Let’s talk about the current hot international conflicts.

Since the International Conference on the Middle East held by the United States in Annapolis last November, the Arab League and some Arab countries have been promoting reconciliation between the Palestinian Fatah and Hamas factions and coordinating the Lebanese factions. In terms of determining the presidential candidate as soon as possible, we have a positive attitude and have done a lot of promotion work. For a long time, Egypt has been the most important Arab country in mediating conflicts among Palestinian factions and promoting dialogue and negotiations between Palestine and Israel. On June 17, the agreement between Hamas and Israel on the first phase of the ceasefire in Gaza was brokered in Cairo. This year, local public opinion summarized this type of mediation by regional countries into several models. In addition to "Egyptian mediation" and "Saudi mediation," "Yemen mediation" and "Qatar mediation" were also added. Specifically, they refer to the February 23 Saudi mediation. President Leh proposed the "Yemen Initiative" and invited the two Palestinian factions to Sana'a to discuss the reorganization of the Palestinian national unity government on March 22. In mid-April, Qatar invited Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Livni, who had not yet established diplomatic relations, to attend the "Doha Forum" in an attempt to Efforts to promote Palestinian-Israeli negotiations. It is worth noting that Turkey has also intervened in an important link in the Middle East peace process that has been neglected for a long time, namely the negotiations between Syria and Israel. Israeli Prime Minister Olmert said on June 18 that under the mediation of Turkey, Israel and Syria will begin indirect negotiations in the near future and will directly engage in peace talks once the schedule and issues are agreed upon.

The intervention of regional countries in resolving hot-spot issues in the Middle East is of positive significance. Although it cannot be said that it will always be effective, it can improve the atmosphere and reduce the probability of violent conflicts. In late May this year, it was through the mediation of Qatar and the Arab League that Lebanese factions finally agreed to let Suleiman serve as president, which solved the problem of the vacancy of the Lebanese head of state that had been delayed for about half a year, which was a major highlight. Currently, the Palestinian-Israeli ceasefire agreement has expired and conflicts have resumed. Abbas has gone to Cairo to invite Egypt to mediate again with a view to extending the agreement, which also reflects this tendency of countries in the Middle East.

(1) Russia-Georgia Conflict

Since taking office, Georgian President Saakashvili has been actively pursuing the policy of integrating with the West and joining NATO, and has received strong support from the United States. However, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which demand independence, have become a major obstacle on the road to "joining the treaty", and their demands for independence have received strong support from Russia secretly. After Kosovo declared independence in February 2008, Russia began to openly support the independence movements in both places. On the one hand, Georgia firmly opposes this, and on the other hand, it actively seeks international support, especially the support of the United States, and conducts joint military exercises with the United States and other countries.

After entering July, the situation in South Ossetia and the relations between Georgia and Russia suddenly became tense. On July 10, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement stating that Russia had received information that the Georgian army might invade South Ossetia on the pretext of rescuing detained soldiers. In order to clarify the situation, Russian military aircraft conducted a short flight in the airspace of South Ossetia. Special Foreign Minister Tekshelashvili said that the Russian Foreign Ministry’s statement was tantamount to an admission that Russian fighter jets had invaded Georgian airspace. This is contempt for Georgian sovereignty. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said on the same day that Georgia's decision to join NATO would make the conflicts between Georgia and Abkhazia and South Ossetia "completely unresolvable." In order to prevent conflicts from happening again, Georgia must immediately sign an agreement with these two places to renounce the use of force.

In early August, the situation in South Ossetia escalated from tension to serious conflict. The Georgian army and South Ossetian armed personnel exchanged fire from time to time, and both accused the other party of opening fire first. To ease tensions, Georgia proposed direct dialogue with the South Ossetian authorities, while Russia advocated holding negotiations within the framework of the Mixed Supervisory Commission for the Resolution of the South Ossetian Conflict. On August 7, representatives from Georgia and Russia met in Tbilisi on the negotiation model, but failed to reach an agreement. Georgian President Saakashvili issued a unilateral ceasefire order on the same day, reiterated that South Ossetia would enjoy "unrestricted" autonomy, and invited Russia to serve as a guarantor. This was just a "feint shot" by Saakashvili. On August 8, the Georgian army suddenly surrounded the city of Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, in an attempt to capture the city in a blitzkrieg. Unexpectedly, Russia was well prepared, and an armored unit of the Russian 58th Army quickly arrived in Tskhinvali.

On August 9, Russian Army Commander-in-Chief Bordylev ordered the army and aviation forces to use fire suppression to achieve a ceasefire in the peacekeeping mission area.

In response to this conflict, both Russia and Georgia insisted that they were justified. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that Russia's actions absolutely have a legal basis and are legal and necessary. According to current international agreements, Russia not only has to perform peacekeeping functions, but also has the obligation to protect the other party if one party violates the ceasefire agreement. Russian Permanent Representative to the United Nations Churkin told the press that all Russian military operations fall within the scope of peacekeeping tasks, and their scope is limited to South Ossetia. On August 10, Russian President Medvedev stated that those who commit crimes against civilians in South Ossetia will be punished, including criminal responsibility. He will order the Military Procuratorate to conduct an investigation into the relevant crimes. In the face of Russia's accusations, Georgia showed no weakness. Georgian President Saakashvili announced on the 9th that due to Russia's invasion of Georgia, he ordered the country to enter a "wartime state" and conduct a general mobilization of reserve forces. Lomaia, secretary of the Georgian National Security Council, later said that the Georgian parliament unanimously approved the order signed by Saakashvili that day, declaring the country to enter a state of martial law for 15 days.

On August 10, the Russian army controlled most of the city of Tskhinvali and fought fiercely with the Georgian army on the outskirts of the city. Russian Deputy Chief of General Staff Nogovitsyn said that while the Georgian army was continuously withdrawing from the city, it began to mobilize reserve troops. The Russian Air Force will attack the second echelon of the Georgian army, but will not conduct air strikes on non-military facilities and cities in Georgia. The Russian Peacekeeping Forces Command in South Ossetia released news that the Georgian army dispatched 7,400 troops, 100 tanks and an unknown number of artillery. However, the Russian army's offensive area is not limited to the South Ossetia region, but includes several military and strategic locations in Georgia, with the intention of paralyzing Georgia's war capabilities in one fell swoop. For example, the Russian army raided and controlled the city of Senaki, an important military base on the coast of Georgia's Black Sea, and the strategically important town of Gori in the heart of Georgia. This time it attacked the headquarters and artillery of the 1st Georgian Infantry Brigade in South Ossetia. The headquarters, tank battalion headquarters and air force headquarters are all located here. At this point, the Georgian army was completely passive. Just as Saakashvili exclaimed, his country was "cut by lightning and divided into two"!

The international community is paying close attention to the conflict situation between Georgia and Russia in South Ossetia. From August 7 to 10, the United Nations Security Council held four consecutive meetings to discuss the situation in South Ossetia and discuss the draft statement drafted by Russia. The draft expresses serious concern about the escalation of armed conflicts between the Georgian army and South Ossetian armed personnel, calling on both sides to immediately stop the bloody conflict and give up the use of force. Because the United States and other countries did not agree to use the wording "renounce the use of force", the Security Council ultimately failed to adopt this draft statement. On the 11th, the foreign ministers of France and Finland went to Georgia and Russia to mediate. Just minutes before Sarkozy arrived in Moscow, Russian President Medvedev announced the suspension of military operations and proposed a temporary ceasefire with six suggestions: not seeking the use of force; completely halting all military operations; allowing free passage for humanitarian assistance; Return to its permanent deployment location; the Russian army returns to the border line before the start of military operations. Before the establishment of an international mechanism, the Russian peacekeeping force can take supplementary security measures; the international community begins to discuss the future status and guarantees of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Its long-lasting and safe approach. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin also said that Georgia has "completely lost" jurisdiction over South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said that the "suspension of military operations" is conditional, that is, the president of Georgia must step down, and it is "best" for the Georgian army to stay away from South Ossetia, and to establish a gap between Georgia and South Ossetia. buffer. Unable to continue fighting, the Georgian government was forced to cease fire on August 11. Saakashvili delivered a televised speech to the people, expressing his willingness to make every effort to resolve the South Ossetia crisis as soon as possible. The foreign ministers of Russia and Georgia exchanged phone calls to discuss the situation in South Ossetia. Special Foreign Minister Tekshelashvili promised to quickly find out the situation and expressed his understanding of Russia's position. On August 13, the Georgian government agreed to accept Russia's six-point proposal for a temporary ceasefire, and the conflict in South Ossetia temporarily subsided.

This serious armed conflict between Russia and Georgia caused a large number of casualties and refugees.

On August 20, Talgamadze, chairman of the Defense and Security Committee of the Georgian Parliament, said that 215 people were killed (146 military and policemen and 69 civilians) and 1,469 injured (1,408 military and policemen and 61 civilians). civilians), and 70 military personnel are missing. On the same day, Russian Deputy Chief of General Staff Nogovitsyn said that 64 people in the Russian army were killed, 323 were injured, and no one was missing. Local authorities in South Ossetia claimed that the Georgian military operation resulted in the death of 2,000 civilians and the flight of 34,000 refugees.

This conflict is Russia’s sudden display of its military strength to the world many years after the end of the Chechen War. After the Georgian army broke into South Ossetia, the Russian army responded with a "blitzkrieg" and quickly mobilized 20,000 officers and soldiers and 500 tanks, and dispatched Su-25, Su-24, Su-27 and Tu-22 fighter-bombers Participated in the war, quickly defeated the Georgian army at a very small cost, and advanced to only 45 kilometers away from the Georgian capital Tbilisi. At this time, Western countries did not even have time to unify their positions and were unable to provide assistance to Georgia, thus completely plunging Georgia into military peace. Diplomatic impasse. After retreating from the stage of world military conflicts for many years, this conflict showed that the returning Russian army is still powerful and formidable, and has an absolute advantage compared with the armies of surrounding small and medium-sized countries. At the same time, this conflict may also be a test of the achievements of Russia's military reforms in recent years. From the effect point of view, the Russian army clearly learned the lessons of the Chechen War in this conflict. It adopted concealment in advance, rapid assault and joint attacks of multiple services and arms to defeat the Georgian army in one fell swoop, control its strategic locations, and better Controlled the initiative, suddenness and casualty level of the battle. However, the scale of Russia’s troop dispatch of 20,000 people and 500 tanks also seems to indicate that the Russian army may still lack enough precision-guided weapons to carry out long-range precision strikes against the Georgian army. In addition, the downing of several Russian aircraft, including a Tu-22 long-range bomber, also shows that the Russian army failed to quickly destroy the Georgian air defense system. It is not clear how this failure was caused. It may be related to the lack of relevant information on the Russian side. reconnaissance equipment. Despite some flaws, the Russian military's appearance was largely successful. However, war has always been the mother of reform. I believe that the Russian military will use this conflict as an opportunity to learn from experience and lessons and continue to advance its modernization reform process.

(2) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

In 2007, fierce conflicts broke out between Palestine and Israel, as well as between Hamas and Fatah within Palestine, with a total of 625 people killed. die. On the Palestinian side, 231 people were killed in conflicts between Hamas and Fatah, and 382 people were killed in Israeli attacks. On the Israeli side, five civilians and six soldiers were killed in Palestinian attacks. In June 2007, due to the loss of control of the Gaza Strip by Hamas, Palestinian President Abbas dissolved the Government of National Accord led by Hamas and formed a transitional government on his own. Israel has imposed a blockade on Gaza to put pressure on Hamas.

On December 12, after nearly seven years of interruption, Israeli and Palestinian negotiators officially began the first consultation of a new round of peace talks. The peace talks were full of gunpowder from the beginning and ended without any results. There are fundamental differences between Palestine and Israel on the issue of the "two-state" solution. Israel insists on not allowing Palestinian refugees to return. If Abbas gives in on this issue, not only will the large number of Palestinian refugees not accept it, but Hamas will also have ample reason to accuse Abbas and Fatah of betraying Palestine. people's interests. Therefore, Palestine will never accept the statement that "Israel is the country of the Jews", but is willing to recognize Israel as a country where Jews and other ethnic groups live together. This problem will not be solved with Palestine divided into two entities, because Abbas will not be able to successfully control the overall situation in the near future or even prevent Hamas forces from firing rockets into Israel from Gaza. From Israel's perspective, the plan to establish a Palestinian state that cannot ensure Israel's security is unacceptable. By February 24, 2008, the two sides had only reached an agreement on some non-core issues such as water distribution, environmental protection and economic development.

One of the characteristics of the situation between Israel and Palestine is that they talk and fight, and fight and talk, and they talk and fight at the same time. This time is no exception. Just one day before the start of a new round of peace talks, Israeli troops entered the Gaza Strip, killing 6 people and capturing 60 others.

In December 2007, the Palestinians and Israelis held two rounds of negotiations, during which the Israeli army repeatedly invaded or airstrikes the Gaza Strip, killing dozens of Palestinian militants. Under strong pressure from the Israeli army, Hamas retaliated by firing rockets into Israeli territory and issued a ceasefire signal, which was rejected by Israel. In January 2008, in addition to continuing to carry out targeted killing operations, the Israeli army also ordered a comprehensive blockade of the Gaza Strip on January 17 in retaliation for Palestinian militants launching rockets into Israel. Gaza quickly descended into a humanitarian crisis. Hamas was forced to release more signals of relaxation, including claiming that it was ready to consider a ceasefire and was willing to hold talks with Fatah, etc. But these signals had no effect. Israel continues to blockade Gaza and launch military strikes, while Abbas has made Hamas hand over control of Gaza as a prerequisite for talks. Although Abbas later agreed to hold talks, the talks never yielded any substantive results. Entering March, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict escalated again. The Israeli army launched a military operation code-named "Hot Winter" in late February and early March, resulting in the deaths of at least 116 Palestinians. On March 2, in protest against the Israeli military strikes, Abbas announced the suspension of peace talks. On the evening of March 6, a Palestinian militant shot and killed eight Jewish students and wounded 11 others at a Jewish religious school in Jerusalem. Hamas later claimed responsibility for the case. This is the most serious terrorist attack in the past two years and the product of the escalating conflict between Palestine and Israel in the past two months. Israel subsequently retaliated with two air strikes on Gaza on the 8th and 13th.

This round of armed conflict between Israel and Hamas did not stop until June 2008, resulting in the deaths of more than 350 Palestinians and 21 Israelis. On June 19, Israel and various Palestinian armed factions, including Hamas, reached a six-month ceasefire agreement. According to the ceasefire agreement, Palestinian armed personnel stopped firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip, and Israel stopped launching military strikes in Gaza. In addition, three days after the ceasefire, Israel will begin to relax the blockade of the Gaza Strip and allow some supplies to be transported into the Gaza Strip; a week later, Israel will further relax the blockade. In the final stage, the two sides will launch negotiations to discuss issues such as reopening the Rafah crossing on the border between Palestine and Egypt and the release of Israeli soldier Shalit, who has been imprisoned by Hamas for two years. Since then, the situation in Gaza has remained largely calm. So far, Hamas has been able to strictly abide by the ceasefire agreement. On July 12, Hamas arrested seven members of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade for firing rockets into Israel. Hamas official Zuhri said: "We emphasize that all parties must abide by the agreement unanimously adopted by the country."

Facts have proved that Israel's strikes and blockade of Gaza did not defeat Hamas. On the contrary, the Gaza people's hatred of Israel is growing day by day, elevating Hamas to a favorable position of "getting a lot of help", while leaving Israel in a passive position of "unjust acts and little help" in the international arena. At the same time, opposition voices in Israel have become increasingly strong, which is also an important reason why the Olmert government agreed to achieve a ceasefire with Hamas.

However, the international community and both Palestine and Israel are not optimistic about this temporary ceasefire agreement. In fact, both sides actually had their own plans for accepting the ceasefire. Hamas hopes to use this to get Israel to lift its blockade on Gaza, ease the serious humanitarian crisis there, and reorganize its armed forces. Israel hopes a ceasefire will protect southern Israel from attacks. Although a ceasefire may give Hamas some legitimacy and weaken Abbas's position, a large-scale military operation in Gaza will be relatively more harmful and will have a more serious impact on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

After the implementation of the ceasefire agreement, Israel and Palestine started the peace negotiation process again. On July 22, Israeli President Peres held talks with the visiting Abbas to discuss the Palestinian-Israeli peace process and other matters. Although the details of the meeting between the two men were not announced, senior Palestinian negotiator Erekat said before the meeting that Abbas would seek help from Peres on stopping the expansion of Jewish settlements in the West Bank. On August 6, Abbas and Olmert met in Jerusalem. However, Olmert recently announced that he will not participate in the presidential election of the Kadima Party scheduled to be held on September 17 and will resign immediately after the new chairman is elected.

The decision casts a pall over the prospects for peace talks, making it extremely uncertain whether the two sides will reach an agreement before the end of the year. Although Olmert said that as long as he is in the position of prime minister, he will continue to work hard to achieve peace between Israel and Palestine, but in the eyes of the Palestinian side, Olmert, who is about to leave his post, is like a "lame duck." In fact, Palestine has already begun to prepare for dealing with Israeli leaders after Olmert.

(Xu Jin is an assistant researcher at the Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. His main research fields are international relations theory and international strategic issues.)

In 2009, terrorism will still be It is the biggest hidden danger to international security. As the focus of the new U.S. government's anti-terrorism war moves eastward to Afghanistan, approaching the home base of terrorists, al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and pro-Taliban elements in Pakistan are bound to seize the opportunity to counterattack and launch attacks on the United States and pro-U.S. political forces. They could also spread the explosion around the world. Recently, the number two figure in Al Qaeda made a high-profile appearance to warn Obama and called on the Islamic world to launch a new round of "jihad."

Eradicating terrorism is one of the most urgent tasks of global governance, and it must address both its symptoms and root causes. We must not only strengthen our crackdown efforts, but also strive to purify the social environment that breeds terrorism; replace confrontation with dialogue, replace conflict with cooperation, replace power and violence with peace and democracy, and resolve domestic and international problems that arise in the process of globalization fairly and justly. contradiction.

Regional conflicts: one after another

On January 15, a Palestinian woman cried outside Shifa Hospital in Gaza City.

The number of regional conflicts increased significantly in 2008, with 13 more than 33 in 2007. Almost all hot-button issues are heating up. In the Middle East, new grievances between Palestine and Israel have compounded old grievances, triggering a new round of conflict. In order to completely eliminate Hamas, at the end of 2008, the Israeli army launched the largest attack on the Gaza Strip since the third Middle East War in 1967. In the Caucasus, Russia and Georgia engaged in fierce fighting, and NATO almost became involved in the conflict. In South Asia, in July 2008, the most intense conflict between Indian and Pakistani troops broke out along the Line of Control in Kashmir in the past five years; in November, the Mumbai incident sharply deteriorated relations between India and Pakistan, and the four-year peace process was once again interrupted, causing conflicts in surrounding areas and concerns of the entire international community.

2009 will continue to be a turbulent year. At the beginning of the new year, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict continued to escalate, and mediation by all parties achieved little results. Hamas vowed to make it difficult for the Jews to sleep and eat. The situation in the Middle East still cannot escape from the vicious circle of "reacting violence with violence". In South Asia, tensions between India and Pakistan remain tense, and the possibility that India will use the Mumbai incident to punish Pakistan continues to exist. In addition, the situation in Sri Lanka is also deteriorating. Government troops captured the base camp of the anti-government Tamil Tigers on the second day of the New Year. There is little hope for comprehensive peace. Eastern Europe is not at peace either. On the first day of the new year, Russia announced a complete interruption of natural gas supplies to Ukraine. The "vindictiveness" between the two countries has affected European political nerves.

Nuclear proliferation: cannot be optimistic

On November 12, 2008, Iranian media quoted Iranian Defense Minister Najjar as saying that Iran had successfully tested a missile with a range of 2,000 kilometers. A new generation of surface-to-surface solid fuel missiles. This is a photo of the missile during launch.

In recent years, the situation of nuclear weapons proliferation has been grim. India, Pakistan, and Israel have become de facto nuclear-armed states, but have not yet joined the nuclear non-proliferation mechanism; North Korea has conducted nuclear tests, and Iran is accelerating the development of nuclear technology. As the importance of nuclear energy in energy utilization increases, the need for non-nuclear-weapon countries to master nuclear technology and develop nuclear energy increases. This may lead to an increase in the number of countries that have mastered uranium enrichment and nuclear fuel recovery technology, and the possibility of accelerated proliferation of nuclear technology increases. In addition, the problem of nuclear proliferation by non-state actors has become increasingly prominent, and opportunities for nuclear scientists, smugglers, transnational corporations, terrorists, etc. to participate in nuclear proliferation have increased.

In 2008, the non-proliferation process was at a standstill. North Korea's process of abandoning its nuclear weapons has been halting, and the Iranian nuclear issue is struggling. Iran is playing sideways within the international legal framework, and the international community has nothing to do.

In 2009, regional non-proliferation issues remain the focus of the international community. The new US president may take a more moderate stance on this issue, but the prospects for the Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons should still not be overly optimistic.

Now, more and more people are more worried about the development of the nuclear situation in South Asia. If India and Pakistan cannot exercise restraint on the investigation of the Mumbai terrorist attack, it will set a precedent for a conflict between nuclear countries. Furthermore, if one party fails to control nuclear weapons and nuclear materials well, it may give terrorists an opportunity and lead to catastrophic consequences.

Climate Change: Warm Current

The Iceman "Petition" on December 9, 2008. On December 9, in Poznan, a city in western Poland, a person participated in the United Nations Climate Change Delegates of the conference looked at the human-shaped ice sculpture standing next to the entrance of the venue. These ice sculptures are embedded with slogans calling on people to stop destroying the world's environment and devote themselves to environmental protection.

2008 was the tenth warmest year since meteorological records began in 1850. According to statistics from the World Meteorological Organization, all years hotter than 2008 have been concentrated in the past 12 years, which once again proves the trend of global warming.

In 2008, attention to climate issues at regional or global conferences increased significantly. The European Parliament approved the EU energy and climate package, clearing the final hurdle for it to achieve its "Three 20s" goals in 2020. The Boao Forum for Asia discusses climate change trends and sustainable development issues. The Group of Eight Summit in Toyako, Japan, proposed halving global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 as the long-term goal of world emissions reduction. The United Nations Climate Conference in Poznan, Poland discusses the new international convention on climate change.

In 2009, climate change will remain an important focus of international attention. In June, the meeting of the Subsidiary Body of the Parties to the UNFCCC will be held in Bonn, Germany, and in December, the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in Denmark will reach a new agreement on addressing climate change after 2012. It is foreseeable that this year the debate among countries around emission reduction standards and international climate discourse will become more intense. People will wait and see whether the United Nations Climate Conference can achieve the expected results.

Rampant pirates: Adding new chaos

On November 19, 2008, the Saudi Arabian giant "Sirius" oil tanker, hijacked by pirates, parked in the waters of northeastern Somalia. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon issued a statement through his spokesman on the same day, expressing concern about the increasingly rampant piracy activities in the waters near Somalia and calling on the international community to coordinate and increase crackdowns. Xinhua News Agency/AFP

International pirates have become more emboldened in recent years. In 2008, hijacking incidents caused by pirates tripled compared with the previous year. Somali pirates topped the list, robbing 135 ships and kidnapping more than 600 crew members. There are still about 20 ships and 200 to 300 crew members in the hands of pirates. There are two worrying new trends: pirates are reaching out to more distant waters; some pirates are also joining forces with terrorists to help them do harm.

In 2009, solving the problem of piracy continues to be the focus of attention of the international community. Since the Security Council passed Resolution 1851, more than 10 countries have sent warships to Somali waters so far. Under the framework of the United Nations and with the consent of the Somali authorities, the Chinese navy has also begun to perform escort missions.

Pirates commit rampant crimes, seriously threatening normal international trade, and must be resolutely cracked down on. However, military action alone is not enough to solve the problem. To completely eradicate it, comprehensive management is required. It is necessary to maintain the stability of countries surrounding the relevant sea areas, promote local education, economic and social development, and eliminate poverty and backwardness.

/international/txt/2009-01/25/content_17183532_2.htm