Postmodern psychological counseling methods

Postmodern psychological counseling methods

I have heard a lot of psychological counseling, so do you know the post-modern psychological counseling methods? Postmodern psychological counseling method is what I brought to you, and I hope it will help you.

First, the background and concept of narrative psychotherapy.

1. Narrative psychotherapy originated from postmodern narration.

Narrative therapy is simply telling stories. Every story is a story, but stories are not always stories in the traditional sense. In contrast, it has the diversity and complexity of expressing contents and methods.

There are various expressions about what narrative is, such as "narrative is the source of our interpretation of the world"; Narration is "the way people understand their own lives and experiences, and we have been swimming in stories"; Narrative is "an example of describing or designing to express what happened" and so on. The Latin meaning of narrative refers to behavior and continuous experience. A clearer expression is a series of words, symbols or action sequences: "Narration is to tell someone what happened".

The prevalence of narrative psychotherapy is closely related to the postmodern trend of thought in contemporary philosophy. Here, it is necessary to distinguish the influence of modernism and postmodernism on the concept and method of psychotherapy. Here, the biggest difference between modern viewpoint and post-modern viewpoint lies in their different views on "reality". Modernists advocate objective truths because they can be observed and discussed systematically. Truth (phase) is truth (phase), which will not be different because of different observers or methods. Postmodernism, on the other hand, believes in subjective truth (phase), that is, truth (phase) will change with different observation processes, which depends on the use of language and is mostly influenced by people's background environment. Narrative theory and postmodernism introduced clinical psychology, which gave birth to narrative psychology.

The founder and representative of narrative psychotherapy is Australian clinical psychologist Mike. White and David from New Zealand. Epston. They put forward this theory in1980s, and their books were published in North America in1990s, and narrative psychotherapy became popular. In their masterpiece Story, Knowledge and Power-The Power of Narrative Therapy, White and Epston systematically expounded their views and methods on narrative psychotherapy.

2. The connotation of narrative psychotherapy.

The so-called narrative psychotherapy is a process in which psychological counselors use appropriate methods to help visitors find out missing fragments in order to arouse visitors to change their inner strength. Narrative psychotherapy is interested in "the story characteristics of human behavior", that is, how human beings deal with experience by constructing stories and listening to other people's stories.

Narrative therapy holds that human activities and experiences are more full of "meaning" and stories than logical argumentation and legal provisions, and are tools to communicate meaning. Anthropologist Bruner pointed out: "The story has a beginning and an end from the beginning, which gives us a framework to explain the present." When the parties choose and tell their own life stories, they will keep the main information of the stories, which is in line with the theme of the stories, and often miss some fragments. In order to find out these missing fragments, the consultants will help the clients develop double stories. For example, if a student tells "his problem story" in narrative therapy, the counselor will guide him to tell another part that he didn't notice, and then help him find a solution to the problem, instead of giving advice directly from the counselor. That is, in the process of negotiation, we can arouse the positive things that have been active in the life of the parties, so as to increase their internal energy for change. In narrative psychotherapy, the most frequently asked question by counselors is: "How did you do it?" Then, the focus will be on what efforts the client has made or his inner knowledge and strength to guide him out of the predicament.

3. Re-examining life is the key to narrative psychotherapy.

Mike White believes that the formation of personal problems is related to the suppression of mainstream narrative. Borrowing from Foucault's analysis, people constantly disagree with the mainstream narrative because people agree that their "meaning" is often determined by the "truth" represented by the mainstream narrative, and the elaboration of these truths makes people accept their "designated norms of personality and relationship" through the operation of rights. Therefore, one must accept that his life is constantly under the influence of the outside world on individuals, so as to find a mechanism of resistance, and then get rid of the single truth set by the mainstream narrative and find the possibility of practicing personal meaning.

Mike white believes that the narrative of his own or others' stories is not enough to represent their life experiences. The key is that an important part of his life contradicts the mainstream narrative, so he can't realize his own story. From this point of view, narrative psychotherapy may be helpful to people, which lies in how to make people "produce or identify with different stories, let him realize new meanings and bring him the possibilities he wants". The focus of narrative psychotherapy is to help visitors re-examine their lives, redefine the meaning of life, and then return to normal life.

The biggest difference between narrative therapy and psychotherapy in the past is that narrative therapy thinks that the client is his own expert and the counselor is just a companion. The parties concerned should have confidence in themselves, believe in their own abilities, and learn more about ways to solve their own difficulties.

Second, the main methods of narrative psychotherapy

Narrative psychotherapy involves many methods and strategies. The following are the main ones:

1, Story Narration-Reorganizing and Interpreting Stories

Narrative psychotherapy is mainly to let the client tell his own life story first, and then the therapist will rewrite it to enrich the story content. For ordinary people, telling stories is to convey to others what they have experienced or heard or read. However, psychologists believe that telling stories can change you. Because, we can rediscover our own story or even our own story, find a new angle, produce a new attitude, and thus produce a new' reconstruction force'. Simply put, a good story can produce insight, or let those vague feelings and vitality come out and be strongly realized by ourselves or us. Faced with the troubles, mediocrity or boredom of daily life, I "rearranged" my life and history from different angles and became a positive story of my own. This may change the mood of blindness and depression.

The philosopher Sartre once said: Man has always been a storyteller, and he always lives in the stories of himself and others. He always sees everything through these stories, and lives as if he is constantly repeating them. It can be said that the story has created a world outlook and a life value.

A good story can not only cure mental illness and mental distortion, but also seek confidence and recognition from it. Through pleasant and touching metaphorical stories, we can find a new way to face the disturbing reality, face up to our past and find a deep motivation and powerful motivation to continue to work hard and actively develop the future. "In order to create the meaning of life, human beings are faced with a task, that is, they must arrange the time series of their own time experiences and establish a consistent record of themselves and the surrounding world. He must relate the past and the present, as well as the events and experiences expected to happen in the future, in order to establish such records. This record can be called a story or a self-narrative. If this narrative is successful, people will have a sense of continuity of life and feel that life is meaningful. Simply put, if we want to create the meaning of life and express ourselves, experience must become a story. "

Narrative psychotherapy is not a closed conclusion, but an open feeling. Sometimes it is necessary to add the role of "important person" to the story to find new meaning and direction, so that the parties can clearly see their own life course. For example, a client who asks for help feels frustrated, depressed and inferior because he is not valued by others. When he told his life story, he felt that he was useless, but the counselor asked him to recall who was "not bad" to him in his past life. The client with a blank mind barely remembers the name of a primary school teacher. The therapist encouraged him to call the teacher, but he got an "unexpected surprise". Although the teacher had forgotten his name and appearance, he thanked him again and again, and said that he felt his presence because of the customer's phone call, and he was deeply tired of his teaching work and regained his motivation.

As a result of the phone call, the client not only helped the teacher, but also realized that his life was so important.

2. Externalization of problems-separating problems from people.

Another feature of narrative therapy is "externalization", that is, separating problems from people, restoring labeled people, making problems become problems and people become people. If the problem is regarded as one with people, it will be difficult to change, and both the changer and the changed will find it difficult. After the problem is externalized, the problem will be separated from people, and the inner essence of people will be seen and recognized again, so that they will have the ability and energy to solve their own problems.

For example, a teacher said, "What should I do if I try my best to encourage a student whose grades have been falling behind?" ? The way of progress reward is adopted, but the difficulty standard of each exam is different, so no progress can be seen; What if these students always fall behind if they use a hundred-point system or ranking? "To equate poor grades with students is to internalize the problem. How can we externalize the problem? Some teachers distance problems from people, adopt the view of multiple intelligences, find out the advantages beyond students' grades, and encourage them in the advantages. Once students' self-esteem is established, their grades may gradually improve to a reasonable position. This is the way of thinking that externalizes the problem.

Mike White believes that the problem of adaptation in people's lives lies in the contradiction between the practice of personal meaning and mainstream narrative. But on the whole, individuals can't find these "truth words" that suppress themselves, so they must redefine their relationship with others and produce knowledge that combines their own meaning with mainstream narrative meaning by "externalization". Individuals must rethink the various connections between these integrated knowledge and themselves through the externalization process of the problem, find out the incompatibility among them, and then create new possibilities and challenge the truth that originally defined and standardized themselves.

3. From thin to thick-form a positive and powerful self-concept.

Generally speaking, people's experience is up and down. The upper experience is mostly success, forming positive self-identity, while the lower experience is mostly frustration, forming negative self-identity. If a student accumulates more positive self-identity, he is more confident in everything, and his thoughts and actions will be on the right track, so teachers and parents don't need to worry too much. On the contrary, if a student's negative self-identity is far more than his positive self-identity, he will lose the power to support him upward and sink him.

The counseling method of narrative psychotherapy is to find positive self-identity hidden in negative self-identity.

The strategy of narrative psychotherapy is a bit like the Taiji diagram in ancient China: there is a white spot hidden in the black area, which can't be seen without careful observation. In fact, white spots and bad faces are all born of * * *. If in people's minds, when the white point expands from point to surface, the whole situation will change from quantitative to qualitative. How to zoom in after finding the white dot? Narrative psychological counseling adopts the strategy of "from thin to rich"

Narrative therapy believes that the positive assets of the parties are sometimes compressed into thin slices by themselves, or even turned a blind eye. If you restore the simple list and deepen your awareness at the level of consciousness, you can form a positive and powerful self-concept from thin to thick. Look at the following example:

Student: Teacher, I don't know what I really like.

Tutor: What kind of person do you think you are?

Student: I don't know …

Tutor: How do students praise you?

Student: (Laughter) They said I was serious.

Tutor: What do you mean?

Student: This is the last charity sale. ...

Tutor: Can you talk about that experience?

Student: As long as I was at the bazaar held in the last school celebration, many people would be dragged in. The booth in our class is really crowded with people. My classmates don't know how I got here. I have a way to get them to take out the money. Everyone says that the booth in our class can't be separated from me.

Tutor: What talent do you think you have in this matter?

Student: I ... seem to ... have a gift for sales.

Tutor: Have you had similar experience before? tell me ...

Student: when I was in the third grade ... teacher, I was thinking, it seems that I really have a gift for sales, and my mother said so.

Student: When I was in the first grade, my mother was setting up a stall. Once she was ill and uncomfortable. I just finished the exam, and she asked me to take her place. I sold more than my mother that day. Many people who go shopping just look around and don't want to buy it. I seem to have a way to get them to buy …

Student: Teacher, which departments of the university can make me develop in this field in the future?

In the above dialogue, students' first "ignorance" is not really ignorance, but their inner experience is not perceived by students. When telling the events related to selling talents, with the narrative of the story, a thick stack of related experiences will be brought out. Mike White also described this strategy as "unpacking", that is, displaying colorful contents in the suitcase.

Thirdly, the enlightenment of narrative psychotherapy to psychologists and educators.

1, narrative method has a wide and unique role.

In narrative psychotherapy, what matters is not the name itself, but the narrative method. The narrative method of storytelling can be regarded as a supplement to the existing traditional methods such as speculation, experiment, investigation and observation.

If narrative is regarded as a grounded metaphor, it can be said that it is different from the metaphor of "organ" and "machinery" in traditional psychology. Narrative metaphor has more profound thoughts than the other two metaphors. It combines psychological process with content, psychology with daily life, psychology with social and cultural history, which can overcome the disadvantages of separating people and culture's content from social and historical texts in previous psychological research and provide a broader space and background for our education.

As a method, narration plays an irreplaceable role in psychological research. First of all, narration can be used as an important means to obtain in-depth information in psychological research. As a supplement to data, narrative materials can reveal general laws or unique meanings through in-depth analysis of specific cases. Secondly, narrative can also be used as an intervention method in research. Narration is always associated with reflection, and in the process of telling life stories, we are also examining ourselves. This kind of reflection or examination is an endogenous intervention, which makes us self-disciplined and responsible for our own lives.

In addition, narrative can also be used as a way to express research results. Case studies and biographies are both narrative expressions. What it shows us is not a bunch of conceptual bodies, but the human psychological world itself with flesh and blood and full of life breath.

2. Carefully use the influence of educators.

The conflict among many teachers, students and parents lies in the elders' demand for teenagers to be taught by their superior truth status. In most cases, this method is very mandatory, and most of them can only be forcibly accepted. But the next question is: can students accept the life achieved by suppressing individual meaning through mainstream truth? Can they grow up happily? Based on close life ties, families, teachers and students often play a decisive role in teenagers' lives. Teachers and parents have great responsibilities, and it is especially important to use such influence carefully.

For example, for some "problem students" or "problem of juvenile" in the class or family, the way to solve their problems is probably not to ask for the implementation of the regulations or predictions of teachers or parents. The occurrence of any problem should not require students or children to change their behavior by looking for a seemingly optimal solution, but should try to understand their understanding of the reasons behind the incident and their views on the meaning of personal life. Let them know where the gap between their behavior and mainstream values comes from, help them think about how to face the truth of mainstream definition, and then find out the way to change themselves and adjust their views on life.

In the education of students or children, it is far more important to try to find out their way of looking at life than to accurately point out a road suitable for their development. After all, the knowledge of teachers and parents is not neutral, and both of them have strong power meaning. Such knowledge may be effective, but it may not be suitable for every child or student with very different personalities. Poor adaptation to the mainstream "truth" may lead to problem of juvenile. If the method is improper, sometimes the effect will be counterproductive.

Finding the meaning of life is more important than the problem itself.

In narrative psychotherapy, counselors and clients are not faced with a kind of "tool" or "technology" that can stay out of it, but the life story of the client, which reflects the attitude, requirements and choices of the client. A positive attitude towards life is very important here. Because of the same fact and different interpretations, forces in different directions will be released. Each of us has traces of history and many stories. When positive assets are found in the story, the upward momentum will continue.

For example, if a single-parent family is regarded as a "growth defect", it will only see the negative side and sink downward, but if it is regarded as the tempering of adversity, it will become the driving force for growth. The transformation of life experience lies in chewing the story of life: "What does mother want you to do if she is still alive?" "What did you learn from this?" "What did it teach you?" It is these chews that make students discover the meaning of life. In consultation and education, this kind of discovery is not made out of nothing, but for students to experience and discover for themselves. Just like the word "discovery" in English, cover means to cover. Adding "dis" to the cover means not to cover it, but to display the original.

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Cultural slogan of psychological consultation room

1, silence does not moisten things-it moistens the mind.

2, the language moistens things silently, and the feelings and meanings are interlinked.

3. The more you talk, the more you get.

4, good words, moisten things quietly, warm people's hearts.

5, the language moistens things quietly, boring.

6. Gentle words moistened my heart, and the clouds in Qian Qian's heart cleared away.

7. Relieve the ice and nourish your life.

8. Nourish the heart and be good at reasoning-nourish the soul.

9. Moisten the mind and straighten out the mood.

10, meditation moistens things silently-moistens the mind.

1 1, life is moist, you must be broad-minded.

12, overcoming all difficulties and nourishing (mingrun) ten thousand families.

13, moisten things silently and communicate with the soul.

14, log in to run psychology, and download the surprise.

15, moisten the heart and be good at reasoning-moisten the heart.

16, subtle and silent.

17, the code word slipped into my heart and moistened Qian Qian's heart.

18, the nourishment of love, the communication of the heart.

19, grateful to moisten the heart, little Lida wanjia.

20, open the heart window, nourish health.

2 1, Runji Deren enjoys the world-Runqi psychology.

22. Whisper softly and nourish your heart.

23. Tianyuan nourishes everything and loves Xin Anyi.

24, solve the maze, curb the psychology of heart running.

25, spring rain moistens things, good words moisten the heart.

26. Life is quiet and everything can be smooth.

27, the heart is sincere and valuable, nourishing life.

28. Moisturizing things is quiet, warm and crisp-the psychology of moistening things.

29. Open your heart and nourish your happiness.

30. Communicate with your heart and moisten things silently.

3 1, let our hearts moisten your heart-moisten your heart.

32. Moisten your heart and manage nature-moisten your heart.

33. I understand because of you.

34, comfort life, nourish the heart-nourish the soul.

35. Take your heart and mind, and it will be smooth sailing.

36. Good words infiltrate the psychology of moistening the heart.

37. Sex and warmth make you feel comfortable.

38. The positive energy of life nourishes the psychological bloom.

39. Moisturize the heart and be clear about reason-moisten the soul.

40. Open your heart and relax.

4 1, moisten things silently-moisten the mind.

42, the heart of the child, nourishing positive energy.

43, open-minded, nourish life.

44. Counselors are professional and have excellent psychology.

45, run easy into the heart, such as finding a confidant.

46. Let you rejuvenate, nourish your mind and wake you up.

47, gratitude, moistening things silently.

48. Run your heart and be wise for you.

49. Moisten your life every day-moisten your mind.

50, love nourishes the heart, wise and sensible.

5 1, "consultation" nourishes the soul every day-nourishes the soul.

52, Qian Qian knot, embellish the future.

53, run through the heart, be good at understanding-run your mind.

54. I love my heart and the sun is shining.

55, nourishing infinite, spiritual harbor.

56, Run Youdao, Love Unlimited-Run Psychology.

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