What are the four situations in which English words are followed by ing?

There are two situations after the word ing, one is gerund and the other is present participle.

I. present participle

1, as a predicative, when there are be verbs in the sentence, such as am, is, are, add verbs to indicate the present continuous tense.

I am playing football with my friends.

I am playing football with my friends.

2, as a complement, the present participle can be used as a complement after verbs such as see, hear, notice, watch, find find.

I can feel his heart beating with fear.

I can feel his inner fear.

3. As an attribute, a single participle as an attribute is usually placed in front of the modified noun, that is, the prepositional attribute. The participle phrase as an attribute is placed after the modified noun, that is, the post attribute.

I have been to many places and met interesting people from all over the world.

I travel to different places and meet interesting people from all over the world. (prepositional attribute)

4. As adverbials, the present participle as adverbials mostly indicates time, cause, result, accompaniment, etc.

Tony sat in an empty restaurant and felt very sad. (accompanying)

Tony felt sad sitting in an empty restaurant.

Second, gerund

1 as the subject

Example: swimming? It is a good sport in summer.

Swimming in summer is a good exercise.

2. As an object

Example: rain? Stop us from finishing? This project.

The rain prevented us from finishing the project.

3. As a predicative

When gerund is used as predicative, the subject of a sentence is often a noun of inanimate things or a nominal clause guided by what. Predicative gerund and subject are usually equivalent, indicating the content of the subject, and subject and predicate can be interchanged.

Example: Your task? Is it? Clean the windows.

Your task is to clean the windows.

4. As an attribute, gerund as an attribute often indicates a certain purpose of the modified word.

Example: a? Reading? Room reading room