Guidelines for emergency evacuation drills in primary and secondary schools and kindergartens

Guidelines for emergency evacuation drills in primary and secondary school kindergartens

In order to strengthen the guidance on emergency evacuation drills in primary and secondary kindergartens (hereinafter referred to as schools) and improve the organization and management level of school emergency evacuation drills, This guide is specially developed to strengthen teachers and students' safety awareness and emergency avoidance capabilities, and to cultivate students' safety literacy that will benefit them throughout their lives. (1) Carefully prepared and scientifically organized. The school must ensure the safety of participating teachers and students and strictly prevent crowding and stampede accidents. It is necessary to plan in advance, put forward plans, make relevant preparations as early as possible, and try to avoid severe weather such as rain and snow. Under the premise of ensuring safety, through scientific and reasonable organization, we can ensure that evacuation drills are safe, orderly, effective and fast.

(2) Focus on actual combat and pay attention to details. The drill should be based on simulating real scenarios when emergencies occur, and should focus on improving the command and coordination capabilities of school emergency command personnel, the emergency response capabilities of various departments, and the emergency avoidance, self-rescue and mutual rescue capabilities of teachers and students. Schools should formulate scientific and reasonable drill plans and refine and implement them into all aspects of the drill to ensure that the overall organization of the drill and each link are scientific and reasonable.

(3) Clear goals and proceed step by step. The time left for people to escape from earthquakes, fires and other disasters is limited, usually about 2 minutes. Emergency evacuation drills should have a clear final time target. In principle, middle school students should complete it within 2 minutes, and primary school students should complete it within 3 minutes. It is necessary to proceed from the actual situation of the school, set reasonable time requirements, gradually improve through regular drills, and finally achieve the set goals.

(4) Based on reality and strive for practical results. The drill should be closely combined with the actual situation of the school, clarify the theme of the drill, and reasonably determine the time, location, participants, form, content, scale, evacuation routes, and safeguard measures of the drill. It is necessary to pay attention to the evaluation, assessment and summary of the drill effects and organizational work, and promptly rectify existing problems to achieve practical results. The preparation stage for the drill should include: formulating the drill plan, establishing the drill organizational structure, pre-drill safety education and other preparations.

(1) Formulate a drill plan

The emergency evacuation drill plan should be based on the nature of the school, its geographical location, surrounding environment, the number of faculty, staff and students, and the buildings (structures) on campus. The actual situation such as type and quantity is formulated based on the "National Public Security Emergency Emergency Plan", "Education System Public Security Emergency Emergency Plan" and other corresponding emergency plans.

The drill plan should generally include the following content: drill theme, drill purpose and significance, drill time and location, participants in the drill, drill organizational structure and personnel division of labor, drill preparations, evacuation routes, drill procedures, and safeguard measures , aftermath disposal and information reporting, etc. The drill plan should be: complete in content, concise and standardized, clear in responsibilities, scientific in route, specific in measures, and easy to operate.

Relevant requirements:

1. Emergency evacuation places: Emergency evacuation places are usually set up in playgrounds, squares, etc., which should be ventilated and relatively wide. Emergency evacuation sites should be far away from tall buildings (structures), and the distance from buildings (structures) should be greater than one-third of their height; areas that may have an impact on personal safety, such as toxic gas storage, should be avoided Grounds, storage areas for flammable and explosive materials or nuclear radioactive materials, high-voltage power transmission and transformation lines and other facilities; avoid areas prone to geological disasters such as steep slopes; the evacuation site should have two or more evacuation roads with different directions connected to the outside world. .

2. Emergency evacuation passages: Keep evacuation passages and safety exits clear, and it is prohibited to occupy evacuation passages; it is prohibited to lock or block safety exits and safety doors of classrooms, laboratories, dormitories, etc.; old-fashioned interiors of rooms should be The opening windows should be changed to outward-opening or sliding windows. The protective fences of the first-floor windows should comply with fire protection requirements and can be opened quickly in case of emergency.

3. Emergency evacuation routes: According to the distribution of students and the structure of the building, rationally determine the evacuation routes for each class and rationally divert traffic. Standards should be established and measures should be refined to ensure that congestion or even stampedes do not occur when a large number of students meet in the corridors or unexpected situations occur. Evacuation routes should avoid crossing highways, densely trafficked and dangerous sections.

4. Emergency evacuation terms: Faculty and staff should use standardized, brief, and clear evacuation terms throughout the entire process of organizing students to avoid danger and evacuate.

5. Emergency alarm signal: The alarm signal should have strong coverage, independence and differentiation, and consider alternatives in special situations such as power outages.

Coverage: The alarm signal can effectively cover every location in the school; Independence: When auxiliary means such as broadcasting are not available or cannot be taken in time, the alarm signal can independently convey accurate information to teachers and students; Difference: It is consistent with the daily life of the school The ringtones, radio sounds and other sounds should be different. There should also be a clear distinction between danger avoidance signals and evacuation signals.

6. Evacuation time: From the time when the evacuation signal is sent to the completion of the evacuation of all teachers and students (except for injured teachers and students), in principle, schools with lower floors (below 4 floors), reasonable safety exits, and clear passages It should be controlled within 2 minutes.

7. Number of emergency drills: Primary and secondary schools must conduct emergency evacuation drills at least once a month, and kindergartens must conduct emergency evacuation drills at least once every quarter. Emergency evacuation drills can be combined with school flag-raising, recess exercises, group activities, etc. Urban primary and secondary schools and rural boarding schools with a large number of students should appropriately increase the number of emergency evacuation drills. Schools with a good foundation in emergency evacuation drills should strengthen random emergency evacuation drills. On the basis of ensuring safety, schools with boarding students and evening self-study students should focus on strengthening emergency evacuation drills during meal times, lunch breaks and nighttime. Schools that use school buses should also regularly organize students to conduct emergency response drills for school bus safety accidents. Small-scale emergency drills can be conducted in groups, classes or grades according to the drill content.

(2) Establish a drill organization structure

The school should establish and improve the drill organization structure according to the requirements of the drill plan. Establish a drill headquarters (leadership group) composed of the principal, relevant school leaders and staff to be fully responsible for the organization, leadership, coordination and command of the drill activities, and at the same time implement the specific work of each member during the drill. There is a commander-in-chief, deputy commander-in-chief and relevant members.

Main responsibilities:

1. Be fully responsible for emergency evacuation drills. The commander-in-chief must personally organize and direct on-site to ensure the effectiveness of the drill.

2. Execute relevant instructions and orders from superiors. Members of the leadership team shall assume their respective responsibilities according to the functions and responsibilities of their departments and conscientiously carry out emergency evacuation work.

3. Reasonably delineate emergency evacuation sites (hazard shelters) and evacuation passages in and around the school, clarify emergency evacuation signals, set up emergency evacuation instructions, and educate students to familiarize themselves with and master emergency evacuation plans.

The exercise headquarters should set up a number of teams to clarify responsibilities and implement personnel.

1. Organization and coordination group: Responsible for the formulation of drill plans; coordination and command of the drill process; uploading and distributing information, external contact, etc.

2. Publicity and Reporting Group: Responsible for arranging publicity and education before the drill, photography, recording, timing, summary, etc. of the drill.

3. Evacuation Guidance Group: Responsible for scientifically preparing and posting school emergency evacuation route maps, class emergency evacuation routes, etc.; guiding and organizing the safe and orderly evacuation of teachers and students; helping injured and sick students evacuate and properly relocate; After completion, assist other groups in their work.

4. Emergency rescue team: Responsible for organizing and implementing self-rescue and mutual rescue as soon as possible, rescuing teachers and students in distress, and rescuing important property, files, etc. as appropriate; checking students' physical and mental conditions, providing temporary treatment and necessary psychological counseling ; If an accident occurs during the drill, the team is responsible for transporting the injured teachers and students to the designated safe area as soon as possible, and quickly contacting the emergency center or calling 120. Before the arrival of professional medical personnel, the rescue team should take necessary rescue measures to treat the injured teachers and students. Whoever wins time. Prevent secondary disasters from occurring.

5. Logistics support group: Responsible for security and security work, setting up drill venues, maintaining drill order, sounding drill alarms; preparing communication, signage, broadcasting, rescue and other materials and equipment required for drills; inspection and recovery School water, electricity, communications and other logistical support facilities.

Each group should have a responsible person to coordinate the work of the group. Each group should fully understand the responsibilities of the group before the drill and implement the responsibilities to each member; during the drill, they should work according to their responsibilities. After the evacuation is completed, the leaders of each group should provide timely feedback and reports to the commander-in-chief. The school can adjust the organizational structure of the drill based on the drill theme and the actual situation of the school to ensure the quality of the drill.

(3) Publicity and education before the drill

The school should rely on the campus network, campus radio, promotional showcases, blackboards and other communication carriers before the drill, through special meetings based on the theme of the drill. Publish the evacuation drill plan to all teachers and students in the school through various channels and methods such as classes, school meetings, etc., so that teachers and students can clarify the necessity and basic steps of the drill, and become familiar with evacuation procedures, evacuation signals, evacuation routes, evacuation sequences, and gathering after evacuation. Venue and time requirements, etc.

Teachers and students are organized to learn safety knowledge in a targeted manner and master the methods and skills of danger avoidance, evacuation, evacuation, self-rescue and mutual rescue.

(4) Physical inquiry and examination of teachers and students before the drill

Before the drill, a physical inquiry and examination of teachers and students should be conducted. Anyone with special constitutions (congenital heart disease, epilepsy Special considerations and arrangements must be made for teachers and students who have fever, leg injuries, etc. before the drill and are not suitable for intense and running activities.

(5) Other preparations

1. Strengthen coordination and publicity work. Schools should report to the education authorities before the drill. According to different drill themes, education departments, primary and secondary schools should strengthen communication and coordination with public security, traffic control, earthquake, fire protection and other departments, invite professionals to schools for guidance, help schools improve plans, and strengthen process guidance. The school can notify relevant departments and surrounding units according to the situation, and announce the time, location, and content of the drill through broadcasts, websites, banners, etc., to avoid misunderstandings, rumors, and panic, and to ensure the safe and smooth conduct of the drill.

2. Print drill-related documents. Including drill plans, drill personnel manuals, drill scripts, etc.; equipped with necessary equipment and equipment as appropriate, such as: chest-mounted emergency work badges and commander and safety evacuation personnel signs, flashlights, emergency lights, whistles, walkie-talkies, hand-held loudspeakers, medical First aid kits, fire extinguishing equipment, warning lines, etc.

3. Post evacuation route maps and instruction signs. Post an emergency evacuation diagram in each classroom, dormitory, office or behind the door. Post an emergency evacuation diagram and instructions for reaching the refuge at appropriate locations in the evacuation channels of teaching buildings, dormitories, office buildings, laboratory buildings and other places. Dangerous locations should be equipped with instruction signs, floor plans and evacuation diagrams with written explanations. Instructions, floor plans and evacuation diagrams should be clear, complete, concise and standardized, and beautiful.

4. Prepare practice equipment. Before and after the drill, the logistics support team should propose a drill fund application plan and purchase or prepare smoke generators, alarms, site signs and other items required for the drill as needed. The implementation of the drill includes hazard avoidance subjects and evacuation subjects. Under normal circumstances, earthquake evacuation drills implement hazard avoidance subjects and evacuation subjects in sequence; fire evacuation drills directly implement evacuation subjects; other emergency evacuation drills should be specifically arranged based on actual conditions. Schools may add or strengthen subjects and contents such as medical rescue, health and epidemic prevention, personnel search and rescue, public security maintenance, fire disposal, and hazardous chemicals disposal as appropriate based on actual conditions.

(1) Hazard avoidance subjects

1. The commander-in-chief announced the start of the drill, and the radio sounded: "Now the earthquake is coming, emergency evacuation is implemented." At the same time, the hazard avoidance alarm signal (telephone Bells, sirens, whistles, etc.) sound and sound for 60 seconds.

2. After hearing the signal, faculty and staff in classrooms, laboratories, and dormitories should immediately notify students of an earthquake and take shelter. Faculty and staff in laboratories and other places should quickly turn off fire, power, and gas sources, and handle flammable, explosive, and chemically reactive items.

3. Hazard avoidance requirements for teachers and students: stay calm and clear-headed; squat or lie nearby a desk, experimental table, bed, or at the base or corner of a load-bearing wall; use your hands or other soft objects, etc. Protect your head, curl up your body as much as possible, lower your body's center of gravity, reduce the area, stay away from windows, avoid lamp fans, and avoid being hit; turn off the fire source, power supply, etc. as appropriate. In principle, the avoidance action must be completed within 12 seconds.

(2) Evacuation subjects

1. After a fire or after an earthquake is suspended, when evacuation is required, the broadcast will sound: "There is a fire now (the emergency evacuation is now over), everyone Teachers and students should evacuate immediately." At the same time, the evacuation alarm signal (electric bell, siren, whistle, etc.) will sound for 60 seconds, pause for 30 seconds, and repeat twice as a cycle, with a maximum duration of 3 minutes.

2. Faculty and staff in classrooms, laboratories, dormitories and other places immediately inform students to "follow the evacuation route and evacuate quickly", organize students to evacuate in an orderly manner from the front and rear doors, and organize students to evacuate in an orderly manner according to classrooms, laboratories, dormitories and other places. The waiting positions are arranged according to different floors, and the nearest evacuation stairs are used to evacuate downwards.

3. Students should evacuate to safe havens immediately. Requirements: stay calm and obey instructions; all students should evacuate quickly, duck down, protect their heads, and cover their noses (when encountering heavy smoke, they can use clothes, Cover your mouth and nose with a towel or other available items, and keep your walking posture as low as possible to prevent smoke from entering the respiratory tract.

If the smoke is particularly thick and makes it difficult to breathe, you can crawl close to the wall, because there is often fresh air left nearby); do not crowd, do not push others, do not coax, do not make loud noises, do not rush to be the first, and do not hold hands. Don't play around, don't bend over to pick up things, don't walk against the current; in a crowded crowd, keep your elbows open and flat on your chest to create a certain space to breathe; when you find someone in front of you has fallen, stop immediately Step down and shout for help at the same time, telling the people behind you not to move forward; when you fall, you should get up as soon as possible; when you are stepped on, interlock your hands and fingers to protect the back of your head and neck, and keep your elbows forward , protect your temples on both sides, and bend your knees forward as much as possible to protect the important organs in the chest and abdominal cavity.

4. Relevant requirements for fire evacuation in mid- and high-rise buildings: When conducting fire evacuation in mid- and high-rise buildings with more than 7 floors, it is strictly prohibited to take ordinary elevators (you can take fire elevators if conditions permit) or jump off the floor to escape; Students below the 10th floor can use the stairways and corridors to escape downwards if possible; students above the 12th floor can cover their mouths and noses with wet towels and run to the rooftop or find a safe place such as the balcony to take shelter as soon as possible while waiting for professionals rescue. Schools that have the conditions can prepare their own high-altitude descent devices or life ropes. Students can use these facilities to leave dangerous floors. They can also use the ropes, sheets, curtains, and clothes around them to make simple life ropes, wet them with water, and pull them from the window sill or balcony. The rope slowly slides to the floor below to escape the fire floor.

5. The evacuation guidance team will rush to the designated location (stairs, corners, building entrances, etc.) as soon as possible to guide the evacuation, direct students to maintain order, control the speed, and evacuate one by one. At the same time, depending on the actual situation, you can shout "Everyone pay attention to your steps to prevent slipping; maintain order and don't crowd; protect your head and be careful of falling objects; someone falls, be careful; don't run back, don't pick up things" and other prompts depending on the actual situation. . Help people in difficulty evacuate. If emergencies such as crowding and falls occur, the teacher responsible for evacuation guidance should immediately report to the headquarters and organize the orderly evacuation of students after the danger is eliminated. Students can only be evacuated after the evacuation is complete.

Organize and coordinate the team to do the drill command and coordination; the publicity and reporting team to do the drill recording (photography, photography, etc.) and timing; the logistics support team to do the alarm and other work; the emergency rescue team Do a good job in treating the wounded and other tasks.

6. After students are evacuated to safe havens, they should form a queue and stand at designated locations according to the class to avoid confusion. The head teacher or the person in charge of statistics will conduct class and grade personnel statistics; the emergency rescue team will check the physical and psychological conditions of the students, and provide temporary treatment and psychological counseling; the logistics support team will inspect the school's facilities, materials, etc. After completion, the leaders of each group will report to the commander-in-chief in a timely manner and take the next step according to the commander-in-chief's instructions.

7. The commander-in-chief announced the end of the exercise. (1) The commander-in-chief shall conduct an on-site summary and comment on the exercise, which mainly includes the organization of the exercise, the objectives and effects of the exercise, problems exposed during the exercise and their solutions, etc.

(2) Based on the theme and purpose of the drill, corresponding safety education can be appropriately carried out.

(3) Clean and restore the drill site, recycle and organize drill materials and equipment.

(4) Summarize and evaluate the drill. All departments and relevant personnel conduct summary and evaluation through interviews, filling out evaluation forms, and submitting reports. Schools that have the conditions can establish an independent evaluation mechanism and hire relevant personnel to evaluate the entire exercise.

(5) Organize and save drill text and video materials.