What are the sayings about the earliest age of Byzantium?

The historical features of Byzantium officially opened the ancient city of Byzantium as "New Rome", with Constantine I as its east capital, which was in 330 AD. Later, the city was renamed Constantinople, which means "City of Constantine". The historical origin of Byzantium has long been a controversial issue among historians, and scholars have different opinions on this era, with nearly 10 views. This book adopts the general theory of 330 years as the beginning of Byzantine national history.

In a real sense, Byzantine countries had a relatively perfect political entity in 330 years. At this time, it was a turning point in the historical development of the Roman Empire. The "3rd century crisis" occurred, which plunged the Roman Empire into comprehensive social turmoil and political chaos. In the turbulent situation, the relatively stable Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine Empire gradually developed, and its political status as the center of imperial rule gradually surpassed that of the Western Empire. Since the reign of Emperor Diocletian (from 245 or 246 to about 3 16), many emperors since then have set their palaces in the eastern part of the empire. It was not until 330 that Constantine I officially opened the expanded Byzantine city as a "new Rome", which marked the formation of a political entity with an independent political center. At this time, the status of Rome and Apennine Peninsula as the political center of the empire has existed in name only. This new country has brought a new atmosphere. After moving the capital, Constantine I carried out a series of reforms in the new country. The new country also established a blood hereditary dynasty different from the old Roman monarchy. Constantine I passed on the position of emperor to his son Constantine II (reigned in 337-340), and later passed on four emperors of the same family, thus beginning the history of the Byzantine empire. At the same time, the new empire established central and local bureaucracies, which were appointed and removed by the emperor, loyal to the emperor and paid salaries. The Byzantine society formed Constantine the Great, a huge bureaucratic class, which was essentially different from the officials who were representatives of citizens in the Roman Empire. Of course, with bureaucracy, the army and the law are indispensable. The establishment of these state institutions directly served the emperor's rule. The emperor became the supreme commander of the army, as well as a legislator and supreme judge. The drastic change of political system in Byzantine countries has its profound economic background. Since the "crisis in the 3rd century A.D.", the Western Roman Empire has fallen into the crisis of economic depression, population decline, urban ruin and commercial decline, which is irreversible. On the contrary, the Eastern Roman Empire has a variety of economic forms, which makes it more flexible and more adaptable to crises. In early Byzantine countryside, there were commune system, peasant system and free small-scale peasant system. The diversity of family and village organization made the eastern Mediterranean coastal areas with relatively developed agricultural economy avoid the serious agricultural crisis similar to that of the western Roman Empire, thus providing relatively stable economic development conditions for early Byzantine countries. The relatively stable political situation in the early Byzantine countries also enabled the Byzantine Empire, which had geographical advantages in commercial trade, to inherit the tradition of East-West trade initiated by the ancient world and develop active international commercial activities, making Constantinople a "golden bridge connecting East and West" (Marxist language). Obviously, in 330, the Eastern Mediterranean Economic Zone centered on Constantinople was formed. It is no longer a subsidiary part of the western Roman empire economy, but a region with an independent economic system. Not only that, its prosperity and development far exceeded the western part of the Roman Empire.