Leo Tolstoy

Resurrection by Leo Tolstoy.

lt;lt;War and Peacegt;gt; Works by Leo Tolstoy.

Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy.

Childhood Works of Leo Tolstoy.

Selected works of Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

Leo Tolstoy Thai novel "Anna Karenina"

Leo Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection"

Summary of "Resurrection": the protagonist of the novel Katyusha Maslow The baby was the adopted daughter of a noble landowner. She was seduced by her master's nephew, the young nobleman Duke Nekhlyudov, and then abandoned. As a result, she fell into a life of misery. She was driven away by her master while she was pregnant. She wandered around and became a prostitute for eight years. Later, she was framed for murder and was arrested and imprisoned. Ten years later, Nekhlyudov appeared as a juror in Maslova's case. He recognized the defendant as Maslova, whom he had abandoned ten years ago, and he was condemned by his conscience. In order to atone for his soul, he traveled around to commute her sentence. When all efforts failed, Maslova was escorted to Siberia, with Nekhludoff accompanying her. On the way, notice came that the emperor had granted Maslova a commutation of her sentence, and the hard labor was changed to exile. Although Maslova still loved Nekhludoff at this time, she refused his proposal for the sake of his future and married the political prisoner Simonson. The experiences of these two protagonists show their spiritual and moral resurrection. The novel exposes those officials who are corrupt and bend the law and touches on the essence of the old law.

"Resurrection"

Reveals the issues of human moral self-improvement and conscience

The resurrection of the most beautiful human emotions

Reflects the stability and compassion of a great man in his later years

One of the world's 100 classics

A classic in the history of Russian literature

"Resurrection" "" is the representative work of the famous Russian writer Tolstoy. I believe many people have read this book when they were students. In our country, six translations have been published since the early 20th century. In the 1930s and 1940s, the play of the same name adapted by the playwrights Tian Han and Xia Yan was published and performed. The work and its protagonist have become extremely familiar and loved by Chinese readers and audiences. Character image.

"Resurrection" is a novel after Tolstoy's worldview changed. It is a concluding work of his exploration of thought, religious ethics and aesthetics. It is a novel based on a real case. It shows the protagonist's "spiritual purification" process, and at the same time reveals the anti-people nature of the Tsarist autocratic bureaucracy and the ugly crimes of the church. It is the most comprehensive and sufficient reflection of The final work of Tolstoy's world view. The plot of the novel is ups and downs, and the characters are deeply portrayed. Toon's sophisticated brushwork in his later years more profoundly reflects the painful struggle between men and women between "spirit and body" than any other of his works. This epic classic work is known as "the encyclopedia of Russian life in the 19th century."

"Resurrection" is the most beautiful poem that praises human sympathy - the most true poem. The book embodies despicability and virtue, all with a neither lenient nor violent attitude, calm wisdom and fraternity. Compassion to observe.

--The famous French critic Romain Rolland

There has never been a work like "Resurrection" in the entire 19th century. It is higher than "Les Misérables" because there is no fantasy here. fictitious, made-up things are all life itself.

--The famous Russian critic Stasov

After reading Tolstoy's "Resurrection", I feel that he is indeed amazing. The prostitute Maslova in his works makes people feel A sense of holiness, while the so-called "holy women" images in some of our novels give people a sense of humility. This shows the difference between masters and ordinary writers.

--The famous writer Chi Zijian

"Resurrection" is a work that summarizes life. It brings out all the dirty things in people's hearts. People's hearts are very complicated, good people and Bad guys, good and evil are complex.

--The famous writer Gao Mang

Read Tolstoy's "Resurrection"

"Resurrection" is the latest of Tolstoy's three masterpieces This work is considered to be the "highest peak" of his creation. It does not have the epic grandeur and bright poetry of "War and Peace", nor the waves and uneasy turmoil of "Anna Karenina" - it completely embodies the stability and compassion of a great man in his old age. The atmosphere!

Here, the writer's sharp vision, precise description, and vigorous writing power have reached an unprecedented height. This is consistent with the seriousness of the content of the work. Here, in the face of human suffering, the writer maintains a superb composure, but the readers cannot help but be deeply shocked by what they see. Tolstoy digs deeper here than before. It can be said that the whole of Russia was turned upside down by him. The art world he reproduces has reached the point where it can be used as a "mirror". Great truth! Precisely because the work has removed the languid elements of romanticism, the whole work shows its power, just like Michelangelo's sculptures. However, this is no ordinary sculpture, it is a magnificent monument. It casts the reality of the entire Russia at the end of the 19th century. It is engraved with poor people, nobles, jailers, prisoners, revolutionaries, doctors, prostitutes, students... It is mixed with repentance, mercy, tolerance, shamelessness, fraud, debauchery... Here , the author sang the most noble song of human art: "We shed tears for the unfortunate, and the joys and sorrows of the world touch our hearts."

When we open this book, we can't help but feel There is a resurrection of the soul - the resurrection of the most beautiful human emotions! Even today, many people may be quietly burying their beautiful feelings without even realizing it. At this time, don’t we need works like “Resurrection” to awaken our sleeping hearts?

Just as flowers and plants need the rain of spring to grow new green, human beings need fraternity and compassion to continue and progress without borders. Or maybe that’s what makes Resurrection immortal.

Although "Resurrection" is written about the confession of aristocrats, Tolstoy does not regard this motif as a patent for aristocrats. He places confession within the human heart and is universal. unfolding in contradiction. Human beings have both divine nature and animal nature. When people indulge themselves, they may fall; but when they become conscious, they may be "resurrected." Therefore, Tolstoy advocated using "moral self-fulfillment" to change social inequality and evil. In the era of fierce social revolution, he advocated "not to use violence to resist evil", which was against class struggle. However, as a kind of document about human beings' pursuit of spiritual liberation, in our era where moral self-improvement is regarded as a joke, reading such a book may cause some feeling of shame.

Reference material: /20040330/00407872.html

I read Gao Zhi’s translation, and I have also read Dong Qiusi’s translation. Some of the comments below are added by me now. Tuesday, October 30, 1984 Sunny Today I read the first volume of Old Tolstoy's "War and Peace" again, and I was deeply moved by the "Death" of Prince Andrey. "If everyone fought only for his own beliefs, there would be no war." (Andrey's words on page 36) When Countess Rostov gave Anna Mihalovna money (my explanation): Anna Mihalovna had embraced her and was crying, and the countess was crying too. They were crying because they were friends and because they had good hearts; because they had been friends since childhood, but they were worried about such vulgar things as money; Also because their youth has passed...but both of them shed happy tears. (page 85) Christian love, love for others, love for enemies, is more valuable and sweeter than the emotions that the beautiful eyes of a young man can arouse in the heart of a poetic and passionate girl like yourself, more beautiful.

What’s interesting is that Pierre’s thinking is not necessarily more superficial than Andre’s, but he is always a thinker and is not good at putting it into action. It reminded me of those exiled revolutionaries in Paris who often talked about revolution in bistros and cafes. Andrey was different. The reforms Tolstoy later implemented in his own manor were actually a reflection of Andrey. Only the two of them can get along, and the other nobles are all pretentious, flashy and beautiful snobs (except, of course, the simple-minded Count Rostov, who is based on his father). Tolstoy's thoughts were far ahead of his time. He opposed the feudal system, but he also doubted the advanced ideas and systems of the emerging bourgeoisie (of course, not on the opposite side). I used to be suspicious of him in this way. I don't take it seriously for "obscure" thoughts. However, as my experience increases and I observe and think about the development of the contemporary world, now that I think about it carefully, I find that his thoughts and views are so far-sighted and profound. Not only does he see As the body near death decayed, we also saw the flaws of the newborn baby at that time that only the profound people can see now. As the saying goes, three years old makes you look older, and seven years old makes you look older. What an eternal Tolstoy! (I have just added this personal comment.) Sonia walked through the hall and into the pantry, holding a cup. Natasha glanced at her through the crack in the pantry door, and it seemed to her that she remembered a time when light came in through the crack in the pantry door and Sonia passed by with a cup. "Yes, it's exactly, exactly the same," thought Natasha. (Page 739) How come this life and psychological details are so similar to my occasional mental activities. It's really strange, Tortoise is not the roundworm in my stomach. How could this extraordinary man bring such subtle psychological details to life in words? Admire, admire! Saturday, December 1, 1984 Sunny A man lives consciously for himself, but he is an unconscious instrument for the historical purposes achieved by all mankind. Actions committed by people are irreversible. One person's actions occur at the same time as countless actions of others, and they have historical significance. The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more people he has relationships with, the greater his power over others, and the more obvious his destiny and inevitability in every action become. ......... The emperor - is the slave of history. (Page 864) A person cannot help himself in the world, let alone one who is in a position of power. This is "responsibility". Normally, he must do what he wants, otherwise it will not work, and it will have immeasurable impact. , even major historical events. Therefore, there must be some inevitability in their behavior, and they must act in accordance with certain laws. And his behavior affects the conscious daily life of each of us as unconscious tools of history, thereby constituting normal human life and the historical development process of groups, societies, countries, and even the world. There is a French sentence on page 870 of the third volume of Monday, December 10, 1984 that is interesting: "Quos vult perdere—dementat" (meaning: Whoever you want to destroy—take away his or her sanity) Bofour (note on page 887: "K.L.A. Pfuel" (1751-1827) was a Prussian general who served in the Russian army after the Battle of Jena and drafted the first Russian plan in the 1812 campaign). He was the kind of person who was hopelessly confident and unchangeable. , only Germans are such people who are so confident that they can be martyred, precisely because only Germans’ self-confidence is based on an abstract concept - science, which is false knowledge of absolute truth. The French are confident because they believe that they are equally irresistibly attractive to men and women, both intellectually and physically. The British self-confidence is based on the fact that he is the most organized people in the world, so he, as a British, always knows what he should do, and knows that, as a British, everything he does, there is no doubt that he is Yes. The Italian is confident because he is impulsive and tends to forget himself and others. The Russian is confident precisely because he knows nothing and does not want to know, and because he does not believe that he can fully understand anything.

The German's self-confidence is the worst, the most stubborn and the most annoying, because he thinks he knows the truth, the science. This science was invented by himself, but in his own opinion it is the absolute truth. (Page 911-912) As the saying goes: the rigor of the Germans, the calmness of the British, the charm of the French, the impulsiveness of the Italians, the suspicion and cunning of the Russians. Haha, the Germans are engineers, the British are politicians, the French are actors, the Italians are athletes, and the Russians are country bumpkins (but these are the people described by Trotsky and Gorky, not the current education level in the world) The highest number of Russians). Not only does a good commander not need genius or any special quality, but what he needs is a lack of the noblest and best qualities of mankind - love, poetry, kindness, philosophical and inquiring doubt. He should be restrained and firmly believe that what he is doing is important (otherwise he will not have enough patience). Only then can he be a brave commander. God does not allow him to have humanity, to love or sympathize with anyone, or to think about what is right and what is wrong. This shows that the genius' theory has been fabricated for them a long time ago, because they have power. The victory of the war is not determined by them, but by the person in the team who shouts "Down!" or shouts "Ula!" (Page 917-918) War is the most barbaric act that dehumanizes, so why should we think of the most civilized things such as love, poetry, philosophy, etc.? It reminded me of an image that suddenly flashed into my mind: a man devouring a whole chicken, but his eyes shed tears of kindness because he was very sympathetic to the tragic fate of the chicken (isn't this a crocodile?) . But eating chicken is important to us humans, so all human morality, theory, art, etc. are fabricated for eating chicken. But what is the use of all this theory? Once you get the chicken, just eat it. All other thoughts, theories, etc. are redundant. In addition, it can also be seen from the above content that Thomas has always opposed scientific methods, advocating not to use the human brain to create and develop some principles as a matter of course, but to use the natural intuitive judgment given by "God" to engage in a major event. "He (note: referring to your Russian commander-in-chief Kutusov) will not have any ideas of his own. He will not plan anything or do anything," Prince Andrey thought, "but he will Listening to everything, remembering everything, putting everything in its place, not blocking anything that is useful, not allowing anything that is harmful, he knows that there is something more powerful and important than his will - this is the event. The inevitable trend is that he can see these events and understand the importance of these events, and when he understands this importance, he can not interfere with these events and give up his personal will. His personal will is something else. Purpose. (Page 1016) That is to say, people have innate insight, and things also have their own irreversible development trends, and things like human will are often caused by people's own physical and psychological interference. If you want something to have a good result, you must "see" the "inevitable trend" of the thing. The key to success is whether you can give up your unchangeable will in a timely manner (Andelai said. ) "Ah, my friend, lately I have found life miserable. I know, I know too much. It is not suitable for people to try the fruits of the knowledge of good and evil... (page 1105) It is indeed a kind of pain. It is best for people to be peaceful and quiet, not to think too much about anything, just like chickens and pigs, just to eat enough for now. Sleep well and don't think about their ultimate fate. Only in this way can a person spend his life happily and contentedly. Troubles are often brought upon by thoughtful people. On January 14, 1985, I finished watching the second episode of "Monday Clear" and borrowed the first episode from the library. Unfortunately, this third episode was translated by Dong Qiusi, and some of the translations were different from the Gao Zhi translation I had been reading. The same, and Gao Zhi's third episode could not be found, so the connection could not be made for a while, so I borrowed Gao Zhi's translated third episode elsewhere. Prince Andrey could no longer restrain himself, and he shed deep, loving tears for his companions, for himself, for their mistakes and for his own.

I am not willing to pay the price of a lifetime of emotion and joy just to get relief from the pain that will eventually become a thing of the past. No, I don't want to, it's not worth it, it's very not worth it! Even if he, the supposedly omnipresent and omnipotent monster whose existence I do not believe, insists on me going to see him, I will definitely try my best to fight and resist like a child who is reluctant to be forced to take injections. Go and yell. I don't want to easily let that thing take me to a place I can never come back from. Of course, when my departure becomes irreversible, I will be devastated, not just for myself. I remember reading a book about Strauss's life. When he was dying in the arms of his lover, he sang the last old German folk song intermittently in a daze: Children, children, we have to say goodbye now. . No matter how beautiful the sun is, it will eventually go down... Hey - what a beautiful thing it is to be alive! The entire cause of a phenomenon cannot be understood by the human mind. But there is a desire in the human heart to find reasons. The human mind often does not consider the countless complex conditions (each condition can be independently used as the cause of the phenomenon), but grasps the first and clearest approximate cause and says: This is the cause. In historical events (where the object of observation is the substance of men's actions), the first and most primitive approximation is the will of God, and later of those who occupy the most prominent historical positions, namely, the heroes of history. But as long as we explore the essence of each historical event, that is, explore the activities of the entire group of people participating in the event, we will believe that the will of historical heroes not only never leads the actions of the group of people, but that they themselves are often led. …The cause of historical events is the sum of all causes. Apart from this sole cause, there is no and cannot be any other cause. But there are some laws that govern events. Some of the laws are unknown to people, and some can be understood. These laws can be discovered only when we have completely given up the search for causes in individual will, just as the laws of planetary motion can be discovered only when people give up the concept of an immobile earth. (1398-1399) Perhaps sometimes, when we listen to music and flip through the early diaries or two old books that have been curled and worn in front of the desk in the study at home on Sundays, we feel a sense of gratitude in our hearts?