What treaties did Li Hongzhang sign?

1 Ten Years of Tongzhi (187 1) On July 29th, Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-Japanese Amendment on behalf of China, which was a treaty of equality and mutual benefit. But from the attitude of the Japanese in the process of signing the contract, Li Hongzhang saw that Japan "will inevitably be China's elbow in the future".

In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), the Japanese invaded Taiwan Province. Although this incident was temporarily subsided by signing the Sino-Japanese Treaty on Taiwan Province Affairs, Japan annexed Ryukyu in the fifth year of Guangxu (1879).

Li Hongzhang also signed the Sino-Peruvian Trade Treaty with Peru in the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874) to protect Chinese workers.

In the second year of Guangxu (1876), the Sino-British Yantai Treaty was signed with Britain, which originated from the serious negotiations between China and Britain caused by the "Ma Jiali case". The treaty also allowed British people to enter Tibet by opening four trading ports, namely Yichang, Wuhu, Wenzhou and Beihai, which damaged China's sovereignty.

In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), the Sino-French war started in Vietnam. In Guangxu 10 (1884), Li Hongzhang signed the Li Fu Agreement with French representative Flouno on April 17. In May, with the French attack on lang son, the agreement was torn up again. It was not until the Qing army won the battles in Guangxi and Taiwan Province Province respectively that Li Hongzhang finally signed the Sino-French Vietnam Treaty with French representative Badeno, thus ending the war. France gained the privilege of "protecting" Vietnam and opened the Sino-Vietnamese border to France. Therefore, it is called "invincible in law, unbeaten in China, and defeated."

In the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), the "Shen Jia Incident" broke out in North Korea, and Japan, which had always admired North Korea, took the opportunity to send troops. At that time, when Li Hongzhang signed the Tianjin Treaty with the Japanese minister, it was stipulated that if there was a major event in North Korea, China and Japan needed to know in advance when sending troops. This was a disaster for the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.

On February 18th, the 21st year of Guangxu, Li Hongzhang was ordered to go to Japan as the plenipotentiary minister to negotiate peace. On 23rd, treaty of shimonoseki was signed.

The Qing government's foreign policy changed from "controlling foreign countries" to "strengthening aid". Twenty-two years (1896), on April 22nd, Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty in Moscow. China and Russia formed an alliance to resist Japan, and agreed that Russia would build a Siberian railway, which would pass through China, Heilongjiang and Jilin to Vladivostok.

In the twenty-seventh year (190 1), on July 25th, Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing court, made peace with Eight-Nation Alliance, and signed the Xin Chou Treaty.