seems to be bigger than that at noon.

Also, it is hotter at noon than in the morning, is it because the sun is closer to us at noon than in the morning? Not exactly. Why is this?

It is hotter at noon than in the morning because the sun shines directly on the ground at noon and obliquely on the ground in the morning. It can be seen that when the sun is in direct sunlight, the ground and the air receive more solar radiation heat at the same time and in the same area than when the sun is oblique in the morning, so they are heated the most. So it is hotter at noon than in the morning.

In fact, the hot and cold weather mainly depends on the temperature. The main factor affecting the temperature is determined by the radiation intensity of the sun, but solar photothermal is not the main reason for directly raising the temperature. Because the direct absorption of sunlight by air is only a small part of the total solar radiation, most of it is absorbed by the ground. After the ground absorbs the solar radiation heat, it is conducted upward to the air through radiation, convection and other heat transfer methods, which is the main reason for the temperature rise.

In short, it is not because the sun is far from our ground that it is hot at noon and cold in the morning every day. Of course, this is also caused by our parallax.