Interesting material from the mathematical tabloids.

The name of an interesting mathematical tabloid: mathematical focus

Topics of statistics and probability

The story of mathematicians

Su Yu 1902 was born in a mountain village in Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province in September. Although the family is poor, his parents scrimp and save, and they have to work hard to pay for his education. When he was in junior high school, he was not interested in mathematics. He thinks mathematics is too simple, and he will understand it as soon as he learns it. It can be measured that a later math class influenced his life.

That was when Su was in the third grade. He was studying in No.60 Middle School in Zhejiang Province. Teacher Yang teaches mathematics. He has just returned from studying in Tokyo. In the first class, Mr. Yang didn't talk about math, but told stories. He said: "In today's world, the law of the jungle, the world powers rely on their ships to build guns and gain benefits, and all want to eat and carve up China. The danger of China's national subjugation and extinction is imminent, so we must revitalize science, develop industry and save the nation. Every student here has a responsibility to' rise and fall in the world'. " He quoted and described the great role of mathematics in the development of modern science and technology. The last sentence of this class is: "In order to save the country and survive, we must revitalize science. Mathematics is the pioneer of science. In order to develop science, we must learn math well. "I don't know how many lessons Sue took in her life, but this lesson will never be forgotten.

Teacher Yang's class deeply touched him and injected new stimulants into his mind. Reading is not only to get rid of personal difficulties, but to save the suffering people in China; Reading is not only to find a way out for individuals, but to seek a new life for the Chinese nation. That night, Sue tossed and turned and stayed up all night. Under the influence of Teacher Yang, Su's interest shifted from literature to mathematics, and since then, she has set the motto "Never forget to save the country when reading, and never forget to save the country when reading". I am fascinated by mathematics. No matter it is the heat of winter or the snowy night in first frost, Sue only knows reading, thinking, solving problems and calculating, and has worked out tens of thousands of math exercises in four years. Now Wenzhou No.1 Middle School (that is, the provincial No.10 Middle School at that time) still treasures a Su's geometry exercise book, which is written with a brush and has fine workmanship. When I graduated from high school, my grades in all subjects were above 90.

/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Su went to Japan to study, and won the first place in Tokyo Technical School, where she studied eagerly. The belief of winning glory for our country drove Su to enter the field of mathematics research earlier. At the same time, he has written more than 30 papers, and made great achievements in differential geometry, and obtained the doctor of science degree in 193 1. Before receiving her doctorate, Su was a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics of Imperial University of Japan. Just as a Japanese university was preparing to hire him as an associate professor with a high salary, Su decided to return to China to teach with his ancestors. After the professor of Zhejiang University returned to Suzhou, his life was very hard. In the face of difficulties, Su's answer is, "Suffering is nothing, I am willing, because I have chosen the right road, which is a patriotic and bright road!" "

This is the patriotism of the older generation of mathematicians!

(B) "Interesting math problems"

Xiao Ming and Xiao Gang play games with two turntables as shown in the picture. The rules of the game are as follows: rotate two turntables respectively. When the product of the numbers turned out by the two turntables is odd, Xiao Ming gets 2 points; When the product of the transferred numbers is even, Xiao Gang gets 1 point. Is this game fair to both sides?

Rotary table 1 rotary table 2

One-third represents the probability of odd numbers appearing: to appear odd numbers, two odd numbers must be multiplied, the number 1 can only appear on the turntable 1 (the probability is half), and the numbers 1 and 3 (the probability is two-thirds) need to appear on the turntable 2, so the probability of odd numbers appearing is half times two-thirds equals one-third, and then multiplied by two to get Xiaoming.

The probability that two thirds is an even number: There are two situations: ① As long as the number 2 appears on the turntable 1 (the probability is half), no matter how many numbers appear on the turntable 2, you will get an even number, and the probability is half times 1 equals half. ② The number 1 appears on the dial 1 (half probability), and the number 2 appears on the dial 2 (one third probability). In this case, the probability of one-half times one-third is equal to one-sixth. Adding up the probabilities of the two situations, the probability of even number is one-half plus one-sixth equals two-thirds, and then multiplying by 1 is Xiao Gang's score.

So this game is fair.

(C) "Mathematics Anecdotes"

"Statistics and Probability" in Primary Mathematics

With the changes of society, statistics have been inseparable from people's lives, and life is inseparable from statistics. Because statistics has been pushed to students before living in mathematics courses, in the modern society based on information and technology, people are faced with more opportunities and choices, and often need to make reasonable decisions based on a large number of unorganized data under uncertain circumstances.

In primary school, students should be trained to collect and process data and make appropriate choices and judgments based on the data. It is precisely because of the importance of statistics that "statistical concept" is regarded as one of the important goals of compulsory education mathematics curriculum for the first time in China.

Statistics is a very old science. It is generally believed that its theoretical research began in Aristotle's time in ancient Greece and has a history of more than 2300 years. It originated from the study of social and economic problems, and it is still the basic method for us to study social and economic problems. In the development process of more than two thousand years, statistics has experienced at least three stages of development: polis politics, political arithmetic and statistical analysis science. Probability theory is the theoretical basis of mathematical statistics. Today, statistics has developed into an independent discipline, but it has not yet reached unity. As early as 1869, when discussing the definition of statistics, it was said that there were more than 180 kinds.

Probability theory, the theoretical basis of modern statistics, began with the study of gambling opportunities:17th century, there was a famous gambler named Moeller in France. One day, he gambled with the guards to throw a sieve, and both of them put 30 gold coins. It is agreed that Moeller will win 60 gold coins by throwing six points three times first, and the guard will win 60 gold coins by throwing four points three times first. When Moeller threw 6 points twice and the bodyguard shot 1 4 points, something unexpected happened. The bodyguard officer was informed that he must go back to accompany the king to meet the foreign guests at once. Gambling can't continue, but how to distribute the bets made by two people? Moeller thinks he should get all three quarters, and the bodyguard thinks he should get all one third. They argued endlessly, and finally Moeller wrote to ask Pascal, a famous French mathematician. Pascal found it very interesting, so he wrote to Fermat on July 29th, 1654, and had an exchange and discussion with Fermat, which finally laid a branch of mathematics-probability theory. With the long-term research, the theoretical framework of probability theory has gradually formed.

"Mathematics in Life"

Mathematics in the game

One day, Sister Xixi played a game for us: two people counted from 1 to 10 in turn, and only counted to 1, 2 or 3 at a time. Whoever reports 10 first wins.

Everyone wants to "knock down" each other, but how can they win 100%? This question has been echoing in my mind, which makes me puzzled.

After returning home, I picked ten stones in a small basket for a novice to operate. I called my father and asked him to play this game with me. I found a pen and a notebook and recorded every step I did. The rule is this: my father and I take turns to take stones, up to three, and at least 1. Whoever gets the last one wins.

I lost the first game. It turned out that my father took it first, and my father made me lose "miserably" in the shortest time; I won the second game first, and I really won. ...

I read the record several times, and finally found that I added up the largest and smallest numbers: 1+3 = 4, and divided the total number of stones by the sum of the largest and smallest numbers, which is 10 ÷ 4 = 2...2. If there is a remainder, I will take it first, and the remainder is only a few stones. If there is no remainder, I will take it first. Now that the remainder is 2, I will take 2 stones, and the sum of the remaining stones and the opponent is a divisor of 3, so I can win.

In order to ensure the accuracy of the answer, I took 28 stones and played with my father again. With the above rules, I am invincible! ! !

It turns out that mathematics is everywhere in life, and they are waiting for you to discover!

(E) "Famous mathematical sayings"

People who are used to looking at problems from the perspective of statistical laws are not confined to one end in thought. They not only realize that a thing has certain rules in general, but also admit exceptions.

-Chen Xiru, a famous probability scientist in China.

In the abstract sense, all science is mathematics; In a rational world, all judgments are statistical data.

Famous statistician Rao

Mathematics is the symbol of God's description of nature.

-Hegel